ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

CHAPTER 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

MCON 01 LECTURE

FUNCTION OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

A. BARRIER OR PROTECTION.
 The skin provides protection against
abrasion and ultraviolet light.
 It also prevents microorganisms from
entering the body and reduces water
loss, thus preventing dehydration.
 Responsible for creating a barrier
 Have 3 types of epidermal lipids
which have a ration of 3:1:1
a. ceramide
b. cholesterol
c. free fatty acids
 2 substances
a. Defensin
- anti microbial, cationic, compose of initiate
community (present ones we born)
- essential part of initiate community
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM - phagocytosis or eating bacteria that want to
enter our body
 The integumentary system consists of - found in mucosal organ such as lungs
the skin and accessory structures, such - present in skin
as hair, glands, and nails. b. Melanin
- pigment produces color to our skin
 The skin and its associated structures - protecting or barrier our skin to the harmful
(hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil effects of uv rays
glands) make up a complex set of
organs called the integumentary B. VITAMIN
system. 7 dehydrocholesterol
 Ones it reacts to UV Rays it will
convert to cholecalciferol known as
 The integumentary system is the Vitamin D3
protective cover for the human body. It  Unfortunately Vitamin D3 is inactive
has one organ, the skin a.k.a. the form so we cannot use it
cutaneous membrane (cutis = skin)  It activated by processing in the liver
and kidney and eventually converted
to calcitriol.
 Calcitriol is a hormone that promotes
calcium and phosphorus absorption
by small intestine. It also excretes
waste products such as water, urea
and salts in sweat. In females, the
skin also produces milk
 Cholecalciferol is an active form of
VITAMIN D
 7 dehydrocholesterol will be not
active without sunlight and be
converted to cholecalciferol
 VITAMIN D PRODUCTION.
When exposed to ultraviolet light, the
skin produces a molecule that can be
transformed into vitamin D, an
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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important regulator of calcium E. SECRETIONS
homeostasis  Secretes water and oils through
C. SENSATION. glands.
 The integumentary system has  Can remove some waste like salts,
sensory receptors that can detect urea, carbon dioxide and heat.
heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain.
D. THERMOREGULATION 1. SEBACEOUS GLAND
 The amount of blood flow beneath - Secreting sebum (an oily and slightly
the skin’s surface and the activity of waxy substance found on the skin) and
sweat glands in the skin both help fats
regulate body temperature. - serves as barriers
 by diverting blood into or away from
the skin the body can release or 2. SWEAT
conserve heat. - produces electrolyte( minerals in your
 Most important function blood) and water
 Excess heat is carried to the skin by - balance the salt
the blood vessels. - component of our body
 Skin absorbs heat and transfers it to Small amounts of waste products are lost
the surrounding air. through the skin and in gland secretions.
HOT
 If theres a extreme high SKIN
temperature. The skin will signal
to the brain (thalamus) to the
heart to cause systemic  Also known as CUTANEOUS
regulation MEMBRANE
 Increases the heart rate  Covers the external surface of the
 The blood vessel will increase body
dilate (lumake ang butas)  Covers an area of about 2 square
 If blood vessel didn’t dilate it will meters.
create clotting and bursting of  The skin includes the epidermis,
blood vessel dermis and hypodermis
COLD (subcutaneous layer).
 Opposite to hot  The skin is the largest organ of the
 Heart rate will decrease body
 Theres a restriction in blood vessel  Approximately 16% of total body
 Arrector Pili Muscle - This is a tiny weight
muscle that attaches to the base of a  0.5mm-4 mm thick
hair follicle at one end and to dermal  Thickest regions= hands and feet
tissue on the other end. In order to  Thinnest regions= eyelids and
generate heat when the body is cold, scrotum
the arrector pili muscles contract all  Weighs 4.5-5kg
at once, causing the hair to "stand up  7% of total body weight.
straight" on the skin. (goosebumps)  When two or more tissues come
together for a common function, they
form an organ; therefore skin is
considered an organ of your body.
 It is the body's first line of defense
against bacteria, viruses, and other
pathogens.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
MCON 01 LECTURE
STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN 1. EPIDERMIS
 Superficial portion = epidermis
- composed of epithelial tissue  The epidermis contains 4 layers in thin
 Deeper layer of skin = dermis skin and 5 layers in thick skin. Another
- primarily connective tissue word for layer =
 Deep to dermis = subcutaneous strata(singular = stratum)
layer (hypodermis)  The most superficial layer of skin
- not a part of skin  Above the 2 skin
- areolar & adipose tissue  Outermost layer of skin
- fat storage  Have a extra layer
- area for blood vessel passage  Have melanocytes which produces
- area of pressure-sensitive nerve melanin
endings  Layer of epithelial tissue that rests on
dermis
Principle Cells In Epidermis  Composed of Stratified squamous
 Keratinocytes (90% of epidermal epithelium
cells)  Avascular
- keratin: protect skin &
underlying tissue from heat,
microbes, & chemicals
- Strengthens epidermis, makes it
resistant to mechanical trauma
- Joined by desmosomes
- Arranged into “strata (layers)”
 Melanocytes (8% of epidermal cells)
 produce melanin-
- contributes to skin color
- absorbs damaging ultraviolet (UV)
light sensitive to UV light
 Langerhans cells (small % of
epidermal cells) KERATINIZATION
- derived from bone marrow TO
immune response  During their movement, the cells
- extremely sensitive to UV light change shape and chemical
 Merkel cells (least numerous cells) composition.
- contact flattened sensory neuron  This process is called keratinization
(Merkel disc) because the cells become filled with the
- function in sensation of touch protein keratin, which makes them
hard.
 Begins in the Stratum Spinosum
Two Major Tissue of Layers  Sheds in the Stratum Corneum
 Can shed from environmental and
The skin is made of two layers, the epidermis physical stress
made of stratified squamous epithelium, and the  Shed cells are replaced by mitosis
dermis made of 2 types of connective tissues:  Cells primarily divide at night
areolar and dense irregular connective tissue).
(epi= above or over; dermis= skin)
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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basale to the stratum corneum.

LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS

1. Stratum Corneum
(cornu= horn; think “cuerno” in Spanish)
This layer consists of 20-30 cell layers or so
of dead flattened non nucleated cells
(keratinocytes) filled with keratin.

 The outermost layer is called the 2. Stratum Lucidum

cornified layer because its cells are (lucidum= clear)
stiff and horny.  Some areas of the skin, notably the
 The most superficial layer of the palms and soles have an additional
epidermis layer, the stratum lucidumor "clear
 This layer is constantly sloughing off. layer" which makes them thicker in
 They stay about 2 weeks before they order to resist pressure.
are shed or washed away.  superficial to the stratum granulosum
 These cells help protect the skin  It is made of up 2-3 layers of flat,thin
against abrasion and penetration. somewhat translucent, anucleate,
 Several layers of dead, flattened dead cells.
keratinocytes  Found in thick skin
 Sheds dead keratinocytes.  Like the cells in the next layer,
a. DANDRUFF stratum corneum, these dead cells
- It is this process which produces the flaky (keratinocytes) are full of keratin and
skin keratohyalin.

3. Stratum Granulosum

 This is made of 3-5 layers of

flattened keratinocytes filled with
granules.
 Superficial to the stratum spinosum
b. CORN  As the cells push up through these
layers they stop dividing and they
- Thickened stratum corneum over bony accumulate large amounts of keratin
prominence that forms a cone shape and keratohyalin(a glycoprotein that
structure. becomes the proteinkeratin) and this
substance forms dense granules in
the stratum granulosum.
 This is where keratinization begins
 Named for prominent granules
 Excretes a lipid-based substance

4. Stratum Spinosum
c. CALLUS
 The stratum spinosum or "spiny
- Increased number of layers of the
layer" consists of several layer of
stratum corneum due to friction
keratinocytes superficial to the
in the skin.
stratum basale.
 Thickest stratum of the epidermis
d. PSORIASIS
 Named due to its spiky appearing
- A common and chronic skin
cells
disorder in which keratinocytes
 Cells are metabolically active
divide and move more quickly
 Undergo mitosis
than normal from the stratum
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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 Help to synthesize vitamin D These  Contains all accessory organs
cells are also capable of dividing. necessary for skin function (nerves,
 The cells attached to one another by blood vessels, glands, hair
fibrous proteins called desmosomes follicles)That’s why burns that extend
which enable the skin to be pulled into the dermis are much more
and stretched without the cells severe. They interfere with skin’s
pulling apart. ability to function.
 The cells in these layers have lots of  Supports the epidermis by keeping
desmosomes, which anchor the cells the dividing cells of the stratum
to each other, and contain thick tufts basale healthy
of intermediate filaments (keratin).  Regulates body temperature
When the cell shrinks slightly, during  Provides skin with its strength and
fixation, the desmosomes from flexibility
neighbouring cells remain tightly
bound to each other, and these Layers of the dermis
connections look like 'prickles' or
'spines', hence the name prickle 1. Papillary region
cells.  lies deep to the stratum basale of the
 Many layers of cells with central epidermis
nuclei  Most superficial layer of the dermis
 Consists of loose connective tissue
5. Stratum Basale  Collagen fibers anchor dermis and
epidermis together
(basis= base; germinare= to start growing) (B  20% of the thickness of the dermis
for basale and B for bottom) Dermal papillae
 deepest layer  Found on the surface of the papillary
 Simple cuboidal layer layer
 Lies above the dermis and blood  Fingerprints are due to dermal
vessels in the dermis supply this papillae. Sweat pores open along the
layer with blood (by diffusion) crests of the ridges and thus leave a
 Consists of a single layer of stem fingerprint.
cells  Contains Meissner’s corpuscles &
 Richest supply of blood free nerve endings touch sensations
 Most metabolically active (Meissner’s) heat, cold, pain, tickle,
 Here is where cell division takes and itch
place, producing new skin cells and  small projections that anchor the
pushing older cells toward the epidermis to the dermis
surface.  small nippled-shaped structures that
 Contain single either cubodial and project into the under surface of the
columnar cell epidermis
 Contain melano  Contain many blood vessels that
supply the overlying epidermis
3. Epidermal ridges: the ridges that form the
2. DERMIS
fingerprints
 Larger, downward projections of the
 Consists of connective tissue and epidermis that force some of the
lies deep2.toDERMIS
the epidermis dermal papillae sideways
 The dermis is thick in the skin of the  Function to lock the epidermis in
palms of the hands and the soles of place
the feet, and thinner in the skin of the .
eyelids, penis, and scrotum.
 Highly vascular
 Houses blood supply
 Epithelial cells in the epidermis
receive their oxygen and nutrients
from the blood vessels in the dermis.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
MCON 01 LECTURE

ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE

SKIN

HAIR
2. DERMIS

SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE

 Also known as HYPODERMIS

 LOCATION: below the dermal layers
2. DERMIS
or true layers
 Loose connective tissue, including
adipose tissue that contains about
half the body's stored lipids
 Attaches skin to underlying bone and
muscle and supplies it with blood
vessels and nerves
 Where medicines are administered
 Present on most skin surfaces
via subcutaneous injections
except the palms, palmar surfaces of
0RETE CUTANEUM the fingers, the soles, nipple,
 Branch of blood vessel between external, reproductive organ and the
dermis and subcutaneous plantar surfaces of the feet.
 PAPILLA- active growing of the hair
ADIPOSE TISSUE
 Functions as padding and insulation

CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED HAIRLOSS

Chemotherapeutic agents interrupt the life
cycle of rapidly dividing cancer cells, such as
the hair matrix cells of hair.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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SHAPE OF HAIR FOLLICLE

 Nail plate- overlays the surface of skin

called nail bed
 Lunula- moon like structure and the
active growing region of the nail.
 Edge of nail
 Cuticle- The overlapping skin
surrounding the nail. Its job is to protect
the matrix from being invaded by
bacteria and physical damage.
 Mantle- The skin covering the matrix
 Strands of hair depends of strand of and the base of the nail plate.
follicle  Hyponichium- This skin line where the
 It determined the texture nail plate separates from the nail bed.
 Nail Grooves- These are the grooves
EPIDERMAL on the skin at the sides of the free
edge, and the nail follows them as a
 Melanocytes found in base of hair
guideline when it grows.
follicle
 Nail Walls- The skin on both sides of
 EUMELANIN- dark to brown color
the nail plate.
 PHEOMELANIN- white to yellow
 Nail Bed- This is the part of the finger
color
underneath the nail plate.
 IRON LIGHT- red hair
 The Matrix- This is where the nail is
 ALBINO- no melanin is being made. It is the only living part of the
produce
nail, and contains nerves and blood
 MIXTURE OF PIGMENTED AND vessels so that cell reproduction can
UNPIGMENTED- gray occur.

NAILS GLANDS

MAJOR GLANDS OF THE SKIN:

2. DERMIS 2. DERMIS
1. SEBACEOUS GLANDS

 Simple, branched acinar glands

 Produces SEBUM- an oily, white
substances rich in lipids
 Makes smooth, silks the skin
 DON’T have in palm and soles that’s
why it become dry in cold season
 With sebaceous but no hair follicle part
are Lips, Corner of mouth, External
reproductive organ
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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 Regulates by high testosterone, high - associated with hair follicle
reproductive of sebaceous
3. SPECIAL GLAND
 Propionibacterium acnes- is a
bacteria cause pimple or acne a. Ceruminous Gland
( result if theres a high testosterone
or androgens) - produce the cerumen, the ear wax.

