JUDGMENT
and
PROPOSITION
JUDGMENT is the second act of the intellect.
By which it pronounces the agreement or disagreement between
terms or ideas.
Ideas in themselves are neither true nor false.
Truth becomes an issue when the intellect compares and pronounces
whether two ideas agree or disagree with each other
Example: lady and beautiful
The lady is beautiful.
The intellect in making a judgment therefore, either
affirms or denies
Mental product = mental judgment
PROPOSITION judgment expressed in sentence, or
pronouncing the agreement or disagreement between terms.
A proposition is a statement, it always makes a claim about a
subject matter.
It is used to expressing something one claims to be true, although the
truth of the proposition does not depend on what the speaker thinks.
From this we deduced a basic principle in logic:
A proposition always has a truth-value; it may be
true or false; no proposition can be both true and
false.
A proposition is always a sentence, but not all
sentences are propositions.
The Meaning of Proposition
Not every sentence is a proposition, for a sentence to be a
proposition, it must express an assertion or claim that is
meaningful and coherent.
Three is a crowd.
Keep off the grass.
What is your name?
Cont…
Different sentences may express the same
proposition.
John is the husband of Mary.
Mary’s husband is John.
The same sentence may express different
meanings.
My last car was hot.
TYPES OF
PROPOSITION
CATEGORICAL
HYPOTHETICAL
TYPES OF
PROPOSITION
CATEGORICAL- expresses a direct judgment o
a direct assertion of the agreement or disagreemen
of two terms in absolute manner.
HYPOTHETICAL- doesn’t express direct
judgment, rather a relation between two
judgment, in which the truth of one depends on
the other.
Elements of a Categorical
Proposition
There are two elements of a
categorical proposition, these are:
matter which is the subject and
predicate, and the form which is
the copula.
Subject – the term designating the idea about
which something is affirmed or denied.
Predicate – the term designating the idea
which is affirmed or denied of the subject.
Copula – the term expressing the mental act
which pronounces the agreement or disagreement
between the subject and the predicate
Quantifier – expresses the application or
extension of the proposition.
Some students are hardworking.
God is a perfect being.
Mario sells newspaper.
Absolute Properties
Quality of Proposition – the
quality of proposition affects the
copula and makes the
proposition either affirmative or
negative
Affirmative an affirmative proposition
whose predicate is always affirmed of its
subject [Link] the whole of its
comprehension and as part of its extension.
And based on this definition the predicate of
an affirmative proposition is always particular
except if the predicate is the definition of the
subject, therefore making it universal.
A proposition is a
sentence
Some people are
opportunists.
Negative – a negative
proposition is one whose
predicate is always denied of
its subject according to a part
of its comprehension and the
whole of its extension.
Number 5 is not an even
number.
Many politicians are not
sincere.
Quantity of Proposition –
expresses the number of individual to whom
the proposition applies.
Universal – proposition whose subject is a
universal term, a term that applies to each
individual in a class or to the class itself
It usually start with the terms denoting universality:
all, each, every… no, nobody, etc
All senators are
legislators.
Every metal is an electric
conductor.
Particular – proposition whose subject is a
particular term, a term used partly or indeterminate
Its subject is usually preceded by term; some,
many, few, etc…
Some workers are
hardworking.
Many politicians are not
sincere
Singular – proposition whose subject is a
singular term, it applies to only one individual
The President is a Commander-in-
Chief.
This book is interesting.
Collective – proposition whose subject is a
collective term, it applies to a class or a group.
A group of men apprehended the
suspect.
The team won the match.
TYPES OF
PROPOSITION
ACCORDING TO
QUALITY AND
QUANTITY COMBINED
Universal Affirmative - A
Every Catholic is a believer of Christ.
Universal Negative - E
No man is immortal.
Particular Affirmative - I
Some businessmen are witty.
Particular Negative - O
Some public officials are not honest.
The Pattern or Form
(Schema) of the
Categorical Proposition
A categorical proposition follows
a standard pattern, and for the
sake of analysis we reduce a
proposition to its standard form
by substituting letters and other
signs in place of the terms and
the quality and quantity of the
proposition and the terms.
The subject term maybe symbolized
by a capital S, the predicate maybe
symbolized by a capital P. To indicate
that proposition is
affirmative/negative we put a +/-
between the S and the P. To indicate
that the term is universal we put
small u after the term, and small p if
the term is particular
A universal affirmative proposition
(A) has a universal subject,
affirmative quality and a particular
predicate, unless the predicate is a
definition of the subject.
All doctors are professional. Su +
Pp
If the predicate is a definition of a
subject, then the predicate is used a
singular or universal term, because the
predicate being a definition of the
subject has no other extension but the
subject.
A dog is barking animal. Su + Ps or
Su + Pu
A universal negative proposition (E)
has a universal subject, negative
quality and a universal predicate.
No Catholic is a pagan. Su -
Pu
A particular affirmative (I) has a
particular subject, positive quality
and a particular predicate.
Some teachers are masters
degree holders. Su + Pu
A particular negative (O) has a
particular subject, negative quality
and a universal predicate.
Some government officials
are not elected by the
people. Sp - Pu
1. The earth is a planet.
2. Very few television programs are educationa
3. Most Filipinos are Catholics.
4. Hydrogen is a chemical.
5. Some Filipinos are not supportive of the
governments economic and political programs
1. The twelfth day of June is Indepndence day.
2. A university is an institution for higher
learning.
3. Whoever does not repent will not be saved .
4. A pencil is not an instrument for measuring.
5. Some HM students are not aware of social
issues.
