Models of Communcation

Models of

Communication
Presented by:
Joemar Yubokmee
History
Models of communication are conceptual
models used to explain the human
communication process. The first major model
for communication was developed in 1948 by
Claude Elwood Shannon and published with an
introduction by Warren Weaver for Bell
Laboratories. Following the basic concept,
communication is the process of sending and
receiving messages or transferring information
from one part (sender) to another (receiver).
What is it?
Communication models are systematic
representations of the process which helps in
understanding how communication works can be
done. Models show the process metaphorically and
in symbols. They form general perspectives on
communication by breaking communication from
complex to simple and keeps the components in
order. Communication models can sometimes
encourage traditional thinking and stereotyping but
can also omit some major aspects of human
communication.
What is its purpose?

 Methods and channels of communication to be

used and the purpose of communication, must be
considered before choosing a specific
communication model. Models are used by
business companies and other firms to foster their
communication, explore their options and to
evaluate their own situations. It is also used to
understand how the receivers will interpret the
message.
Linear Model of Communication
It is a simple one way communication model. The message

flows in a straight line from sender to the receiver. There is
no concept of feedback. The only task that a receiver does
here is to receive the message.
It consists of the sender encoding a message and channeling
it to the receiver in the presence of noise. Draw backs – the
linear model assumes that there is a clear cut beginning and
end to communication. It also displays no feedback from the
receiver. For example; a letter, email, text message,
lecture.
Transactional Model of Communication
In transactional model, senders and receivers both are known as
communicators and both play equally important role in communication.
Transactional model relates communication with social reality, cultural up-
bringing and relational context (relationships). Non-verbal feedback like
gestures, body language, is also considered as feedback in this model.
It assumes that people are connected through communication; they engage
in transaction. Firstly, it recognizes that each of us is a sender-receiver, not
merely a sender or a receiver. Secondly, it recognizes that communication
affects all parties involved. So communication is fluid/simultaneous. This is
how most conversation are like. The transactional model also contains
ellipses that symbolize the communication environment (how you interpret
the data that you are given). Where the ellipses meet is the most effect
communication area because both communicators share the same meaning
of the message. For example – talking/listening to friends. While your friend
is talking you are constantly giving them feedback on what you think through
your facial expression verbal feedback without necessarily stopping your
friend from talking.
Interactive Model of Communication
Interactive model or convergence model is similar to transactional model
as they are both two way communication model. But, interactive model
is mostly used for new media like internet. Here, people can respond to
any mass communications like videos, news, etc. People can exchange
their views and ideas.
It is two linear models stacked on top of each other. The sender channels
a message to the receiver and the receiver then becomes the sender and
channels a message to the original sender. This model has added
feedback, indicates that communication is not a one way but a two way
process. It also has “field of experience” which includes our cultural
background, ethnicity geographic location, extend of travel, and general
personal experiences accumulated over the course of your lifetime. Draw
backs – there is feedback but it is not simultaneous. For example –
instant messaging. The sender sends an IM to the receiver, then the
original sender has to wait for the IM from the original receiver to react.
Or a question/answer session where you just ask a question then you get
an answer.
Communication Noise
Communication noise. In any communication

model, noise is interference with the decoding
of messages sent over a channel by an encoder.
There are many examples of noise:
Environmental Noise: Noise that physically
disrupts communication, such as standing next
to loud speakers at a party, or the noise from a
construction site next to a classroom making it
difficult to hear the professor.
1. Physiological-Impairment Noise: Physical maladies that
prevent effective communication, such as actual deafness or
blindness preventing messages from being received as they were
intended.
2. Semantic Noise: Different interpretations of the meanings
of certain words. For example, the word "weed" can be
interpreted as an undesirable plant in a yard, or as a euphemism
for marijuana.
3. Syntactical Noise: Mistakes in grammar can disrupt
communication, such as abrupt changes in verb tense during a
sentence.
4. Organizational Noise: Poorly structured communication
can prevent the receiver from accurate interpretation. For
example, unclear and badly stated directions can make the
receiver even more lost.
5. Cultural Noise: Stereotypical assumptions can cause
misunderstandings, such as unintentionally offending a non-
Christian person by wishing them a "Merry Christmas".
6. Psychological Noise: Certain attitudes can also make
communication difficult. For instance, great anger or sadness may
cause someone to lose focus on the present moment. Disorders
such as Autism may also severely hamper effective
communication.

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Models of

 Methods and channels of communication to be

It is a simple one way communication model. The message

Communication noise. In any communication

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