2. SWEAT/ SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS b. Mammary Gland

 The cells of these glands release - secrete milk

sweat, or perspiration, into hair follicles
or onto the skin surface through pores. SKIN COLOR
 LOCATED in part of dermis

a. eccrine MELANIN
2. DERMIS
 The group of pigments primarily
- Released through sweat pores.
responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
- Produces sweat that contains antimicrobial  PHEOMELANIN- Yellow to white
compounds to prevent the growth of pigments
pathogens.  EUMELANIN- Brown to black pigments
 IRON LIGHT- Red pigment
- Also functions in thermoregulation (body  Provides protection against ultraviolet
temperatures) light from the sun
 Produced by melanocytes.
- secretory portion is deep in dermis

- help eliminate wastes such as urea DISEASES

- not connected or related to our hair follicle 1. CAROTENE
- Carotenemia done if theres a lot of carotene
- active through our life time
food you take like carrots and papaya (yellow
- trigger by physical exhausted, foods)
environmental, temperature - Carotenemia (yellow skin)- can be remove by
stopping eating yellow food
- back or head area - Lipid-soluble molecule
- Accumulates in stratum corneum
- Over secreting of eccrine gland kapag
pawisin ang kamay 2. HEMOGLOBIN
- oxygen rich
b. Apocrine - pinkish color
- sudden rush of oxygen in area can cause a
- scent gland pinkish color
- is a protein in your red blood cells that
- you are undergoing of puberty if you apocrine
carries oxygen to your body's organs and
is active
tissues and transports carbon dioxide from
- Sweat released into hair pores. your organs and tissues back to your lungs.
-If a hemoglobin test reveals that your
- Functions of puberty hemoglobin level is lower than normal, it means
you have a low red blood cell count (anemia)
- triggers in emotional stress, pain, sexual
stimulation, frighten SKIN DISEASE INDICATOR
- concentrated in axillary region, nipple and
inguinal region 1. REDNESS
2. DERMIS
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
MCON 01 LECTURE
- can be fever, embrassement, hypertension,  An enzyme called thrombin is at the
allergy, inflammation center, and it initiates the formation of a
fibrin mesh, which strengthens the
2. PALLOR platelet clumps into a stable clot.
- emotional stress, fear PHASE 2: Defensive/Inflammatory Phase
- namumutla  focuses on destroying bacteria and
- anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood removing debris—essentially preparing
flow of area the wound bed for the growth of new
tissue.
3. JAUNDICE  a type of white blood cells called
neutrophils enter the wound to destroy
- A yellowish skin discoloration bacteria and remove debris. These
- When the liver is damaged by a disease OR cells often reach their peak population
excessive bio pigment between 24 and 48 hours after injury
 After three days as the white blood
- NEONATAL JAUNDICE for baby cells leave, specialized cells called
macrophages arrive to continue
4. BRUISES clearing debris.
- Vitamin c deficiency or Hemophilia is usually  This phase often lasts four to six days
an inherited bleeding disorder in which the and is often associated with edema,
blood does not clot properly. erythema (reddening of the skin), heat
and pain (THE 5 CARDINAL SIGNS)
5. CYANOSIS
PHASE 3: Proliferative Phase
-A bluish color to the skin caused by decreased
blood O2 content. An indication of impaired  Focus is to fill and cover the wound
circulatory or respiratory function  The Proliferative phase features three
distinct stages:
WOUND 1) filling the wound;
2) contraction of the wound margins;
and
WOUND - a wound is any disruption of the 3) covering the wound
skin’s integrity. They may disrupt the epidermis, (epithelialization).
dermis, or deeper.  Often lasts anywhere from four to 24
2. DERMIS days.
4 STAGES OF OVERLAPPING PHASES
PHASE 4: Remodeling Phase

 The Maturation phase

PHASE 1 : Hemostasis Phase  The new tissue slowly gains strength
and flexibility.
 Hemostasis, the first phase of healing,  Here, collagen fibers reorganize, the
begins at the onset of injury tissue remodels and matures and there
 Objective is to stop the bleeding is an overall increase in tensile strength
 In this phase, the body activates its (though maximum strength is limited to
emergency repair system, the blood 80% of the pre-injured strength).
clotting system, and forms a dam to  The Maturation phase varies greatly
block the drainage. During this process, from wound to wound, often lasting
platelets come into contact with anywhere from 21 days to two years.
collagen, resulting in activation and  Every injury in same spots can cause a
aggregation. decrease to its flexibility
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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BURNS

1. PARTIAL-THICKNESS BURN

 Part of the stratum basale remains

viable, and regeneration of the
epidermis 2. DERMIS
occurs from within the burn
area.
 Subdivided into:
- First degree burn
- Second degree burn

 FIRST DEGREE BURN

 Involve only the epidermis
 The most minor, also called
“superficial burns”
 Red and painful
 Slight edema(pamamaga) may be
present
 They can be caused by sunburn or
brief exposure to very hot or very
cold objects
 They heal without scarring in about a
week (NO treatment)
 SECOND DEGREE BURN
 Damage both the epidermis and the
dermis
 Usually require medical treatment
 Minimal dermal damage:
- Redness, pain, edema & blisters
- Wound appears red, tan or white

2. FULL-THICKNESS BURN

 Also known as THIRD DEGREE BURN

 The epidermis and the dermis are
completely destroyed
 Usually painless
 Appear white tan, brown, black or deep
cherry red.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
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