The Integumentary System and Body Membranes: Slide 1

Chapter 4

The Integumentary System and Body

Membranes
Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Slide 1
Classifications of Body Membranes

Classifications of body
membranes (F 4-1)
Epithelial membranes
composed of epithelial
tissues and an underlying
layer of connective tissue
Connective tissue
membranescomposed
largely of various types of
connective tissue
Slide 2

Epithelial membranes
Cutaneous membranethe skin
Serous membranesimple squamous
epithelium on a connective tissue basement
membrane
Types
o
o
Parietallines walls of body cavities

Visceralcovers organs found in body cavities
Slide 3
Examples
o
Pleuraparietal and visceral layers line walls of the

thoracic cavity and cover the lungs
Peritoneumparietal and visceral layers line the
walls of the abdominal cavity and cover the organs
in that cavity
Diseases
o
Pleurisyinflammation of the serous membranes

that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs
Peritonitisinflammation of the serous membranes
that line the walls of the abdominal cavity and cover
the abdominal organs
Slide 4

Mucous membranes
Line body surfaces that open directly to the
exterior
Produce mucus, a thick secretion that keeps the
membranes soft and moist
(Contd)
Slide 5

Connective tissue membranes
Do not contain epithelial components
Produce a lubricant called synovial fluid
Examples are the synovial membranes in the
spaces between joints and in the lining of bursal
sacs
Slide 6
The Skin (F 4-2)

Structuretwo primary layers called epidermis
and dermis
Epidermis
Outermost and thinnest primary layer of skin
Composed of several layers of stratified squamous
epithelium
Stratum germinativuminnermost layer of cells
that continually reproduce, and new cells move
toward the surface
Slide 7
The Skin
As cells approach the surface, they are filled with
a tough waterproof protein called keratin and
eventually flake off
Stratum corneumoutermost layer of keratinfilled cells
Pigment-containing layerepidermal layer that
contains pigment cells called melanocytes, which
produce the brown pigment melanin
Blisterscaused by breakdown of union between
cells or primary layers of skin
Dermalepidermal junctionspecialized area
between two primary skin layers
Slide 8
The Skin
Dermis
Deeper and thicker of the two primary skin layers
and composed largely of connective tissue
Upper area of dermis characterized by parallel
rows of peglike dermal papillae
Ridges and grooves in dermis form pattern unique
to each individual
o
o
Basis of fingerprinting
Improves grip for tool use and walking
Slide 9
The Skin
Deeper areas of dermis filled with network of
tough collagenous and stretchable elastic fibers
Number of elastic fibers decreases with age and
contributes to wrinkle formation
Dermis also contains nerve endings, muscle
fibers, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands,
and many blood vessels
Slide 10
(F 4-2)
Slide 11
The Skin
Appendages of the skin
Hair (F 4-4)
Soft hair of fetus and newborn is
called lanugo
Hair growth requires epidermal
tubelike structure called hair
follicle
Hair growth begins from hair
papillae
Hair foot lies hidden in follicle and
visible part of hair called shaft
Arrector pilispecialized smooth
muscle that produces
goosebumps and causes hair to
stand straight up
Slide 12
The Skin
Receptors (F 4-6)
Specialized nerve endingsmake it possible for
skin to act as a sense organ
Meissners corpusclecapable of detecting light
touch
Pacinian corpusclecapable of detecting pressure
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Slide 13
The Skin
Nails (F 4-7)
Produced by epidermal
cells over terminal
ends of fingers and
toes
Visible part is called
nail body
Root lies in a groove
and is hidden by cuticle
Crescent-shaped area
nearest root is called
lunula
Nail bed may change
color with change in
blood flow
Slide 14
The Skin
Skin glands
Types
o
o
Sweat or sudoriferous
Sebaceous
Slide 15
The Skin
Sweat or sebaceous glands

o
Types
Eccrine sweat glands

Most numerous, important, and widespread of the
sweat glands
Produce perspiration or sweat, which flows out
through pores on skin surface
Function throughout life and assist in body heat
regulation
Slide 16
The Skin
Apocrine sweat glands
Found primarily in axilla and around genitalia

Secrete a thicker secretion quite different from eccrine
perspiration
Breakdown of secretion by skin bacteria produces odor
Slide 17
The Skin
Sebaceous glands
o
o
o
o
Secrete oil or sebum for hair and skin

Level of secretion increases during adolescence
Amount of secretion is regulated by sex hormones
Sebum in sebaceous gland ducts may darken to
form a blackhead
Slide 18
The Skin
Functions of the skin
Protectionfirst line of defense:
Against
Against
Against
Against
infection by microbes
ultraviolet rays from the sun
harmful chemicals
cuts and tears
Slide 19
The Skin
Temperature
regulation
Skin can release

almost 3000
calories of body
heat per day
o
Mechanisms of
temperature
regulation
Regulation of sweat
secretion
Regulation of flow
of blood close to
the body surface
Slide 20
The Skin
Sense organ activity
Skin functions as an enormous sense organ
Receptors serve as receivers for the body, keeping
it informed of changes in its environment
Slide 21
The Skin
Burns (F 4-8)
Treatment and
recovery or survival
depend on total area
involved and severity
or depth of burn
Body surface area is
estimated using the
rule of nines in
adults
Body is divided into

11 areas of 9% each
Slide 22
The Skin
Classification of burns
First-degree (partialthickness) burnsonly
the surface layers of
epidermis involved
Second-degree (partialthickness) burns
involve the deep
epidermal layers and
always cause injury to
the upper layers of the
dermis
Slide 23
The Skin
Third-degree (full-thickness) burnscharacterized

by complete destruction of the epidermis and
dermis
o
o
May involve underlying muscle and bone

Lesion is insensitive to pain because of destruction
of nerve endings immediately after injuryintense
pain is soon experienced
Risk of infection is increased
Slide 24
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Slide 25

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Chapter 4

The Integumentary System and Body

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Classifications of Body Membranes

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Classifications of Body Membranes

Parietallines walls of body cavities

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Classifications of Body Membranes

Pleuraparietal and visceral layers line walls of the

Pleurisyinflammation of the serous membranes

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Classifications of Body Membranes

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Classifications of Body Membranes

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Skin (F 4-2)

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Sweat or sebaceous glands

Eccrine sweat glands

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Apocrine sweat glands

Found primarily in axilla and around genitalia

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Secrete oil or sebum for hair and skin

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Skin can release

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Body is divided into

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Third-degree (full-thickness) burnscharacterized

May involve underlying muscle and bone

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2004. Mosby Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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