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    Historical Antecedents in The Course of Science, Technology and Society

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    Dhen Marc
    This document discusses the history of science, technology, and medicine from prehistoric times through the early modern era. Some key points: 1. Prehistoric medicine used trial and error and plant-based treatments. Shamans and sorcerers were believed to have supernatural influence over health. 2. Ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and Greece made advances in herbalism, surgery, and the concept of humoral medicine. Hippocrates established observation-based Western medicine. 3. During the Middle Ages, Islamic scholars preserved Greek and Roman medical knowledge and advanced surgery. In Europe, monks provided basic care but quality was poor until universities established medicine

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    Historical Antecedents in The Course of Science, Technology and Society

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    Dhen Marc
    153 views23 pages
    This document discusses the history of science, technology, and medicine from prehistoric times through the early modern era. Some key points: 1. Prehistoric medicine used trial and error and plant-based treatments. Shamans and sorcerers were believed to have supernatural influence over health. 2. Ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and Greece made advances in herbalism, surgery, and the concept of humoral medicine. Hippocrates established observation-based Western medicine. 3. During the Middle Ages, Islamic scholars preserved Greek and Roman medical knowledge and advanced surgery. In Europe, monks provided basic care but quality was poor until universities established medicine

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    This document discusses the history of science, technology, and medicine from prehistoric times through the early modern era. Some key points: 1. Prehistoric medicine used trial and error and plant-based treatments. Shamans and sorcerers were believed to have supernatural influence over health. 2. Ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and Greece made advances in herbalism, surgery, and the concept of humoral medicine. Hippocrates established observation-based Western medicine. 3. During the Middle Ages, Islamic scholars preserved Greek and Roman medical knowledge and advanced surgery. In Europe, monks provided basic care but quality was poor until universities established medicine

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    153 views23 pages

    Historical Antecedents in The Course of Science, Technology and Society

    Uploaded by

    Dhen Marc
    This document discusses the history of science, technology, and medicine from prehistoric times through the early modern era. Some key points: 1. Prehistoric medicine used trial and error and plant-based treatments. Shamans and sorcerers were believed to have supernatural influence over health. 2. Ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and Greece made advances in herbalism, surgery, and the concept of humoral medicine. Hippocrates established observation-based Western medicine. 3. During the Middle Ages, Islamic scholars preserved Greek and Roman medical knowledge and advanced surgery. In Europe, monks provided basic care but quality was poor until universities established medicine

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    of 23

    Historical Antecedents in the

    Course of Science, Technology and Society

    Prepared by: Gail Chantel Spring


    I. PREHISTORY
     reflects the period between the appearance of humans on the planet (roughly 2.5
    million years ago) and 600 B.C. (Before Christ).

    Christ was born

    2.5 M 3000 BC 2500 BC 2000 BC 1500 BC 1000 BC 500 B.C 500 AD 1000 AD 1500 AD 2000 AD

    Major Periods of the Prehistoric Era

    1. The Stone Age - (2.5 million B.C. to 3000 B.C.)


    A. Paleolithic Age- Old Stone Age
    B. Neolithic Age- New Stone Age
    2. The Age of Metal
    A. The Bronze Age (3000 B.C. to 1300 B.C.)
    B. The Iron Age (1300 B.C. to 600 B.C.)
    GEOPHA
    TREPANNI
    GY
    NG

    PREHISTORIC HEALTH CARE


    PRACTICES
    • Used the process of “Trial and Error”
    • Plant materials were among the treatments for
    SORCERER their diseases

    S • Believed in a combination of natural and


    supernatural causes and treatments for
    & SHAMAN conditions and diseases.
    II. ANCIENT
    CIVILIZATION
    1. MESOPOTAMIA

    A. BABYLONIA
     Code of Hammurabi- (1792-1750/43 BC)
    -contains 282 case laws (economic provisions,
    family laws, criminal laws and civil laws).
    -Law in the practice of medicine:
    “If a physician performs a major operation on a
    lord… and causes his death…. they shall cut off his
    hand”.

    B. SUMERIA
     Earliest Medical Prescription –(2112-2004 BC.
    2. ANCIENT EGYPT

    A. Egyptian Papyri
     Ebers papyrus (1550BC)- Egyptian medical papyrus
    of herbal knowledge.
     Edwin Smith Papyrus –An ancient Egyptian medical
    text and the oldest known surgical treatise for
    wound, injuries and trauma.

