P S G C O L L E G E O F T E C H N O LO GY
B . E I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N A N D C O N T R O L E N G I N E E R I N G
1 9 U 0 2 3 - N O N C O N V E N T I O N A L E N E R GY S Y S T E M S
A S S I G N M E N T P R E S E N TAT I O N O N
G E O T H E R M A L E N E R GY R E S O U R C E
Presented By
Premalatha (22U231)
Thendral tejasree (22U255)
Vishruta D (23U435)
INTRODUCTION
What is Geothermal energy?
🡺It is the heat energy stored in the earth,
generated by natural sources.
🡺From the decay of radioactive nuclei that are
embedded within the Earth.
🡺From residual heat left over from Earths
formation.
🡺The rest of the energy comes from meteorite
impacts.
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
GEOTHERMAL POWER RESOURCES
WO R K ING …
• Steam Turbine Generator - Converts the thermal energy from steam into
mechanical energy by spinning the turbine. The turbine is connected to a
generator, which converts mechanical energy into electricity.
• Condenser - Cools down the steam after it has passed through the turbine,
converting it back into water. This water can then be reinjected into the ground or
reused in the system.
• Cooling Tower - A structure where excess heat is released into the atmosphere by
cooling the water used in the power plant process. Water from the condenser is
cooled by air before it is recirculated or reinjected.
• Gas Removal System - Removes non-condensable gases like carbon dioxide,
hydrogen, and other trace gases that come out of the geothermal fluid during
steam extraction. This ensures optimal turbine performance and prevents the
buildup of gases in the system.
• Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) Abatement System - Geothermal steam often contains
hydrogen sulfide, which has a strong odor and is toxic. This system removes or
neutralizes hydrogen sulfide before the steam is released into the atmosphere,
protecting the environment and reducing odor.
Geothermal Power Plant in india
TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER
PLANT
• Dry steam power plant
• Flash steam power plant
• Binary cycle power plant
DRY STEAM POWER PLANT
DRY STEAM POWER PLANT
• Dry steam power plants operate by harnessing steam directly from
geothermal reservoirs, making them one of the most straightforward
types of geothermal energy systems.
• The process begins with drilling wells into the Earth’s crust to access
high-temperature steam, typically found in volcanic regions or areas
with significant geothermal activity. Once the steam is extracted, it
travels through pipelines to the power plant, where it enters a turbine.
• The pressure and thermal energy of the steam cause the turbine
blades to spin rapidly, converting the thermal energy into mechanical
energy. This mechanical motion is then converted into electrical
energy by a generator connected to the turbine.
DRY STEAM POWER PLANT
• After passing through the turbine, the steam enters a condenser, which
cools it using a coolant (often water or air). In the condenser, the steam
loses heat and condenses back into liquid water.
• This condensate is collected and reinjected into the geothermal reservoir
through injection wells, ensuring the sustainability of the resource by
maintaining pressure and temperature in the reservoir.
• This method minimizes water usage and emissions, making dry steam
power plants efficient and environmentally friendly, particularly in regions
where high-temperature steam resources are abundant. However, their
reliance on high-temperature resources means they are less versatile than
other geothermal technologies, limiting their deployment to specific
geothermal sites.
APPLICATION OF DRY STEAM POWER
PLANT
• Electricity Generation: Dry steam power plants primarily generate
electricity by converting high-temperature geothermal steam into electrical
energy. Facilities like The Geysers in California harness steam to power
turbines, supplying renewable energy to thousands of homes and reducing
reliance on fossil fuels.
• Direct Use Applications: Beyond electricity, dry steam can be directly
utilized for industrial processes, such as drying and pasteurization. This
application allows industries to improve energy efficiency and reduce
operational costs by using geothermal steam for heat instead of conventional
fuels.
• District Heating Systems: Dry steam power plants can supply heating to
residential and commercial buildings through district heating systems. This
application is effective in colder regions, providing a sustainable alternative to
traditional heating methods and lowering greenhouse gas emissions for
communities.
FLASH STEAM POWER PLANT
FLASH STEAM POWER PLANT
• Flash steam power plants are designed to extract energy from high-
pressure hot water found in geothermal reservoirs. The process
begins with drilling deep wells to access geothermal water, which
typically has temperatures between 180°C and 300°C.
• This water is under high pressure due to the weight of the overlying
rock. When the water is brought to the surface, it enters a flash tank
or pressure-reducing valve, where its pressure is abruptly decreased.
• This sudden reduction in pressure allows a portion of the hot water
to "flash" into steam, creating high-temperature vapor. The steam
then flows into a turbine, where its pressure and temperature cause
the turbine blades to spin.
FLASH STEAM POWER PLANT
• As the turbine rotates, it drives a generator that converts the
mechanical energy into electricity. After passing through the turbine,
the steam enters a condenser, where it is cooled, often using water or
air, leading to the condensation of the steam back into liquid water.
• This cooled water, now at a lower temperature, is typically reinjected
into the geothermal reservoir through injection wells, maintaining
reservoir pressure and ensuring sustainable energy extraction.
