[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18.

Mob: 9442286172

+2 Chemistry book evaluation question and answer

1. Metallurgy
1. Differentiate Mineral and Ore
[Link]. Mineral Ore
1 It is a naturally occurring substance in free The ore is the mineral from which metal
state or in compound like oxide, sulphide, etc can be easily and commercially separated.
2 All minerals are not ore All ores are minerals
3 Eg. China clay, bauxite Eg. Bauxite
2. What are the steps involved in the extraction of pure metal from its ore?
1. Concentration of ore.
2. Extraction of crude metal from the ore.
3. Refining of crude metal.
3. What is the role of quicklime in the extraction of iron from its ore Fe2O3?
Basic flux (quicklime) + Acidic gangue → Slag
𝐶𝑎𝑂 (𝑠) + 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 (𝑠) → 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑂3 (𝑠)
4. Which type of ores can be concentrated by froth floatation method? Give two examples for
such ore.
For sulphide ores. E.g., Galena (PbS) and Zinc blend (ZnS).
5. Explain any one method to refine nickel. (Mond Process)
350𝐾 460𝐾
𝑁𝑖 (𝑠) + 4𝐶𝑂(𝑔) → [𝑁𝑖(𝐶𝑂)4 ](𝑔) → 𝑁𝑖(𝑠) + 4𝐶𝑂(𝑔)
6. Explain zone refining.
1. This method is based on the principle of fractional crystallization.
2. Elements such as germanium(Ge), silicon(Si) and gallium(Ga) etc. are refined using this process.
3. The melting point of impure metal is less than the melting point of pure metal.
4. Impure metal rod is heated using a mobile induction heater.
5. Pure metal crystallises at high temperature and impurities moves towards molten zone.
[Link] process is repeated, the pure metal is obtained after cut off the impurities at one end of rod.
.7. Using the Ellingham diagram,
(A) Predict the condition under which
(i) Aluminium might be expected to reduce magnesia.
(ii) Magnesium could reduce alumina.
(B) It is possible to reduce 𝑭𝒆𝟐 𝑶𝟑 by coke at a temperature around 1200K.
(A) (i) Can be reduced above 1665K, the straight line for formation of Alumina falls below the
straight line for formation of magnesia at that temperature.
(ii) Can be reduced below 1665K, the straight line for formation of magnesia falls below the
straight line for formation of Alumina at that temperature
(B) It is possible, because above that temperature straight line of carbon lies below the straight line of
Iron in the Ellingham diagram.
8. Give the uses of zinc.
1. used in galvanizing metals to protect them from rusting and corrosion
2. zinc oxide used in the manufacture of paint, rubber, cosmetics, pharmaceutical etc.,
3. zinc sulphide is used in the manufacture of luminous paints, x-ray screet, fluorescent lights
4. Brass (less corrosive) an alloy of Zinc used in water valves and communication equipment
9. Explain electrochemical extraction of aluminium.
Cathode : Iron tank lined with carbon. (electrolysis chamber)
Anode: Carbon blocks immersed in the electrolyte.
Electrolyte: A 20% solution of alumina, obtained from the bauxite ore is mixed with molten cryolite +
10% calcium chloride (this helps to lower the melting point of the mixture).
Temperature: 1270K

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

Ionisation of alumina 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 → 2𝐴𝑙 3+ + 3𝑂2−

