JAYSON C.

POLINAR BSED SCIENCE III

BOBMIL FLORES ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY

CHAPTER 5

CHECKPOINT
1. What structures are included in the integumentary system?
Answer: Integumentary system consists of the skin and accessory structures,
such as hair, oil, sweat, and exocrine glands, nails, and sensory receptors.
2. How does the process of keratinization occur?
Answer: Keratinization process occurs by forming the cells into fibrils of
keratin and hardens. When the newly formed cells in the stratum basale are
slowly pushed to the surface, the cells move from one epidermal layer to the
next, accumulating more and more protein called keratin.
3. What are the structural and functional differences between the epidermis
and dermis?
Answer: Epidermis is the outer layer of the skin composed of keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium. It contains four principal types of cells:
keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. It acts as a
barrier to mechanical, thermal, and physical harm, as well as hazardous
substances. It prevents moisture loss and lowers UV radiation's damaging
effects. It also performs the function of a sensory organ. On the other hand,
Dermis which is the second, deeper part of the skin composed of a
connective tissue layer sandwiched between the epidermis and
subcutaneous tissue. It is a fibrous structure composed of collagen, elastic
tissue, and other extracellular components that includes vasculature, nerve
endings, hair follicles, and glands. It is much thicker than the epidermis. It
plays a major role in producing sweat and regulating the body's temperature.
It lessens the deeper structures from mechanical injury and provides
nourishment to the epidermis. It serves an essential part of wound healing.
4. How are epidermal ridges formed?
Answer: Epidermal ridges are form when the epidermis adapts to the
contours of the dermal papillae that are underneath the epidermis. This is
produced since the basal surface of the epidermis exceeds the free surface,
leading to greater thickness of the cornified layer. It creates a strong bond
between the epidermis and dermis in a region of high mechanical stress.
5. What are the three pigments in the skin and how do they contribute to
skin color?
Answer: The Melanin, Hemoglobin, and Carotene are the three pigments that
impart a wide variety of colors to skin. The amount of melanin causes the
skin’s color to vary from pale yellow to reddish-brown to black. The
hemoglobin which is the oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells helps in
making the epidermis appears translucent producing a skin color ranges
from pink to red depending on the oxygen content of the blood moving
through the capillaries in the dermis. Lastly, the carotene which offers a
yellow orange pigment that gives egg yolks and carrots their color. So much
carotene may be deposited in the skin after eating large amounts of
carotene-rich foods that the skin actually turns orange, which is especially
apparent in light-skinned individuals.
6. What is a tattoo? What are some potential problems associated with body
piercing?
Answer: Tattoo is a permanent coloration of the skin in which a foreign
pigment is deposited with a needle into the dermis moving between 50 and
3000 times per minute. Since, the dermis is stable, tattoos are permanent.
For body piercing, insertion of jewelry through an artificial opening
might sometimes end up with some potential complications such as
infections if the jewelry is not properly sanitized, some allergic reactions, and
it could also lead to anatomical damages such as nerve damage and
cartilage deformation. In addition, this could also interfere certain medical
procedures such as masks used for resuscitation, airway management
procedures, urinary catheterization, radiographs and delivery of a baby.
7. Describe the structure of a hair. What causes “goose bumps”?
Answer: Hair is composed of columns of dead, keratinized epidermal cells
bonded together by extracellular proteins. Each hair has a hair shaft and a
hair root. The shaft is the visible part of the hair that sticks out of the skin.
The hair root is in the skin and extends down to the deeper layers of the skin.
It is surrounded by the hair follicle (a sheath of skin and connective tissue),
which is also connected to a sebaceous gland.
Goosebumps are an involuntary reaction: nerves from the sympathetic
nervous system — the nerves that control the fight or flight response —
control these skin muscles. Under physiological or emotional stress, such as
cold or fright, autonomic nerves endings stimulate the arrector pili muscles
to contract, which pulls the hair shafts perpendicular to the skin surface. This
action causes “goose bumps” since the skin around the shaft forms slight
elevations.
8. Contrast the locations and functions of sebaceous (oil) glands,
sudoriferous (sweat) glands, and ceruminous glands.
Answer: Sebaceous (oil) glands are found in the dermis layer of the skin, it
coats the surface of the hairs and keep them from drying and becoming
brittle. It also prevents water loss from skin, keeps skin soft, and inhibits the
growth of some bacteria. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are mostly found in
deep dermis and upper subcutaneous layer. It helps regulates body
temperature, waste removal, stimulates emotional stress and sexual