• This process minimizes environmental impact and allows for efficient
energy production from geothermal resources. Overall, flash steam
power plants effectively harness geothermal energy, making them a
vital component of renewable energy infrastructure.
APPLICATION OF FLASH STEAM POWER
PLANT
• Enhanced Oil Recovery: Flash steam plants can be integrated into
enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. The steam produced can be
injected into oil reservoirs to lower the viscosity of crude oil, facilitating
easier extraction and increasing overall oil production.
• Industrial Processes: The steam generated by flash steam power plants
can be utilized in various industrial processes that require heat. This
includes applications in food processing, chemical manufacturing, and
textile production, where steam is used for cooking, drying, or
sterilization.
• Desalination: Flash steam power plants can support desalination
processes by providing the necessary heat to produce steam. The
steam can be used in multi-effect distillation or other desalination
technologies to convert seawater into fresh water, addressing water
scarcity issues in coastal areas.
BINARY CYCLE POWER PLANT
BINARY CYCLE POWER PLANT
• Binary cycle power plants operate by utilizing lower-
temperature geothermal resources, typically ranging from 80°C
to 150°C, making them versatile and environmentally friendly.
• The process begins with drilling wells to access geothermal hot
water from the Earth’s crust. This hot water is directed into a
heat exchanger, where it transfers its thermal energy to a
secondary working fluid that has a lower boiling point than
water, commonly isobutane or another organic fluid.
• As the geothermal water flows through the heat exchanger, it
heats the secondary fluid, causing it to vaporize. The resulting
vapor then expands and travels to a turbine, where it drives
the turbine blades, converting thermal energy into mechanical
energy, which is subsequently transformed into electrical
energy by a generator connected to the turbine.
BINARY CYCLE POWER PLANT
• After the vapor passes through the turbine, it enters a condenser,
where it is cooled, often using a separate cooling water source,
causing it to condense back into a liquid state. This liquid is then
pumped back to the heat exchanger to repeat the cycle.
• Meanwhile, the cooled geothermal water, which has lost some of its
heat, is reinjected into the geothermal reservoir through injection
wells, ensuring the sustainability of the resource by maintaining
pressure and temperature in the reservoir.
• The closed-loop system minimizes emissions and environmental
impact, making binary cycle power plants an attractive option for
harnessing geothermal energy in a wide range of settings.
APPLICATION OF BINARY CYCLE POWER
PLANT
• Distributed Energy Generation Due to their smaller footprint and lower
environmental impact, binary cycle power plants can be deployed in
remote or decentralized locations. This makes them suitable for distributed
energy generation, allowing communities to harness local geothermal
resources and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
• Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems Binary cycle plants can be
integrated into combined heat and power systems, where waste heat from
the power generation process is utilized for district heating or industrial
processes. This increases overall energy efficiency and provides a dual
benefit of electricity and thermal energy.
• Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Binary cycle technology can be
applied in enhanced geothermal systems, where fluid is injected into hot
rock formations to extract heat. The binary cycle process allows for
efficient energy conversion even when the geothermal resource
temperature is not exceedingly high, making EGS more viable.
TIME LINE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
Geothermal energy storage is a promising technology that harnesses the
Earth's natural heat to store and release energy. It offers a sustainable and
reliable alternative to traditional energy storage methods .
• Heat Extraction: Geothermal wells are drilled deep into the Earth's crust
to access hot water or steam.
• Energy Conversion: This heat can be used directly for heating or
cooling, or it can be converted into electricity using turbines.
• Storage: Excess heat can be stored in underground reservoirs, such as
aquifers or depleted oil fields.
• Energy Release: When energy is needed, the stored heat can be
retrieved and used to generate electricity or provide heating and cooling.
TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
STORAGE
•Hot Water Storage: Excess heat is stored in underground
reservoirs of hot water.
•Rock Bed Storage: Heat is stored in underground rock
formations.
•Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES): Heat is stored in
underground aquifers.
H Y B R I D G E O T H E R M A L A N D P V P O W E R C YC L E
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES :
1.Renewable: Geothermal power is a
renewable energy source that doesn’t require
fuel or emit greenhouse gases or pollutants.
2.Environmentally friendly: Geothermal
power is one of the least polluting sources of
energy and has a low impact on the Earth.
3.Reliable: Geothermal power is a reliable
source of power.
4.Low maintenance: Geothermal heat pumps
have few moving parts, which reduces the
chance of breakdowns and maintenance costs.
DISADVANTAGES :
1.High upfront costs: Geothermal power plants
require a high initial investment.
2.Location-specific: Geothermal power plants can
only be built in certain locations.
3.Can cause earthquakes: In extreme cases,
geothermal power plants can cause earthquakes.
4.Development is slower: The development of
geothermal energy is much slower than that of wind
and solar renewable energies.
References:
1. Boyle G,”Renewable Energy: Power for a
sustainable Future”, 2nd edition, Oxford University
Press, 2012.
2. https://www.openai.com
3. http://www.wikipedai.com
THANK YOU