Reaction at cathode 2𝐴𝑙 3+ (melt) + 6𝑒 − → 2𝐴𝑙 (𝑙)
Reaction at anode 6𝑂2− (melt) → 3𝑂2 + 12𝑒−
Since carbon acts as anode the following reaction also takes place on it.
𝐶 (𝑠) + 𝑂2− (melt) → 𝐶𝑂 + 2𝑒− 𝐶 (𝑠) + 2𝑂2− (melt) → 𝐶𝑂2 + 4𝑒−
Over all reaction 4𝐴𝑙 3+ (melt) + 6𝑂2− (melt) +3𝐶(𝑠) → 4𝐴𝑙(𝑙) + 3𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔)
10. Explain the following terms with suitable example. (i) Gangue (ii) Slag
(i) Non metallic impurities, rocky materials and siliceous matter which are associated with ore, collectively
known as gangue. Example: sand, rocks.
(ii) Gangue + flux → Slag
𝑆𝑖𝑂2 (𝑠) + 𝐶𝑎𝑂 (𝑠) → 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑂3 (𝑠)
11. Give the basic requirements for vapour phase refining.
1. The metal is treated with a suitable reagent which can form a volatile compound with the metal.
2. Then the volatile compound is decomposed to give the pure metal.
12. Describe the role of the following in the process mentioned.
(i) Silica in the extraction of copper.
It is used as acidic flux to remove basic gangue FeO as slag (Ferrous silicate).
(ii) Cryolite in the extraction of Aluminium.
It reduce the melting point of mixture from 2000K to 900K. It improves the electrolytic
conductance in the cell.
(iii) Iodine in the refining of Zirconium.
Iodine react with zirconium to give volatile compound and on heating decompose to give pure
zirconium. 𝑍𝑟 + 2𝐼2 → 𝑍𝑟𝐼4 → 𝑍𝑟 + 2𝐼2
(iv) Sodium cyanide in the froth floatation.
Sodium cyanide is acts as depressing agent in froth floatation method to selectively prevent
other sulphide impurities from coming to the froth.
[Link] electrorefining with an example. Or Explain electrorefining of Silver.
Example: electrorefining of silver
Cathode: pure silver
Anode: impure silver rod
Electrolyte: Silver nitrate + nitric acid (AgNO3 + dil.HNO3)
When an electric current passes thorough electrolyte, pure metal (pure silver) dissolves from
anode and deposited at the cathode.
14. The selection of reducing agent depends on the thermodynamic factor: explain with an
example.
For a spontaneous reaction ΔG must have negative value. For the coupled reaction of metal oxide
formation reaction and formation oxide reaction or reducing agent, if the standard free energy change
possess negative value only can reduce metal oxide to metal. Hence coupled reaction should be
selected with higher negative value of free energy change for the selection of reducing agent.
ZnO + CO → Zn + CO2 ΔGo = +ve; ZnO + C → Zn + CO ΔGo = -ve
Hence among C and CO, C is the suitable reducing agent to reduce ZnO to Zn.
15. Write the limitations of Ellingham diagram.
1. Ellingham diagram is constructed base only on thermodynamic considerations. It gives information
about the thermodynamic feasibility of a reaction. It does not tell anything about the rate of the reaction.
2. The interpretation of ΔG is based on the assumption that the reactants are in equilibrium with the
product which is not always true.

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

16. Write a short note on electrochemical principles of metallurgy.

When a more reactive metal is added to the solution containing the relatively less reactive
metal ions, the more reactive metal will go into the solution.
ΔGo = - nFEo
n = number of electrons involved in the reduction process
F = Faraday Eo = Electrode potential of the redox couple.
If Eo is positive then the ΔG is negative and the reduction is spontaneous and hence a redox
reaction is planned in such a way that the e.m.f of the net redox reaction is positive.
e.g. Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
Public Questions
1. Explain the concentration of ore by froth flotation process.
1. This method is suitable for sulphide ores like Galena (PbS) and Zinc blend (ZnS).
2. Principle: The metal sulphides are preferentially wetted by oil can be separated from gangue.
3. Frothing agents: pine oil, eugalyptus oil, etc.,
4. Collector: Sodium Ethyl Xanthate.
5. Process: The crushed ore is mixed with frothing agents and collector. The mixture is suspended in
water. A froth is generated by passing air through the mixture. Ore is rise to the surface along with the
froth. The froth is skimmed off and dried to recover concentrated ore.
6. Depressing agents(to remove other metal sulphide as impurity): Sodium cyanide and Sodium
carbonate.
2. How ore is concentrated by gravity separation or hydraulic wash?
Powdered heavy ore is treated with rapidly flowing current of water. During this process lighter
gangue particles are washed away by water and heavy ore settled at the bottom. Eg. Tinstone,
Haematite and Gold.
3. Explain acid leaching with suitable example.
2ZnS(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) + O2(g) → 2ZnSO4(aq) + 2S(s) + H2O
4. Explain the liquation method to refine metals.
This method is employed to remove the impurities with high melting points from metals having
relatively low melting points such as tin, lead, mercury and bismuth. The crude metal placed on a
sloping hearth of a reverberatory furnace and it is heated just above its melting point in the absence of
air. The molten pure metal flows down and impurities are left behind.
5. What is calcination?
Calcination is the process in which the concentrated ore is strongly heated in the absence of air.
During this process moisture, volatile organic matter are removed and the ore become porous.
Eg., CaCO3 CaO + CO2
2. p – block elements – I.
1. Write a note on anamolous properties of the first element of p – block.
1. In group 13, Boron is a metalloid while others are reactive metals.
2. In group 14, Carbon is a nonmeltal while others are metalloids or metals.
3. In group 15, Nitrogen is a diatomic gas unlike other members of the group.
4. In group 16, Oxygen is a diatomic gas, it has high electronegativity.
5. In group 17, Flourine is a most electronegative element. It is a gas with oxidation number – 1 only.
2. Describe briefly allotropism in p – block elements with specific reference to carbon.
Some elements exis in more than one crystalline or molecular forms in the same physical state.
For example: carbon exists as diamond, graphite, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphenes . This
phenomenon is called allotropism
3. Give the uses of Borax.
1. used to identify coloured metal ions 2. It is also used as a flux in metallurgy.
3. In the manufacture of optical and borosilicate glass, enamels and glazes for pottery
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

