Unit

Support and Movement

Fundamentals of
Anatomy & Physiology
Frederic H. Martini

PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by

Professor Albia Dugger, MiamiDade College, Miami, FL

Professor Robert R. Speed, Ph.D., Wallace Community College, Dothan, AL

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chapter 5:
The Integumentary System

What are the structures

and functions of the
integumentary system?

Size of the Integument

The integument is the largest system
of the body:
16% of body weight
1.5 to 2 m2 in area

Parts of the Integument

The integument is made up of
2 parts:
1. cutaneous membrane (skin)
2. accessory structures

Parts of the
Integumentary System

Figure 51

Parts of the
Cutaneous Membrane
Outer epidermis:
superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues)

Inner dermis:
connective tissues

Accessory Structures
Originate in the dermis
Extend through the epidermis to skin
surface:
hair
nails
multicellular exocrine glands

Connections
Circulatory system:
blood vessels in the dermis

Nervous system:
sensory receptors for pain, touch, and
temperature

What is the relationship

between the integument
and subcutaneous layer?

The Subcutaneous Layer

Subcutaneous layer (superficial fascia
or hypodermis):
loose connective tissue
below the dermis
location of hypodermic injections

Functions of Skin
Protects underlying tissues and organs
Excretes salts, water, and organic
wastes (glands)
Maintains body temperature (insulation
and evaporation)

Functions of Skin
Synthesizes vitamin D3
Stores lipids
Detects touch, pressure, pain, and
temperature

What are the main

structures and functions
of the epidermis?

Epidermis
Avascular stratified squamous
epithelium
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from
capillaries in the dermis

Organization of the Epidermis

Figure 52

Cells of the Epidermis

Keratinocytes:
contain large amounts of keratin
the most abundant cells in the epidermis

Thin Skin
Covers most of the body
Has 4 layers of keratinocytes

Thick Skin
Covers the palms of the hands and
soles of the feet
Has 5 layers of keratinocytes

Structures of the Epidermis

The 5 strata of keratinocytes in thick
skin

Figure 53

Layers of the Epidermis

From basal lamina to free surface:

stratum germinativum
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

Stratum Germinativum
The germinative layer:
has many germinative (stem) cells or basal
cells
is attached to basal lamina by
hemidesmosomes
forms a strong bond between epidermis
and dermis

Structures of
Stratum Germinativum
Epidermal ridges (e.g., fingerprints)
Dermal papillae (tiny mounds):
increase the area of basal lamina
strengthen attachment between epidermis
and dermis

Ridges and Ducts

Figure 54

Cells of Stratum Germinativum

Merkel cells:
found in hairless skin
respond to touch (trigger nervous system)

Melanocytes:
contain the pigment melanin
scattered throughout stratum
germinativum

Stratum Spinosum
The spiny layer:
produced by division of stratum
germinosum
810 layers of keratinocytes bound by
desmosomes
cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out
(spiny)

Cells of Stratum Spinosum

Continue to divide, increasing
thickness of epithelium
Contain Langerhans cells, active in
immune response

Stratum Granulosum
The grainy layer
Stops dividing, starts producing:
keratin:
a tough, fibrous protein
makes up hair and nails

keratohyalin
dense granules
cross-link keratin fibers

Cells of Stratum Granulosum

Produce protein fibers
Dehydrate and die
Create tightly interlocked layer of
keratin surrounded by keratohyalin

Stratum Lucidum
The clear layer:
found only in thick skin
covers stratum granulosum

Cells of Stratum Lucida

Flat
Dense
Filled with keratin

Stratum Corneum
The horn layer:

exposed surface of skin

15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells
water resistant
shed and replaced every 2 weeks

Keratinization
The formation of a layer of dead,
protective cells filled with keratin
Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces
except eyes

Skin Life Cycle

It takes 1530 days for a cell to move
from stratum germinosum to stratum
corneum

Perspiration
Insensible perspiration:
interstitial fluid lost by evaporation
through the stratum corneum

Sensible perspiration:
water excreted by sweat glands

Water Loss Through Skin

Dehydration results:
from damage to stratum corneum, e.g.,
burns and blisters (insensible perspiration)
from immersion in hypertonic solution,
e.g., seawater (osmosis)

Water Gain Through Skin

Hydration:
results from immersion in hypotonic
solution, e.g., freshwater (osmosis)
causes stretching and wrinkling skin

What causes different

skin colors?