    B. Imhotep
     The first physician to emerge.
     The chancellor to the pharaoh Djoser.
     Architect of the Step Pyramid in Memphis intended
    as the burial place of the Pharaoh.

    C. Mummification
     is the process of preserving the body after death by
    deliberately drying or embalming flesh and using
    chemicals or natural preservatives.
    • Thought that gods, demons, and spirits played a key role in
    causing diseases.
    • They used a combination of prayer and natural or non-
    spiritual remedies.
    • They have knowledge about bone structure, body organs,
    musculoskeletal and some awareness of how the brain, live,
    kidney and heart worked.
    • Doctors also advised people to wash and shave their bodies
    to prevent infections, to eat carefully, and to avoid unclean
    animals and raw fish.
    • Putting a plug of crocodile dung into the entrance of the
    vagina, for example, was a method of birth control. People
    also used dung to disperse evil spirits.
    • Circumcision of baby boys was common practice.
    • Bloodletting- believed that all illnesses stemmed from an
    overabundance of blood, or plethora.
    A. Vedas- Earliest concepts of Indian medicine were written
    (probably 1500-1200 BC.)
    B. Ayurveda (north )
    - Sanskrit words ayur (life) and veda (science or
    knowledge). 
    - emphasizes good health and prevention and treatment of
    illness through lifestyle practices and the use of herbal
    remedies.
    C. Siddha (South) – combination of spices and fruits, while
    also using certain metals, minerals and chemical products
    3. ANCIENT INDIA as their medicine.
    D. The golden age of Indian medicine (800 BC to 1000
    AD).
    -Charaka-samhita (a physician) and Sushruta-samhita
    (a surgeon).
    F. The 5 procedures: the administration of emetics,
    purgatives, water enemas, oil enemas, and sneezing
    powders. 
    G. Leeching-the application of a living leech to the skin to
    initiate blood flow or deplete blood from a localized area
    of the body.
    4. ANCIENT CHINA A. Concept of Yin-Yang (600BC)- aims to
    prevent or heal disease by maintaining or
    restoring yinyang balance. 
    B. Acupuncture (2500 BC)- thin needles are
    inserted at specific points in the body.
    C. Acupressure -involves the application of
    manual pressure (usually with the
    fingertips) to specific points on the body.
    D. Moxibustion- It is performed by burning
    small cones of dried leaves on certain
    designated points of the body.
    E. Cupping- It involves placing hot cups on
    the skin to create suction
    F. Herbal Therapy – Tea prepared with
    some combination of thousands of
    medicinal plants or dried animal parts
    (e.g., snakes, scorpions, insects, deer
    antlers).
    5. ANCIENT GREECE

    Civilization emerged around 700 or 600 BC:


    A. Doctors used the concept of “cause and effect”.
    B. Hippocrates-The Father of Western medicine.
    C. Pythagoras- believed the precise meaning of 4 and 7 in health
    practice.
    D. Asclepius- god of medicine and patron god of Asclepiades.
    E. “Mens sana in corpore sano’’
    meaning – Healthy in mind, health in body
    F. The Four Humors- Black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood.
    G. Greek doctors became expert herbalists and prescribers of natural
    remedies
    H. Constant wars gave doctors experience in practical first aid, and
    they became skilled experts at setting broken bones, fixing
    dislocated limbs, and curing slipped discs.
    6. ROMAN
    EMPIRE
    •Roman Empire began around 800 B.C. and existed for around 1,200 years

    • Greek influence in medical practice


    Archagathus of Sparta- a greek medical practitioner, arrived in Rome in 219 B.C.
    • Religion Played a big part in Roman Medical Practices
    • Sanitation and public health facilities throughout the Empire. 
    • They boil medical tools and prevent using them on more than one patient without cleansing.
    • Galen-  prominent physician of the Roman Empire. He pursued Hippocrates' methods of
    observation and research
    III. Middle Ages
    ( 476 -A.D. 1450 AD )
    1. ARABIAN
    ISLAMIC MEDICINE
    • Islamic medicine built upon the legacies of Greek and Roman
    physicians and scholars.
    A. Al-Razi- The Father of Pediatrics.
    -first to distinguish measles from smallpox, and he discovered
    the chemical kerosene and several other compounds.
    B. Ibn Sina (Avicenna)- wrote “the Canon of Medicine” a huge
    medical encyclopedia
    C. Ibn Nafis - wrote about the circulation of blood around the
    body in the thirteenth century.
    D. housed some of the first and most advanced hospitals from the
    8th century, notably in Baghdad and Cairo.
    E. Advanced the surgery- used cannabis and opium for
    anesthesia, mercury and alcohol for antiseptics.
    • “Dark Ages”- Life expectancy was 30-35 years and 1 in 5
    children died at birth.
    • Monks were the only people who could read & write
    • Quality of medical practitioners was poor, & people rarely saw
    a doctor.
    • Midwives helped with childbirth.