4. What is catenation? Describe briefly catenation property of carbon.

Catenation is an ability of an element to form chain of atoms.
Catenation property of carbon: 1. Valency of carbon is four
2. It has tendency to form bond with itself.
3. Its self bond is very strong. 4. Its self bon is inert.
5. Write a note on Fischer tropsch synthesis.
500−700𝐾,50𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑛𝐶𝑂 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝐻2 → 𝐶𝑛 𝐻(2𝑛+2) + 𝑛𝐻2 𝑂
500−700𝐾,50𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑛𝐶𝑂 + 2𝑛𝐻2 → 𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛 + 𝑛𝐻2 𝑂
6. Give the structures of CO and CO2.

7. Give the uses of silicones.

1. used as low temperature lubrication and vacuum pumps, high temperature oil baths, etc.
2. in making water proofing clothes 3. insulator in electrical motors and other appliances
4. silicone rubber retains its elasticity even at low temperature
5. mixed with paint and varnishes to make the resistant towards high temperature, sunlight, dampness
and chemicals.
8. Describe the structure of diborane.

1. In diborane two BH2 units are linked by two bridged hydrogens. Therefore, it has eight B-H bonds.
However diborane has only 12 valence electrons and are not sufficient to form normal covalent bonds.
2. Four B-H bonds are normal covalent bonds. That is two centre – two electron bond (2c-2e bond)
3. Two three centred B-H-B bonds utilize two electrons each. Hence these bonds are three centre-two
electron bonds (3c-2e bonds).
4. Each boron atom in diborane possess 4 sp3 hybridised orbitals. Out of 4, 3 sp3 hybridised orbitals
are singly filled and 1 sp3 hybridised orbital is vacant.
5. Half-filled Boron’s sp3 hybridised orbital and 1s orbital of Hydrogen combined together to form 4
B-H normal covalent bonds.
6. one Boron’s vacant sp3 hybridised orbital, 1s orbital of Hydrogen and one half-filled Boron’s sp3
hybridised orbital overlaps together to form two B-H-B three centred-two electron bonds are formed.
9. Write a note on hydroboration.
6𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻 = 𝐶𝐻2 + 𝐵2 𝐻6 → 2(𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 )3 𝐵
(𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 )3 𝐵 + 3𝐻2 𝑂2 3𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝑂𝐻 + 𝐵(𝑂𝐻)3
10. Give one example for each of the following. (i) Icosogens (ii) tetragens (iii)
pnictogen (iv) Chalcogens
(i) Icosogens = Boron (ii) Tetragens = Carbon
(iii) pnictogens = Nitrogen (iv) Chalcogen = Oxygen

