Vitamins - it must be a vital organic substance that is not an energy-producing carbohydrate, fat or protein and usually necessary

in only very small quantities to perform a particular metabolic function or to prevent an associated deficiency disorder.
- It cannot be manufactured by the body and must therefore be supplied in food.

Casimir Funk - originated the word vitamin

Vocabulary: PPSAV
1. Precursor or provitamin - dietary precursor to an active form of a vitamin
2. Profound or active vitamin - with biological/physiologic functions
3. Synthetic vitamin - man-made or synthesized in the laboratory
4. Antivitamin or vitamin antagonist - substances that interface with normal functioning of a vitamin
5. Vitamin-like compounds - substances that has physiological role like vitamins but they are present in larger amounts and
partially synthesized in the body.

Fat-soluble vitamin general properties

- Soluble in fat or fat solvent
- Excess is stored in the body
- Deficiencies are slow to develop
- Not absolutely needed in the daily diet
- Have precursors
- Fairly stable to heat as in cooking
- Absorbed in the intestines together with lipids
- Requires bile for absorption

Vitamins Other name sources Deficiency toxicity Functions

Vitamin A retinol Liver, milk, Xerophthalmia - Hypervitaminosis A - a. Vision -

cheese, egg characterized by night symptoms include component of
yolk, fish, liver, blindness headaches, visual purple
yellow and dizziness, etc.. (rhodopsin in the
green leafy rods and iodopsin
vegetables in the cones)
which is
necessary for
vision in dim light
b. Growth - cellular
differentiation and
proliferation
c. Health of
epithelial cells -
synthesis of
mucoproteins
which maintain
the integrity of the
epithelial cells
d. Skeletal and tooth
development -
release of
enzymes required
for bone
remodeling and
for the
development of
healthy enamel-
forming epithelial
cells necessary
for sound tooth
structure.
e. Normal
reproduction
f. Integrity of the
immune system
g. Hematopoiesis -
facilitates the
availability of iron
for hemoglobin
synthesis
Vitamin D calciferol Irradiation of 1. rickets - a. Promotes normal
precursor in the characterized bone and teeth
skin, fish liver by soft and formation
oils, milk, egg, fragile bones, b. Regulates the
butter, yeast, enlarged joints, absorption,
fungi bowed legs and transport, and
deformities of deposition of
the chest, spine calcium and
and pelvis phosphorus in the
2. Tetany - body
characterized c. Plays a role in
by low serum renal phosphate
calcium level of clearance
7.5 mg/100ml
or less, muscle
twitching,
cramps and
convulsion. It is
due to
insufficient
calcium or
vitamin D
absorption, or
from a
malfunctioning
parathyroid
gland.
3. Osteomalacia -
bone softening;
results when
vitamin d and
calcium are
inadequate

Vitamin E - tocopherol oils Hemolysis of RBC It is an antioxidant, it

least toxic Red blood cell protects vitamin A and C,
among the carotene and unsaturated
fat-soluble fatty-acids
vitamins

Vitamin K Vitamin K1 Malunggay, Hemorrhagic a. Normal blood

For blood phylloquinone liver, cabbage, disease in clotting; vitamin k
Vitamin K2 egg yolk newborn is essential in the
Menaquinone synthesis of
Vitamin K3 prothrombin
menadione b. Vitamin k is
possibly involved
als o in respiratory
enzyme systems,
photosynthesis
and oxidative
phosphorylation
c. Therapeutic uses
- treatment of
neonatal bleeding,
impaired intestinal
synthesis and in
pre- and
postoperative
conditions to
prevent bleeding.

