Chemotherapeutic Agents
Prepared By:
Gia Ocbena
Margarita Quiano
• Genetic, Inflammatory, Infective, Environmental and Dietary Influences.
• Cell Cycle-Nonspecific and Cell Cycle-Specific Anticancer Drugs
• Cancer chemotherapy
• Alkylating drugs
• Antimetabolites
• Antitumor antibiotics
• Plant alkaloids
• Immunomodulators
• Targeted therapies
• Liposomal Chemotherapy
• Hormones and hormonal agonist and antagonist
• Biologic response modifiers
• Miscellaneous chemotherapy agents
• Chemotherapeutic agents, also referred to as antineoplastic agents,
are used to directly or indirectly inhibit the proliferation of rapidly
growing cells, typically in the context of malignancy.
• Malignancy- the state or presence of a malignant tumor;
cancer.
• Cancer – group of diseases in which abnormal cells grow out
of control and can spread to other areas of the body.
• DNA- is the genetic substance in the body cells that’s transfer
information necessary for the production of enzymes and
protein synthesis.
› Most cases, cancer is caused by damage to the DNA within the
cell.
Development of cancer Is a multistep process that
is influenced by:
› Environmental hazards (e.g., chemicals, radiation),
› Genetic predisposition (e.g., genetic mutations),
› Lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking, alcohol use),
› Diet (e.g., high in animal fats),
› Infection (e.g., Epstein-Barr, Helicobacter pylori, human papillomavirus
[HPV]),
› Immune suppression (e.g., HIV infection, immunosuppressive
medications).
› Cancer (malignant, neoplastic) cells are characterized by unregulated
growth, lack of differentiation, and spread (metastasis) to other places in
the body.
Genetic, Inflammatory, Infective, Environmental and
Dietary Influences
› Genes provide the instructions for the production and function
and cellular proteins essential for normal cellular activities.
› Genetic defects may occur in variety of ways, including
deletion, translocation, duplication, inversion, or insertion of
genetic material.
› When defects can not be repaired , cells exhibit abnormal
characteristics and unregulated growth, that implicated in the
formation of cancer.
› Cancer with a proven genetic influence include:
Breast, Ovarian, Prostate, Endometrial, Colon, Pancreatic, Lung
cancer, Retinoblastoma and malignant melanoma.
Genes can cause cells to become cancerous in several way:
Proto-oncogenes- normal genes involve in cell differentiation and
division and they regulate cell death , also known as apoptosis.
Oncogene – mutation in a proto-oncogene that affect cellular
growth- control proteins and triggers unregulated cell division.
Tumor Suppressor (TS)/Antioncogenes – genes that signal the
cell to cease multiplying and stop the action of oncogenes.
If TS genes become lost or dysfunctional, cells could reproduce
uncontrollably. Other genes repair damage to DNA. If these DNA-
repair genes are damaged, mutations are not mended and are
subsequently passed on to the next generation of daughter cells.
It may take a long time before sufficient cell mutations take place
and cause cancer to develop. As a result, cancers more commonly
occur in older individuals.
Inflammation
› Inflammation – is a normal physiologic process to heal injured tissues
› Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, is an ongoing inflammatory process. The
continued inflammation can lead to damage and can result in cancer.
› A number of viruses are associated with the development of cancer.
› Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has been found in most women with invasive cervical
cancer.
› Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may develop lympho- it mas and rectal or
genital cancers.
› The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is found in almost all people with Burkitt lymphoma in
central Africa and has been implicated in the development of naso- pharyngeal
cancer.
› Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) is linked to hepatitis B and C viruses.
› Other viruses linked to cancer include human T-cell Lymphotropic virus (HTLV) and
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.
› Bacteria can play a role in the development of cancer. The presence of H. pylori in
the stomach is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer.
• Environmental factors associated with the development of cancer
include tobacco use, poor diet, decreased physical activity,
infectious agents, chemicals, excessive sun exposure, and radiation.
• According to CDC( Center For Disease Control And Prevention) 90% of
Lung Cancer in men and 80% for women occur due to smoking.
ENVIRONMENTAL, INFECTIVE, AND DIETARY INFLUENCES ON CANCER DEVELOPMENT
Environmental
• Tobacco- Cancer of the lung, larynx, bladder, kidney, colon, cervix, stomach, pancreas, breast
• Asbestos - Lung cancer
• Benzene- Acute myelogenous leukemia Formaldehyde Nasopharyngeal cancer, leukemia
• Vinyl Chloride - Sarcoma
• Arsenic - Cancer of the lung, skin; sarcoma
• Ionizing Radiation - Leukemia; cancer of the thyroid, breast
• Ultraviolet Rays -Skin cancer
• Aflatoxin - Liver cancer
ENVIRONMENTAL, INFECTIVE, AND DIETARY INFLUENCES ON CANCER DEVELOPMENT
Infective
• Herpes Simplex 2 Virus (Genital Herpes)- Cancer of the cervix
• Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viruses- Cancer of the liver
• Epstein-Barr Virus (a cause of infectious mononucleosis)- Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,
Hodgkin’s disease, nasopharyngeal cancers
• Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-Cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, head and neck
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• Kaposi sarcoma, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, cervical cancer Human T-Cell
Lymphotrophic Virus- T-cell leukemia Helicobacter pylori, Cancer of the stomach,
gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma
Diet
› Animal Fat- Cancer of the colon, rectum, breast, uterus, prostate, ovary Heterocyclic
Amines (found in some smoked meats)- Cancer of the stomach, colon, rectum,
pancreas, breast
› Alcohol- Cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, breast
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