SKIN
STRUCTURE OF SKIN
Acts as a partition between internal and external
environment of
the body
It is the outermost layer of the body
So it is the protective cover for the body
.
For its many secretory and synthetic functions,it is
also
called as an organ of the body.
As it covers the whole body part, it is considered as
the
largest organ of the body
Skin is in close contact with the external environment.
Therefore, skin is immediately affected by the changes
in environment
Skin plays an important role in providing
nonspecific
immunity to the body.
LAYERS OF SKIN
• EPIDERMIS
• DERMIS
EPIDERMIS Stratified squamous
epithelium
• COME • Corneum
• LETS • Lucidum
• GET • Granulosum
• SUN • Spinosum
• BURNED • Basale
STRATUM CORNEUM
• Composed of dead cells containing keratin
• Nuclei absent
• Continuosly shed off from skin
• Thicker in palms and sole
STRATUM LUCIDUM
• Appear homogenous throughout
• Composed of flattened cells that contain eleidin , which
is a precursor of keratin
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
• Rich in granules
• Granules formed by keratohyalin
STRATUM SPINOSUM
• Formed by multiple layers of polyhedral cells known as
prickle
cells due to presence of spine like processes on their
surface
• Langerhans cells are present here
STRATUM GERMINATIVUM /
BASALE
• Deepest layer of epidermis
• Cells are arranged in single layer
• Melanocytes which synthesize melanin are present
here
DERMIS
• PAPILLARY
• RETICULAR
GLANDS IN THE SKIN
[Link] GLANDS
• Also known as eccrine glands
• Present in the skin all over the body
• Simple tubular glands
• Tubules are long and coiled
• These glands usually from the sweat glands in the skin
[Link] GLANDS
The apocrine glands are present on mons pubis, axilla, circum anal
area and areola of breasts
• The ceruminous and mammary glands belong to this
category of cutaneous glands
• The secretion from these glands starts after puberty
and impart characteristic odor to the body
[Link] GLANDS
• Sebaceous glands are small pear-shaped alveolar glands
• They open at the hair follicles or directly to the skin
• Obstruction of secretion from these glands is responsible for acne
formation, which is seen at puberty due to increased activity of
dehydroepiandrosterone
SKIN APPANDAGES
• HAIR
• NAIL
FUNCTIONS OF SKIN
[Link] PROTECTION
Skin is the outer covering that forms protective layer on the body
It provides mechanical protection against infection
Skin is also impervious to many substances in the air and water
Thus, the body is protected from toxic materials in the environment.
[Link] REGULATION
• Secretion of sweat contributes significantly to temperature regulation
• It causes evaporation of water from the skin
• Skin also allows insensible perspiration, which helps in temperature
regulation
• Sebum, the secretion of sebaceous glands makes the skin greasy that
prevent the skin from drying.
[Link] ORGANS
THERE ARE SENSORY RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN THAT
HELP TO
COLLECT INFORMATION ABOUT ENVIRONMENT
[Link] SYNTHESIS
Skin synthesizes 7 dehydrocholesterol a precoursor of
vitamin D in
presence of sunlight
5. CONTRIBUTES TO CENTRAL BLOOD VOLUME
Cutaneous vascular bed accommodates a good quantity of
blood volume
Hence, constriction of blood vessels in the skin contributes to
central blood reservoir, from where blood can be diverted to
vital organs at the time of need
[Link] AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
Sweat secreted from the skin contains water and salt.
Hence, excessive sweating leads to dehydration and sodium
deficiency.
Hormones like aldosterone affect water and electrolyte
excretion from skin. Sweat also acts as a medium for excretion of
waste materials from the body.
[Link] from UV rays
[Link]
[Link] of drug administration
[Link] of diseases
11 beauty of body
TEMPERATURE REGULATION
• HOMEOTHERMIC ANIMALS
• POIKILOTHERMIC ANIMALS
• HEAT GENERATION
• HEAT BALANCE
• HEAT DISSIPATION
REGULATION OF BODY
TEMPERATURE
• THERMAL SENSORS
• HYPOTHALAMIC SENSORS