Water soluble vitamins general properties

- Soluble in water
- Minimal storage of dietary excesses
- Excreted in the urine
- Deficiency symptoms often develop rapidly
- Must be supplied everyday in the diet
- Generally do not have precursors
vitamins Other name sources deficiency toxicity functions

Vitamin C - Ascorbic acid Citrus fruits, a. Adult scurvy - Occasional large 1. Promotes bone
most guava, ripe symptoms intakes: Stomach and teeth
unstable papaya, include cramps, nausea, and formation
pineapple, petechiae or diarrhea 2. Promotes healing
guyabano, hemorrhagic Prolonged large of wounds and
tomato, spots on the intakes: fractures
peppers, and skin , swelling, Uricosuria 3. An antioxidant
raw cabbage, infection, Reduced bactericidal 4. Enhances non-
liver, kidney, bleeding of the activity of leukocytes heme iron
spleen gums, Enhanced absorption
tenderness of mobilization of bone 5. Enhance immune
the legs and calcium function
anemia. Impaired blood 6. It blocks the
b. Infantile scurvy - coagulation time formation of
symptoms Lowered plasma carcinogen
include pain, vitamin B12
tenderness, Interruption of
swelling of pregnancy
thighs and legs, Reduced insulin
loss of weight, production
diarrhea, fever, Interface with
and vomiting anticoagulant therapy
are often
present.

Vitamin B1 thiamin Wholegrain a. Dry beriberi - Needed for carbohydrate,

cereals, essential protein, and fat
enriched flour, features are metabolism
peanuts, generalized
legumes, polyneuropathy
stringbeans, and progressive
monggo, peas, muscular
dried yeast paralysis
patani, liver, b. Wet beriberi -
eggyolk, bean characterized
pork and other by pitting
organ meats. edema and
enlarged heart
c. Infantile beriberi
- seen in infants
breast-fed by
mothers
suffering from
beriberi.
Cyanosis,
tachycardia and
cardiac failure
are the
advanced
features

Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Whole grain Ariboflavinosis Needed for carbohydrate

cereals, dried Clinical signs: and protein metabolism
beans, kadios, a. Photophobia Acts as control agent both
leafy (abnormal in energy production and
vegetables, sensitivity to tissue building and
milk, egg, liver, light) and rebuilding.
organ dimness of Involved in the conversion
meats,lean vision of tryptophan to niacin
meats b. Angular Plays a role in
stomatitis - maintaining normal skin
cracks or tone and normal vision.
fissures at the
angles of the
mouth
c. Cheilosis -
vertical fissures
or cracks on the
lips
d. Glossitis -
swollen and
magenta
colored tongue
e. Nasolabial
seborrhea -
scaly, greasy
eruption may
develop
especially in
skin folds
f. Seborrheic
dermatitis -
scaly, greasy
eruption may
develop
especially in
skin folds
g. lacrimation ,
burning and
itching of eyes.
h. Corneal
vascularization -
extra blood
vessels develop
at the cornea
i. Growth
retardation and
congenital
malformation (if
deficiency
occurs during
period of
conception)

Vit. B3 - niacin Organ meats, Symptoms: Needed for carbohydrate

most stable liver, poultry, megaloblastic protein and fat
among the fish, lean meat, anemia metabolism
water- peanuts, bread,
soluble cereal, dried
beans, nuts,
cereals, liver,
kidney, lean
beef

Vitamin B9 Folic acid Green Symptoms: Necessary for

vegetables, megaloblastic anemia regeneration of RBC
dried beans,
nuts, cereals,
liver, kidney,
lean beef

Vitamin B6 pyridoxine Whole grain Needed for carbohydrate,

cereals,nuts, protein and fat
seeds, green metabolism
leafy In amino acid
vegetables, metabolism, it is involved
yeast, liver, in incorporation of amino
organ meats, acids into heme, an
lean meat essential component of
hemoglobin

Vit. B5 Pantothenic acid Liver, kidney, Essential for fat, protein,

glandular and carbohydrate
organs, metabolism
eggyolk, milk,
yeast, grains,
seeds

Vit. B7 Biotin - the Whole grain Essential for fat, protein,

micronutrient cereals, and carbohydrate
legumes, nuts, metabolism
fruits,
vegetables,
liver, eggyolk,
fish, muscle
meat, milk

Vitamin B12 Cobalamin Liver, milk, Pernicious anemia Normal diet and
meat, eggs, maturation of RBC
fish, cheese