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

11. Write short notes on metallic character of p – block elements.

The tendency of an element to form a cation by loosing electrons is known as electropositive or
metallic character. In p – block, the elements present in lower left part are metals while the elements in
the upper right part are non metals.
12. Complete the following reaction.
a. 𝑩(𝑶𝑯)𝟑 + 𝑵𝑯𝟑 →
b. 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑩𝟒 𝑶𝟕 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 →
c. 𝑩𝟐 𝑯𝟔 + 𝟐𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶 →
d. 𝑩𝟐 𝑯𝟔 + 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝑯 →
e. 𝑩𝑭𝟑 + 𝟗 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 →
f. 𝑯𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 →
g. 𝑺𝒊𝑪𝒍𝟒 + 𝑵𝑯𝟑 →
h. 𝑺𝒊𝑪𝒍𝟒 + 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟓 𝑶𝑯 →
i. 𝑩 + 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 →
j. 𝑯𝟐 𝑩𝟒 𝑶𝟕

a. 𝐵(𝑂𝐻)3 + 𝑁𝐻3 𝐵𝑁 + 3𝐻2 𝑂

b. 𝑁𝑎2 𝐵4 𝑂7 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 4𝐻3 𝐵𝑂3
c. 𝐵2 𝐻6 + 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 → 2𝑁𝑎𝐵𝑂2 + 6𝐻2
d. 𝐵2 𝐻6 + 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻 → 2𝐵(𝑂𝐶𝐻3 )3 + 6𝐻2
e. 4𝐵𝐹3 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐻3 𝐵𝑂3 + 3𝐻+ + 3[𝐵𝐹4 ]−
f. 𝐻𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐶𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
g. 𝑆𝑖𝐶𝑙4 + 𝑁𝐻3 𝐶𝑙3 𝑆𝑖 − 𝑁𝐻 − 𝑆𝑖𝐶𝑙3
h. 𝑆𝑖𝐶𝑙4 + 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 → 𝑆𝑖(𝑂𝐶2 𝐻5 )4 + 4𝐻𝐶𝑙
i. 𝐵 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 2𝑁𝑎3 𝐵𝑂3 + 3𝐻2
j. 𝐻2 𝐵4 𝑂7 2𝐵2 𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑂
13. How will you identify boric acid/borate radicals?(Write ethyl borate test.)

14. Explain the Structures of Zeolite.

They are hydrated sodium alumino silicates. They are 3-dimensional crystalline solids containing
aluminium, silicon and oxygen in their regular 3- dimentional frame work. Its general formula is
NaO.(Al2O3).x(SiO2).yH2O (x=2 to 10; y=2 to 6). Zeolites have porous structure in which the
monovalent sodium ions and water molecules are loosely held. They have a 3-dimensional crystalline
structure looks like a honeycomb consisting of a network of interconnected tunnels and cages. Water
molecules moves freely in and out of these pores but the zeolite framework remains rigid. This structure
allowing the crystal to act as a molecular sieve. This is used in the removal of permanent hardness of
water.
15. How will you convert boric acid to boron nitride?

𝐵(𝑂𝐻)3 + 𝑁𝐻3 𝐵𝑁 + 3𝐻2 𝑂

16. A hydride of 2nd period alkali metal (A) on reaction with compound of Boron (B) to give a
reducing agent (C). Identify A, B and C.
B2H6 + 2LiH ether→ 2LiBH4
A = LiH (Lithium Hydride) B = B2H6 (diborane) C = LiBH4 (Lithium boro hydride)
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

17. A double salt contains fourth period alkali metal (A) on heating at 500K gives (B). Aqueous
solution of (B) gives white precipitate with BaCl2 and gives a red colour compound with alizarin.
Identify A and B.
500𝐾
𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐴𝑙2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 24𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐴𝑙2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 + 24𝐻2 𝑂
A B
18. CO is a reducing agent. Justify with an example.
𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 (𝑠) + 3𝐶𝑂 (𝑔) → 2𝐹𝑒(𝑠) + 3𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔)↑
Public Questions.
1. There is only a marginal difference in decrease in ionisation enthalpy from Aluminium to
Thallium – Explain why?
This due to the presence of inner d and f electrons which has poor shielding effect
2. Write any two conditions for catenation.
1. The valency of element is greater than or equal to two.
2. Element should have an ability to bod with itself
3. The self bond must be as strong as its bond with other elements
4. Kinetic inertness of catenated compound towards other molecules.
3. How is potash alum prepared?
The alunite the alum stone is treated with excess of sulphuric acid, the aluminium hydroxide is
converted to aluminium sulphate. A calculated quantity of potassium sulphate is added and the solution
is crystallised to generate potash alum. It is purified by recrystallisation.
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.4Al(OH)3 + 6H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 3Al2(SO4)3 + 12H2O
K2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3 + 24H2O → K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
4. What are the factors responsible for the anomalous behaviour of first element of each group
in p-block elements?
1. Small size of the first member
2. High ionisation enthalpy and high electronegativity
3. Absence of d orbitals in their valence shell
5. Give the uses of Boric acid.
1. In the manufacture of pottery glazes, glass , enamels and pigments
2. as an antiseptic and as an eye lotion
3. as a food preservative..
6. What are silicates?
The mineral which contains silicon and oxygen in tetrahedral [𝑆𝑖𝑂4 ]4− units linked together in
different pattern are called silicates.