Skin Color
Skin color depends on:
the pigments carotene and melanin
blood circulation (red cells)

Carotene
Orange-yellow pigment
Found in orange vegetables
Accumulates in epidermal cells and
fatty tissues of the dermis
Can be converted to vitamin A

Melanin
Yellow-brown or black pigment
Produced by melanocytes in stratum
germinativum
Stored in transport vesicles
(melanosomes)
Transferred to keratinocytes

Function of Melanocytes
Melanin protects skin from sun damage
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation:
causes DNA mutations and burns which
lead to cancer and wrinkles

Melanocytes

Figure 55

Melanocytes
Skin color depends on melanin
production, not number of
melanocytes

Capillaries and Skin Color

Oxygenated red blood contributes to
skin color:
blood vessels dilate from heat, skin
reddens
blood flow decreases, skin pales

Cyanosis
Bluish skin tint
Caused by severe reduction in blood
flow or oxygenation

Illness and Skin Color

Jaundice:
buildup of bile produced by liver
yellow color

Addisons disease:
and other diseases of pituitary gland
skin darkening

Illness and Skin Color

Vitiglio:
loss of melanocytes
loss of color

Vitamin D
Epidermal cells produce cholecalciferol
(vitamin D3):
in the presence of UV radiation

Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D

into calcitriol:
to aid absorption of calcium and
phosphorus

Vitamin D
Insufficient vitamin D:
can cause rickets

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)

Is a powerful peptide growth factor
Is produced by glands (salivary and
duodenum)
Is used in laboratories to grow skin
grafts

Functions of EGF

Promotes division of germinative cells

Accelerates keratin production
Stimulates epidermal repair
Stimulates glandular secretion

KEY CONCEPT
The epidermis:
is a multilayered, flexible, self-repairing
barrier
prevents fluid loss
protects from UV radiation
produces vitamin D3
resists abrasion, chemicals, and pathogens

What are the structures and

functions of the dermis?

The Dermis
Is located between epidermis and
subcutaneous layer
Anchors epidermal accessory structures
(hair follicles, sweat glands)
Has 2 components:
outer papillary layer
deep reticular layer

The Papillary Layer

Consists of areolar tissue
Contains smaller capillaries,
lymphatics, and sensory neurons
Has dermal papillae projecting
between epidermal ridges

The Reticular Layer

Consists of dense irregular connective
tissue
Contains larger blood vessels, lymph
vessels, and nerve fibers
Contains collagen and elastic fibers
Contains connective tissue proper

Dermatitis
An inflammation of the papillary layer
Caused by infection, radiation,
mechanical irritation, or chemicals
(e.g., poison ivy)
Characterized by itch or pain

Characteristics of Dermis
Strong, due to collagen fibers
Elastic, due to elastic fibers
Flexible (skin turgor)

Skin Damage
Sagging and wrinkles (reduced skin
elasticity) are caused by:

dehydration
age
hormonal changes
UV exposure

Skin Cancer

Figure 56

Stretch Marks
Thickened tissue resulting from:
excessive stretching of skin due to:
pregnancy
weight gain

Lines of Cleavage
Collagen and elastic fibers in the
dermis:
are arranged in parallel bundles
resist force in a specific direction

Clinical Importance
Lines of cleavage establish important
patterns:
a parallel cut remains shut, heals well
a cut across (right angle) pulls open and
scars

Lines of Cleavage

Figure 57

Dermal Circulation

Figure 58

Arteries
Cutaneous plexus:
a network of arteries along the reticular
layer

Papillary plexus:
capillary network from small arteries in
papillary layer

Veins
Venous plexus:
capillary return deep to the papillary
plexus

Contusion:
damage to blood vessels resulting in
black and blue bruising

Nerves
Nerve fibers in skin control:
blood flow
gland secretions
sensory receptors

Tactile disks monitor Merkel cells

KEY CONCEPT
The dermis:
provides mechanical strength, flexibility
and protection
is highly vascularized
contains many types of sensory receptors

What are the structures

and functions of the
subcutaneous layer?

The Hypodermis
The subcutaneous layer or hypodermis:
lies below the integument
stabilizes the skin
allows separate movement

Structure of the Hypodermis

The subcutaneous layer is:
made of elastic areolar and adipose
tissues
connected to the reticular layer of
integument by connective tissue fibers

Clinical Importance
Subcutaneous layer:
has few capillaries and no vital organs
is the site of subcutaneous injections using
hypodermic needles

Adipose Tissue
Deposits of subcutaneous fat:
have distribution pattern determined by
hormones
are reduced by cosmetic liposuction

Integumentary
Accessory Structures
Hair, hair follicles, sebaceous glands,
sweat glands, and nails:
are derived from embryonic epidermis
are located in dermis
project through the skin surface

What determines hair growth,

texture, and color?

Location of Hair
The human body is covered with hair,
except:

palms
soles
lips
portions of external genitalia

Functions of Hair
Protects and insulates
Guards openings against particles and
insects
Is sensitive to very light touch

The Hair Follicle

Is located deep in dermis
Produces nonliving hairs
Is wrapped in a dense connectivetissue sheath
Base is surrounded by sensory nerves
(root hair plexus)

Structures of Hair and Follicles

Figure 59a

Accessory Structures of Hair

Arrector pili:
involuntary smooth muscle
causes hairs to stand up
produces goose bumps

Sebaceous glands:
lubricate the hair
control bacteria

Regions of the Hair

Hair root:
lower part of the hair
attached to the integument

Hair shaft:
upper part of the hair
not attached to the integument

Inside the Follicle

Figure 59b

Keratin
As hair is produced, it is keratinized:
medulla contains flexible soft keratin
cortex and cuticle contain stiff hard
keratin

Hair Growth Cycle

Growing hair:
is firmly attached to matrix

Club hair:
is not growing
is attached to an inactive follicle

Hair Growth Cycle

New hair growth cycle:
follicle becomes active
produces new hair
club hair is shed

Types of Hairs
Vellus hairs:
soft, fine
cover body surface

Terminal hairs:
heavy, pigmented
head and eyebrows
other parts of body after puberty

Hair Color
Produced by melanocytes at the hair
papilla
Determined by genes

What are the skin glands

and secretions?

