SENSITIZED
MATERIALS
GROUP 4
Sensitized Material
--Refers to the film and photographic paper that basically composed of emulsion
containing silver halides suspended in gelatin and coated on a transparent or
reflective support
Types of Film(According to Use)
Black and White Film
--Usually represented by a prefix or a suffix “pan” or
“ortho” and generally used in black and white
photography
--ex. ortholith, tri x-pan, pan x-plus
Parts of Black and White Film
1. Emulsion
2. Gray/Anti- Halation Backing
3. Base
1. EMULSION- It consist of crystals of light-sensitive
compound (silver nitrate) evenly distributed throughout
plastic base material. Silver Halide emulsions universally
sensitive ultra-violet radiations and some wavelengths of
blue-light. Gelatin is universally used as the medium that
holds the crystals in the emulsions.
2. GRAY/ANTI-HALATION BACKING - It is placed
between the emulsions and the plastic base of a film to
prevent whatever light passes through the emulsion and
reflected by the base back to the emulsion which forms halo.
3. BASE these are made of plastic material. They serve as a
support.
Types of Film(According to Use)
Color Film
- It consists of an acetate or polyester film base with multiple
emulsions coated on the base.
Parts of Color Film
1. Emulsion
2. Base
3. Anti-halation
4. Yellow Filter
5. Subbing Layer
6. Ultraviolet Absorbing Layer
7. Super Coat
"TRIVIA"
Kinemacolor was the first process to
capture natural color on film stock.
Types of Color Film
1. Color Reversal Film
2. Color Negative Film
1. COLOR REVERSAL FILM- Commonly called slide film or color
positive film, creates the opposite of color negative film or black and white
film. Instead of creating negative to be printed to a positive, the slide film is
a positive of the image. As such, the slide film produces extremely rich and
vibrant colors that come closer to the actual colors and tones present during
exposure.
2. COLOR NEGATIVE FILM - It is also known as color print film, is the
type of film usually found in convenience stores. Color negative film is very
much "What you see is what you get" when it comes to coloration. It yields
true to life colors and contrast, which is preferred by portrait and wedding
photographers.
It is suffix "color" being given to negative or non-reversal film. Its example
are as follows: Kodacolor, Fujicolor, Agfacolor and so on and so forth.
Types of Films
(According to Spectral Sensitivity)
Blue Sensitive Film
--Sensitive to UV light up to blue color
Orthochromatic Film
--Sensitive to UV light up to green color
Panchromatic Film
--Sensitive to UV light up to red color (visible light)
Infra-Red Film
--Sensitive to all colors and infrared light
Film Speed
(Emulsion Speed)
ASA (American Standards Association)
--Expressed in arithmetic value system
--The higher the number, the more sensitive the film is
--ASA 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1000
DIN (Deutche Industre Normen)
--Expressed in logarithmic value system
--Used in the same principle as the ASA (3 degrees)
--DIN 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 30, 33
ISO (International Standards Organization)
--Expressed in combination of ASA and DIN ratings
Photographic Paper
--Sensitized material that will record the visible image in the final development
and become the photograph
Types of Photographic Paper
(According to Emulsion Used)
Silver chloride paper
--Used for contact printing
--Size of the positive print is the same as the size of the negative used. Sensitivity
to light is low and gives blue-black tones when properly developed
Silver bromide paper
--Used in projection, printing and enlarging process.
--Most ideal paper used in police photography.
--Will give black tones when properly developed
Silver Chlorobromide Paper
--Used for both projection and contact printing
--Slow emulsion
Variable contract paper
--Combines the contrast range in one paper
--Uses a special chlorobromide emulsion that produces varying contrast
responses upon exposure to different colors of light
Types of Photographic Paper
(According to Physical Characteristics)
Weight
Light Weight
--Designed for high flexibility and when paper thickness is not of consideration
--Intended for purposes which involved
folding
Single Weight
--Used for small prints or which are needed to be mounted on solid fine details
necessary in the production
--Used in ordinary photographic purposes
Double Weight
--Generally used for large prints because they stand up under rough treatment
Surface Texture
Glossy Paper
--Designed for fine details and brilliant image formation
Semi-matte Paper
--Obscure fine details
Rough Paper
--Used for large prints or where breath rather than detail is necessary
Color
White Paper
--Better used in police photography
Cream Paper
--Preferred for pictorial effect, portraits, landscapes or where warmth effect is
desired
Buff Paper
--Paper for tone prints
Types of Photographic Paper
(According to Contrast)
Velox No. 0
--Used for printing extremely contrast negative or extremely exposed film
Velox No. 1
--Used for high contrast negative or over exposed film
Velox No. 2
--Used for normal exposed film
Velox No. 3
--Used for negative with weak contrast or underexposed film
Velox No. 4
--Used to provide sufficient contrast to compensate for very thin or weak
negatives
--Useful imprinting if high contrast is desired
Velox No. 5
--For flat negatives that are unprintable
Chemical Process
Process of making the latent image visible and permanent
Development
--The process necessary for reducing the silver halides to form the image
--Use either D-76, Dektol or Universal Solution
>Elon Hydroquenone
--Used as the main developing agent
Stop Bath
--Normally composed of water with a little amount dilute acetic acid that serves
as a means to prevent contamination between the developer and the acid fixer
Fixation
--Process by which al unexposed silver halides are dissolved or removed from
the emulsion surface and making the image more permanent
>Sodium Thiosulfate(Hypo)
--Main fixing agent that dissolves unexposed silver halides
Other Chemicals Used
Acetic Acid and Boric Acid
--Serves as neutralizer
Sodium Sulfate
--Serves as the preservative
Potassium Bromide (ALUM)
--Restrainer or Hardener
Sodium Bicarbonate and Borax Powder
--Serves as accelerator
Dark Room Techniques
Dodging
--Process of eliminating unwanted portion of the negative during enlarging
Cropping
--Process of omitting an object during the process of enlarging and printing
Vignetting
--Gradual fading of the image towards the side through skillful adjustment on the
dodging board
Dye Toning
--Process designed in changing the color of the photograph
Burning-In
--Refers to the additional exposure on a desired portion of the negative used for
purposes of making a balanced exposure
Group 4
Abuan, Vicente III
Adhay, John Bradley
Liban, Adrian Joey
Lorenzo, Jefferson
Pascua, Regine
Pastorfide, Jomella Decelyn
Pescador, Lovely
Servando, Dmitri
Forensic Photography
Sensitized Materials
