Intermolecular

Forces
Overview
• There are 2 types of attraction in
molecules: intramolecular bonds &
intermolecular forces
• We have already looked at intramolecular
bonds (ionic, polar, non-polar)

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Overview
• There are 2 types of attraction in molecules:
intramolecular bonds & intermolecular
forces
Intramolecular Bond/Attraction

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Intramolecular forces
force that hold atoms in a single molecule or a
force of attraction within a molecule
Electronegativity Difference Intramolecular Forces

0 Non Polar Covalent

up to 1.8 Polar Covalent

1.9 and above Ionic

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Intramolecular forces

5
Intramolecular forces

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Intramolecular forces

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Intermolecular Forces
• Intermolecular forces (IMF) have to do
with the attraction between molecules

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Intermolecular Forces
▧Intermolecular forces
may be attractive or
repulsive.
▧Johannes D van der
Waals, Dutch, was the
first to postulate
intermolecular forces
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Intermolecular Forces
• an attraction between two or more separate
molecules.
• are the result of attractions between positively
and negatively charged regions of separate
molecules.
• They are not as strong as intramolecular force
(chemical bonds).
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Intermolecular Forces

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Intermolecular Forces
Four main types of intermolecular
forces:
1. Ion-ion interaction
2. Dipole-dipole interaction
3. Hydrogen bonding
4. Dispersion forces also known as
London forces 12
Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction
Ion-ion interaction exists between oppositely
charged ions.
When one element loses electrons, it resulted to a net
positive charge. The element is now called cation
When one element accept electrons, it resulted to a net
negative charge. The element is now called anion.
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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction

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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction
• The strength of ion-ion interaction is
inversely proportional to the square of
distance between the ions.
• This is the strongest intermolecular force.

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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction
The force of attraction F is directly
proportional to the charges (q1 and q2) on
the two ions and on the distance r between
them.

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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction
The distance between the charges r is the
sum of the ionic radii.

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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction

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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction
So the greatest
attractions
will be
between ions
that have the
smallest radii.
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20
 
Which one of the following compounds can be
expected to have the highest attraction?

a. MgO

b. NaF

c. CaO
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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction

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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction

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Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction
Ion-ion interaction exists between oppositely
charged ions.
It occurs between ionic compounds.
Most ion-ion interaction is strong and
compounds which have them have high
melting and boiling points.
24
Intermolecular Forces

Ion-ion Interaction

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Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-Dipole Interaction
• Occurs between polar
molecules.
• This is due to the
partial positive pole
and the partial
negative pole of the
molecule.
26
Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-Dipole Interaction
• Average dipole-dipole interaction is
relatively weak, around 4kJ/mol.
• This interaction is effective over a very
short range.
• The strength of dipole-dipole interaction
is inversely proportional to distance raised
to
the fourth power (d4).
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Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

Iodine Monochloride
28
Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

Acetone
29
Intermolecular Forces

Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen bond is a very strong dipole-
dipole interaction.
• Hydrogen bond occurs in polar
molecules containing H and any one of

the highly electronegative elements, in

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31
32
33
34
35
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Intermolecular Forces

Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen tends to be strongly
positive due to the strong tendencies
of F, O, or N to attract the electron
towards it.
1 to 3 electrons in the outermost shells - donate/give up
4 – 7 electrons in the outermost shells – gain/accept

37
Intermolecular Forces

Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen bonding is also very important to life
in general as the H-bond prevents water from
quickly evaporating into the atmosphere.
• In freezing temperature, the H-bond causes the
water molecules to form a crystal lattice
thereby increasing its volume.
• This is why ice floats on water.

38
Intermolecular Forces

Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen bonding is also very important to life
in general as the H-bond prevents water from
quickly evaporating into the atmosphere.
• In freezing temperature, the H-bond causes the
water molecules to form a crystal lattice
thereby increasing its volume.
• This is why ice floats on water.

39
Intermolecular Forces

Dispersion Forces or London Forces

• Dispersion force is present in all
molecules.
• It is the only force present in nonpolar
molecules
• It is very weak and acts in very small
distances.
40
Intermolecular Forces

Dispersion Forces or London Forces

• It is formed due to the attraction
between the positively charged
nucleus of an atom with the negatively
charged electron cloud of a nearby
atom.

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Intermolecular Forces

Dispersion Forces or London Forces

42
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Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and the Is the color of blood, and because of
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yellow is found between green and and green on the optical spectrum. with sacrifice, danger and courage.
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