excitement. Lastly, Ceruminous glands secretory portions lies in the
subcutaneous layer, deep to sebaceous glands. It plays a vital role in
providing a sticky barrier that impedes the entrance of foreign bodies and
insects. It also waterproofs the canal and prevents bacteria and fungi from
entering the cells.
9. Describe the parts of a nail.
 Nail body – visible portion of the nail. It is comparable to the stratum
corneum of the general epidermis, with the exception that its
flattened, keratinized cells fill with a harder type of keratin andthe cells
are not shed.
 Free edge- part of the nail body that may extend past the distal end of
the digit. The free edge is white because there are no underlying
capillaries.
 Nail root- is the portion of the nail that is buried in a fold of skin.
 Lunula- the whitish, crescent-shaped area of the proximal end of the
nail body. It appears whitish because the vascular tissue underneath
does not show through due to a thickened region of epithelium in the
area.
 Hyponychium (nail bed) - Beneath the free edge is a thickened region
of stratum corneum. It secures the nail to the fingertip.
 Eponychium (cuticle) - cuticle is a narrow band of epidermis that
extends from and adheres to the margin (lateral border) of the nail
wall. It occupies the proximal border of the nail and consists of stratum
corneum.
 Nail Matrix- it is the proximal portion of the epithelium deep to the nail
root. The superficial nail matrix cells divide mitotically to produce new
nail cells.
 Phalanx (finger bone) - group of small bones that comprise the bony
core of the digits (fingers) of the hand.
10. What criteria are used to distinguish thin and thick skin?
Answer: The criteria used to distinguish thick and thin skin are the presence
of epidermal ridges, the number and types of glands present. The Thickness
and number of layers of epidermis along with the distribution on your body.
It also includes the strength, flexibility, and degree of keratinization, type of
hair, glands, pigmentation, vascularity and innervation.
11. In what two ways does the skin help regulate body temperature?
Answer: The skin contributes to thermoregulation in two ways: by liberating
sweat at its surface and by adjusting the flow of blood in the dermis
12. How does the skin serve as a protective barrier?
Answer: The skin acts as a protective barrier to bacteria, protecting the
internal organs and preventing infection. The pigment barrier formed by
melanocyte cells in the top of the papillary dermis and a protein layer in the
epidermis also protects the body from ultraviolet radiation. Through the
presence of layers of keratin and glycolipids in the stratum corneum the skin
creates a protection of the underlying tissue from microbes, abrasion, heat
and chemicals. The lipids released inhibit evaporation of water from the skin
surface, thus guarding against dehydration and keeping skin and hairs from
drying out.
13. What sensations arise from stimulation of neurons in the skin?
Answer: There is a wide variety of nerve endings and receptors distributed
throughout the skin. With these, cutaneous sensations arises in the skin
including tactile sensations touch, pressure, vibration, and tickling as well as
thermal sensations such as warmth and coolness. Another cutaneous
sensation is pain, usually is an indication of impending or actual tissue
damage.
14. What types of molecules can penetrate the stratum corneum?
Answer: Certain lipid-soluble materials do penetrate the stratum corneum.
This include fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), certain drugs, gases such
as oxygen and carbon dioxide and organic solvents like acetone and carbon
tetrachloride.
15. Why doesn’t epidermal wound healing result in scar formation?
Answer: Because the cells in the superficial or upper layers of skin, known as
the epidermis, are constantly replacing themselves. During an epidermal
injury, basal cells of the epidermis surrounding the wound break contact with
the basement membrane. The cells then enlarge and migrate across the
wound. The cells appear to migrate as a sheet until advancing cells from
opposite sides of the wound meet. When epidermal cells encounter one
another, they stop migrating due to a cellular response called contact
inhibition. As the basal epidermal cells migrate, a hormone called epidermal
growth factor stimulates basal stem cells to divide and replace the ones that
have moved into the wound. The relocated basal epidermal cells divide to
build new strata, thus thickening the new epidermis.
16. Which structures develop as down growths of the stratum basale?
Answer: Hair follicles which develop at about 12 weeks is considered as a
down growths of the stratum basale. These down growths are called hair
buds and as these hair buds penetrate deeper into the dermis, their distal
ends become club-shaped and are called hair bulbs. Most Sudoriferous
glands also are derived from down growths of the stratum basale.
17. What factors contribute to the susceptibility of aging skin to infection?
Answer: The factors that contribute to the susceptibility of aging skin to
infection, are the decrease of number of Langerhans cells and macrophages
become less-efficient phagocytes. This contribute to the decrease of the
skin’s immune responsiveness. Moreover, decreased of size of sebaceous
glands also leads to dry and broken skin that is more vulnerable to infection.