    2. Medieval Era in • The Church was an important institution.


    • Doctors and nurses were members of religious orders and
    EUROPE combined spiritual with physical healing.
    • 1066 AD- The Universities of Oxford and Paris were
    established.
    -Monarchs became owners of more territory
    - Trade grew rapidly and towns formed.
    • Crusaders traveled to middle east and learnt scientific
    medicine.
    • Medieval physicians analyzed symptoms, examined excreta,
    and made their diagnoses.
    • Surgeons could treat fractures and dislocations, repair hernias,
    and perform amputations and a few other operations.
    IV. EARLY MODERN ERA
    (1450A.D- 1750 A.D)
    Age of Discovery (A.D. 1400 to A.D. 1500 )
    • Girolamo Fracastoro (1478–1553)- an Italian doctor and scholar,
    suggested that epidemics may come from pathogens outside the
    body.
    • Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), a Flemish anatomist and
    physician, wrote one of the most influential books on
    human anatomy “De Humani Corporis Fabrica”
    • William Harvey (1578–1657), an English doctor, was the first
    person to properly describe the systemic circulation and properties
    of blood.
    1. RENAISSANCE • Paracelsus (1493–1541), a German-Swiss doctor, scholar, and
    occultist, pioneered the use of minerals and chemicals in the body.
    ERA • Leonardo Da Vinci (1452–1519), from Italy, an expert in
    anatomy and made studies of tendons, muscles, bones, and other
    features of the human body.
    • Ambroise Paré (1510–1590), from France, helped lay the
    foundations for modern forensic pathology and surgery
    (cauterization, Ligatures, turpentine oil).
    • Rene Descartes-(1596-1650) French philosopher, he promoted
    the development of a new science grounded in observation and
    experiment,
    AUTOPSY Maggot Therapy Cauterization

    TROCAR
    C-SECTION
    Trepanation Bloodletting
    ENEMA QUARANTINE Urinary catheter-1752

    Cataract Surgery Urethral syringe-1500


    Age of Reason (A.D. 1650 to A.D. 1800)

    • Edward Anthony Jenner (1749-1823) was an English


    doctor and scientist, known as the pioneer of vaccinations.
    He created the smallpox vaccine.
    •  Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier- (1743-1794)- French
    Chemist discovered the essential nature of oxygen and
    clarified its relation to respiration.
    • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek  ( 1632- 1723) -Dutch
    2. THE Microscopist who was the first to
    observe bacteria and protozoa.
    ENLIGHTENMENT • Thomas Willis (1621-1675)- British physician  he is
    known for his careful studies of the nervous system and of
    various diseases.
    • Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843) German physician,
    founder of the system of therapeutics known
    as homeopathy.
    Mechanical Clock- 1657 Microscope- 1590

    Metal Syringe-1650 Mercury Thermometer- 1714


    REFERENCES:
    • Brazier, Y. (2018, November 2). What was ancient Medicine like? retrieved from:
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323633#injuries
    • Brazier, Y. (2018, November 16). What was medicine like in prehistoric times? retrieved from:
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323556
    • Gunner, J. (2020). Historical Eras: List of Major Time Periods in History. retrieved from:
    https://examples.yourdictionary.com/historical-eras-list-of-major-time-periods-in-history
    • Homegrown Staff ( 2019, December 20). India’s Most Incredible Medical Contributions To The World. Retrieved
    from: https://homegrown.co.in/article/10038/indias-most-incredible-medical-contributions-to-the-world
    • Synapses Medical (2019, July 15). A History of Medical Records in the Ancient World. Retrieved from:
    https://synapsemedical.com.au/news/2019/07/15/a-history-of-medical-records-in-the-ancient-world/
    • Thompson, W. (2021). History of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/science/history-of-
    medicine
    • Vyas. K. (2018, May 15). 13 Medical Practices in Renaissance That are still used Today. Retrieved from:
    https://interestingengineering.com/13-medical-practices-of-the-renaissance-that-are-still-used-today

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