Exocrine Glands
Sebaceous glands (oil glands):
holocrine glands
secrete sebum

Sweat glands:
merocrine glands
watery secretions

Types of Sebaceous Glands

Simple branched alveolar glands:
associated with hair follicles

Sebaceous follicles:
discharge directly onto skin surface

Sebaceous Glands

Figure 510

Sebum
Contains lipids and other ingredients
Lubricates and protects the epidermis
Inhibits bacteria

What are the functions

of sweat glands?

Types of Sweat Glands

Apocrine:
found in armpits, around nipples, and
groin

Merocrine:
widely distributed on body surface
especially on palms and soles

Apocrine Sweat Gland

Figure 511a

Apocrine Sweat Glands

Merocrine secretions, not apocrine

Associated with hair follicles
Produce sticky, cloudy secretions
Break down and cause odors

Merocrine Sweat Glands

Also called eccrine glands:

coiled, tubular glands

discharge directly onto skin surface
sensible perspiration
water, salts, and organic compounds

Merocrine Sweat Gland

Figure 511b

Functions of Merocrine Sweat

Cools skin
Excretes water and electrolytes
Flushes microorganisms and harmful
chemicals from skin

Other Integumentary Glands

Mammary glands:
produce milk

Ceruminous glands:
protect the eardrum
produce cerumen (earwax)

Homeostasis
Thermoregulation:
is the main function of sensible
perspiration
works with cardiovascular system
regulates body temperature

KEY CONCEPT
Skin plays a major role in controlling
body temperature:
acts as a radiator
removes heat from dermal circulation
works by evaporation of sensible
perspiration

What is the structure of nails,

and how do they grow?

Nail Functions
Nails protect fingers and toes:
made of dead cells packed with keratin
metabolic disorders can change nail
structure

Structure of a Nail

Figure 512

How does injured skin

respond and repair itself?

Repair of Localized Injuries

to the Skin: Step 1
Bleeding occurs
Mast cells trigger
inflammatory
response

Figure 513 (Step 1)

Repair of Localized Injuries

to the Skin: Step 2
A scab stabilizes
and protects the
area

Figure 513 (Step 2)

The Inflammatory Response

Germinative cells migrate around the
wound
Macrophages clean the area
Fibroblasts and endothelial cells move
in, producing granulation tissue

Repair of Localized Injuries

to the Skin: Step 3
Fibroblasts
produce scar
tissue
Inflammation
decreases, clot
disintegrates

Figure 513 (Step 3)

Repair of Localized Injuries

to the Skin: Step 4
Fibroblasts
strengthen scar tissue
A raised keloid forms

PLAY

Integumentary Repair

Figure 513 (Step 4)

Rule of Nines
To estimate burn
damage, surface
area is divided
into multiples of 9

Figure 514

What are the effects

of aging on the skin?

Effects of Aging

Epidermal thinning
Decreased numbers of Langerhans cells
Decreased vitamin D3 production
Decreased melanocyte activity
Decreased glandular activity (sweat
and oil glands)

Effects of Aging

Reduced blood supply

Decreased function of hair follicles
Reduction of elastic fibers
Decreased hormone levels
Slower repair rate

How does the

integumentary system work
with other systems?

Importance of the
Integumentary System
Protects and interacts with all organ
systems
Changes in skin appearance are used to
diagnose disorders in other systems

Interactions with the

Integumentary System

Figure 515

SUMMARY (1 of 12)
Division of:
integument into epidermis and dermis
epidermis into thin skin and thick skin

SUMMARY (2 of 12)
Layers of the epidermis:

stratum germinosum
stratum spinosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

SUMMARY (3 of 12)
Roles of epidermal ridges and dermal
papillae

SUMMARY (4 of 12)
Functions of specialized cells:
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

SUMMARY (5 of 12)
Skin pigments:
carotene
melanin

SUMMARY (6 of 12)
Metabolic functions of epidermis:
vitamin D3
epidermal growth factor

SUMMARY (7 of 12)
Divisions of the dermis:
papillary layer
reticular layer

SUMMARY (8 of 12)
Mobility of the dermis:
stretch marks
lines of cleavage

SUMMARY (9 of 12)
Blood supply of the dermis:
cutaneous plexus
papillary plexus

SUMMARY (10 of 12)

Role of the subcutaneous layer
Structure of hair and hair follicles

SUMMARY (11 of 12)

Glands of the skin:
sebaceous
sweat
ceruminous

SUMMARY (12 of 12)

Structure of nails
Processes of inflammation and
regeneration
Effects of aging on the integument