SELF-QUIZ QUESTIONS

Fill in the blanks in the following statements.

1. The epidermal layer that is found in thick skin but not in thin skin is the
Stratum Lucidum layer.
2. The most common sweat glands that release a watery secretion are
Eccrine sweat glands; modified sweat glands in the ear are Ceruminous
glands; sweat glands located in the axillae, groin, areolae, and beards of
males and that release a slightly viscous, lipid-rich secretion are Apocrine
sweat glands.
Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.
FALSE 3. An individual with a dark skin color has more melanocytes than a
fair-skinned person.
TRUE 4. In order to permanently prevent growth of an unwanted hair, you
must destroy the hair matrix.

Choose the one best answer to the following questions.

C 5. The layer of the epidermis that contains stem cells undergoing

mitosis is the
(a) stratum corneum. (b) stratum lucidum.
(c) stratum basale. (d) stratum spinosum.
(e) stratum granulosum.

E 6. The substance that helps promote mitosis in epidermal skin cells is

(a) keratohyalin. (b) melanin. (c) carotene.
(d) collagen. (e) epidermal growth factor.

A 7. Which of the following is not a function of skin?

(a) calcium production (b) vitamin D synthesis
(c) protection (d) excretion of wastes
(e) temperature regulation

C 8. To expose underlying tissues in the bottom of the foot, a foot

surgeon must first cut through the skin. Place the following layers in the
order that the scalpel would cut. (1) stratum lucidum, (2) stratum corneum,
(3) stratum basale, (4) stratum granulosum, (5) stratum spinosum.
(a) 3, 5, 4, 1, 2 (b) 2, 1, 5, 4, 3 (c) 2, 1, 4, 5, 3
(d) 1, 3, 5, 4, 2 (e) 3, 4, 5, 1, 2
B 9. Aging of the skin can result in
(a) an increase in collagen and elastic fibers.
(b) a decrease in the activity of sebaceous glands.
(c) a thickening of the skin.
(d) an increased blood flow to the skin.
(e) an increase in toenail growth.

E 10. Which of the following is not true?

(a) Albinism is an inherited inability of melanocytes to produce melanin.
(b) Striae occurs when the dermis is overstretched to the point of tearing.
(c) In order to prevent excessive scarring, surgeons should cut parallel to the
lines of cleavage.
(d) The papillary layer of the dermis is responsible for fingerprints.
(e) Much of the body’s fat is located in the dermis of the skin.

