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Anaphy - Integumentary System - Midterm

The integumentary system, comprising the skin and its accessory structures, serves essential functions such as protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D production, excretion, and wound healing. It consists of multiple layers including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, each with specific roles and cell types. Common diseases affecting the integumentary system are also discussed, highlighting the importance of skin health.

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Shayra Ando
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34 views8 pages

Anaphy - Integumentary System - Midterm

The integumentary system, comprising the skin and its accessory structures, serves essential functions such as protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D production, excretion, and wound healing. It consists of multiple layers including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, each with specific roles and cell types. Common diseases affecting the integumentary system are also discussed, highlighting the importance of skin health.

Uploaded by

Shayra Ando
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Discussion 1: Integumentary System

Functions, Organs, Diseases

Table of Contents
1. DEFINITION 2. ORGANS AND LAYERS 3. DISEASES

____________________________________________________________________________________

1. Integumentary System
Invest in your skin. It is going to represent you for a very long time.” — Linden Tyler

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

 Integument means “covering”.


 Dermatology is a branch of medicine that specializes in diagnosing and treating skin
disorders

THE SKIN

 Also called cutaneous membrane


 Covers the external surface of the body
 Largest and most visible body organ
 Multi-layered; made of several different tissue types

Functions
PROTECTION

 Against abrasion, water loss, & microorganism


 Skin is the first line of defense

CUTANEOUS SENSATION

 Sensory receptors that detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, & pain
 Sensitivity depends on number of receptors present in an area

TEMP. REGULATION

 By controlling blood flow to skin


 Sweat glands activated by external temp. or exercise

VIT. D PRODUCTION

 Cholesterol in cells of stratum germinativum activated by UV rays then cholesterol changed


to Vit. D
 Needed for Ca absorption

EXCRETION

 Waste products (small amounts of urea and ammonia) released through sweat

WOUND HEALING

 Process of skin repair following injuries such as cuts or tears


 Two types: epidermal and deep wound healing
2. Layers and Organs
Layers of Skin

1.Epidermis

2. Dermis

3.Hypodermis

Epidermis

 Is the superficial, thinner portion


 Composed of epithelial tissue
 Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
 Thinkest on the palmar and plantar surfaces
 No capillaries
 Contains 4 types of cells and 4-5 layers (stratum)
TYPES OF EPIDERMAL CELLS

KERATINOCYTES

 most abundant of the epidermal cells


 arranged in four or five layers
 produce keratin

MELANOCYTES

 Produce melanin: pigment that contributes


to skin color and absorbs damaging UV light

LANGERHANS

 These cells determine the appropriate


adaptive immune response
(inflammation or tolerance) by interpreting
the micro environmental context in which
they encounter foreign substances.

MERKEL

 Receptors for sense of touch


LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS

 Stratum corneum
 Stratum lucidum
 Stratum granulosum
 Stratum spinosum
 Stratum basale/ germinativum

Stratum Corneum

 Outermost epidermal layer


 Consists of layers of dead keratinocytes
(w/ only keratin left)
 Cells continuously shed off or desquamate
and are replaced

Stratum Lucidum

 Present in thicker skin


 Function is to reduce friction between
the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum.
 Latin for "clear layer,"

Stratum Granulosum

 These granules contain lipids, which along with the desmosomal connections
 Help to form a waterproof barrier that functions to prevent fluid loss from the body.

Stratum Spinosum

 Helps make your skin flexible and strong. Between the stratum spinosum layer and the
stratum lucidum layer.

Stratum Germinativum

 Also called as stratum basale


 Innermost epidermal layer
 Where mitosis happen
 Produce keratinocytes
 Older cells are pushed to undergo keratinization

DERMIS
 Second, deeper part of the skin
 Composed of fibrous connective tissue
(irregular type)
 Contains collagen and elastic fibers
 Papillary layer (uneven junction between
epidermis and dermis; contains capillaries
that nourish epidermal cells)
DERMIS CONTAINS
A. Arterioles

 Small arteries beneath the epidermis


 Smooth muscles permit vasoconstriction
and vasodilation
 Bring heat-carrying blood to skin
 Constrict during stressful situations to
shunt blood to more vital organs

A. Sensory Receptors

 Detect changes that are felt as the cutaneous


senses
 Free nerve endings: receptors for pain, heat,
and cold
 Encapsulated nerve endings: receptors for touch
and pressure

HYPODERMIS

 Subcutaneous Tissue
 Superficial fascia
 A layer deep to the dermis but not part of the
skin
 Contains large blood vessels that supply the skin
 Made of areolar connective tissue and adipose
tissue
 Connects the dermis to the underlying muscles
 Serves as storage deposit for fat
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES

1. HAIR

 Also called, “pili”


 Present on skin surfaces except
palms, soles, lips, nipples, & parts of external
genitalia
 Eyelashes & Eyebrows- protect eyes from
foreign particles
 Scalp hair- insulates head from cold &
protects it from sun’s rays
 Nasal hair- keep foreign particles out of
nostrils
 Made of fused, dead, keratinized
epidermal cells

HAIR

 Hair root- found below the surface


 Contains blood vessels
 Surrounded by hair follicle where hair matrix is found (mitosis takes place)
 New epidermal cells produce keratin, get their color from melanin, die, & become
incorporated into hair shaft
 Hair shaft- protrudes above the skin surface (through epidermis)
 Rate of hair growth: 8-10 mm/month
 Arrector Pili muscle- extends from the upper dermis to the side of the hair follicle
 Stimulated by cold or fright
 Contraction causes goosebumps

SKIN GLANDS

SEBACEOUS GLANDS

 also called “oil glands”


 Connected to hair follicles or directly to the
skin surface
 Secretes sebum
 Lipid substance or oil, inhibits the growth
of some bacteria, and prevents of drying of
skin & hair

SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS

 Also called “sweat glands”


A. ECCRINE GLANDS
 Coiled, tubular glands with ducts that
extend to the skin’s surface, where it opens
into pores
 Distributed all over the body
 Produce a watery sweat that helps regulate body temperature
SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS

 Also called “sweat glands”

B. APOCRINE GLANDS

 Limited to the axillary and pubic regions


 Produce a thicker sweat often released during emotional stress
 Accumulation of secretions result in body odor

CONTENTS OF SWEAT

 All sweat glands: H20, Na+, Cl-, urea,


ammonia, amino acids, and glucose
 Apocrine glands: plus lipids and proteins

CERUMINOUS GLANDS

 Located in the dermis of ear canals


 Secretes cerumen or ear wax
 Forms a sticky barrier that waterproofs
and inhibits foreign material from entering
the ear canal prevents drying of eardrum

NAILS

 Plates of tightly packed, hard, dead &


keratinized cells of the epidermis
 Rate of growth: 3 mm/month

FUNCTIONS

 Protect the ends of fingers and toes


from mechanical injury
 Help in manipulating small objects
 Allow scratching

A. Nail Body

 Visible part of nail


 Transparent with pink nail bed

B. Free Edge

 Part of the nail body extending past the end of the finger or toe

C. Nail Root F. Nail Matrix or Nail Follicle

 Part not visible - Proximal portion of nail root


 Embedded in skin - Contains dividing cells, which produce new nail cells

D. Lunula

 Think, white part of nail COMMON DISEASES

E. Cuticle

 Stratum corneum of epidermis

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