A 11. A patient is brought into the emergency room suffering from a

burn. The patient does not feel any pain at the burn site. Using a gentle pull
on a hair, the examining physician can remove entire hair follicles from the
patient’s arm. This patient is suffering from what type of burn?
(a) third degree (b) second degree (c) first degree
(d) partial thickness (e) localized

C 12. Which of the following statements are true?

(1) Nails are composed of tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells of the
epidermis that form a clear, solid covering over the dorsal surface of the
terminal end of digits.
(2) The free edge of the nail is white due to the absence of capillaries.
(3) Nails help us grasp and manipulate small objects.
(4) Nails protect the ends of digits from trauma.
(5) Nail color is due to a combination of melanin and carotene.
(a) 1, 2, and 3 (b) 1, 3, and 4 (c) 1, 2, 3, and 4
(d) 2, 3, and 4 (e) 1, 3, and 5

13. Match the following:

(3) (a) produce the protein that helps protect the

skin and underlying tissues from light,heat, (1) Merkel cells
microbes, and many chemicals (2) callus
(5) (b) produce a pigment that contributes to (3) keratinocytes

skin color and absorbs ultraviolet light (4) Langerhans cells

(4) (c) cells that arise from red bone marrow, (5) melanocytes

migrate to the epidermis, and participate (6) free nerve endings

in immune responses (7) sebaceous glands

(1) (d) cells thought to function in the sensation (8) lamellar granules
(9) pacinian (lamellated)
of touch
corpuscles
(6) (e) located in the dermis, they function in
(10) vernix caseosa
the sensations of warmth, coolness, pain,
(11) arrector pili
itching, and tickling

(11) (f) smooth muscles associated with the

hair follicles; when contracted, they pull the hair
shafts perpendicular to the skin’s surface

(2) (g) an abnormal thickening of the epidermis

(8) (h) release a lipid-rich secretion that functions
as a water-repellent sealant in the stratum
granulosum

(9) (i) pressure-sensitive cells found mostly in

the subcutaneous layer

(10) ( j) a fatty substance that covers and protects

the skin of the fetus from the constant exposure
to amniotic fluid

(7) (k) associated with hair follicles, these secrete an

oily substance that helps prevent hair from becoming
brittle, prevents evaporation of water from the skin’s
surface, and inhibits the growth of certain bacteria

14. Match the following:

(3) (a) deep region of the dermis composed primarily

of dense irregular connective tissue

(4) (1) subcutaneous layer

(b) composed of keratinized stratified squamous
epithelial tissue (hypodermis)

(1) (c) not considered part of the skin, it contains (2) papillary region
areolar and adipose tissues and blood vessels; (3) reticular region

attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs (4) epidermis

(2) (d) superficial region of the dermis; composed of

areolar connective tissue

15. Match the following and place the phases of deep wound healing
in the correct order:

(4) (a) epithelial cells migrate under scab to bridge

the wound; formation of granulation tissue
(1) proliferative phase
(3) (b) sloughing of scab; reorganization of collagen
(2) inflammatory phase
fibers; blood vessels return to normal
(3) maturation phase
(2) (c) vasodilation and increased permeability of (4) migratory phase
blood vessels to deliver cells involved in
phagocytosis; clot formation

(1) (d) extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath

scab; random deposition of collagen fibers;
continued growth of blood vessels

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS

1. The amount of dust that collects in a house with an assortment of dogs,

cats, and people is truly amazing. A lot of these dust particles had a previous
“life” as part of the home’s living occupants. Where did the dust originate on
the human body?
Answer:
2. Josie reassures her mother that the tattoo she received at the tattoo parlor
will eventually disappear. She knows this because she has learned in biology
class that skin cells are shed every four weeks. Is Josie correct?
3. Six months ago, Chef Eduardo sliced through the end of his right
thumbnail. Although the surrounding nail grows normally, this part of his nail
remains split and doesn’t seem to want to “heal.” What has happened to
cause this?