3. p – block elements – II.

1. What is inert pair effect?
In the heavy elements of p-block, electrons in the p-orbital only participate in bond formation
without ns2 electrons is known as inert pair effect.
2. Chalcogens belongs to p-block. Give reason.
General electronic configuration of Chalcogens is ns2np4. Since it contains partially filled p –
orbital, it belongs to p – block elements.
3. Explain why fluorine always exhibit as oxidation state of – 1?
Because fluorine is the most electronegative element.
4. Give the oxidation state of halogen in the following.
a. O2F2 b.Cl2O3 c. OF2 d. I2O4
a. O2F2 Oxidation state of Fluorine is = -1
b. Cl2O3 2x + 3(-2) = 2x – 6; 2x = +6; x = +3: Oxidation state of Chlorine is = +3
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

c. OF2 Oxidation state of Fluorine is = -1

d. I2O4 2x + 4(-2) = 0 ; 2x – 8 = 0; 2x = +8 ; x = +4
5. What is interhalogen compounds?
Each halogen combines with another halogen to form several compounds known as
interhalogen compounds. Eg. ClF,ClF3,BrCl
6. Fluorine is highly reactive than other halogens. Why?
Because bond dissociation energy of fluorine is very low than other halogens.
7. Give the uses of Helium
1. He-O2 mixture is used instead of N2-O2 mixture for divers to prevent painful condition Bends.
2. used to provide inert atmosphere in electric arc welding of metals
3. used in cryogenic technology
4. It is used to filling air balloons.
8. Give the hybridization and structures of IF7.
IF7 = Hybridisation: sp3d3 structure: pentagonal bipyramid
9. Give the balanced equation for the reaction between chlorine with cold NaOH and hot NaOH.
With cold NaOH = 𝐶𝑙2 + 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂
With hot NaOH = 3𝐶𝑙2 + 6𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙𝑂3 + 5𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 3𝐻2 𝑂
10. How is Chlorine prepared in the laboratory?
𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝑀𝑛𝑂2 + 4𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐶𝑙2 + 𝑀𝑛𝐶𝑙2 + 4𝑁𝑎𝐻𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
11. Give the uses of sulphuric acid.
1. In the manufacture of fertilisers, like ammonium sulphate and superphosphates.
2. As a drying agent. 3. In the preparation of pigments, explosives etc.,
4. In the manufacture of other chemicals such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid.
12. Give a reason to support Sulphuric acid is a dehydrating agent.
When pure carbon monoxide is prepared by warming methanoic acid with con. Sulphuric acid
which acts as dehydrating agent.
HCOOH + H2SO4 → CO + H2O + H2SO4
13. Write the reason for the anamolous behaviour of nitrogen.
1. smaller size
2. High electronegativity and Ionisation energy.
3. No d orbital.
14. Write the molecular formula and structural formula for the following molecules.
a) Nitric acid b) dinitrogen pentoxide c) phosphoric acid d) phosphine
a).Nitric acid (HNO3) b) Di nitrogen pentoxide (N2O5)

c) Phosphorus acid (H3PO3) d) Phosphine (PH3)

15. Give the uses of Argon

1. Argon prevents the oxidation of a hot filament and prolongs the life in filament bulbs.
2. It is also used in radio valves and tubes.

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

16. Write the valence shell electronic configuration of group – 15 elements.

Common Valence shell configuration of group 15 = ns2np3 Nitrogen = 2s22p3
Phosphorus = 3s23p3 Arsenic = 4s24p3 Antimony = 5s25p3 Bismuth = 6s26p3
17. Give two equations to illustrate the chemical behaviour of phosphine.
Reaction of phosphine with oxygen 4𝑃𝐻3 + 8𝑂2 → 𝑃4 𝑂10 + 6𝐻2 𝑂
Reducing property of phosphine. 3𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 + 𝑃𝐻3 → 𝐴𝑔3 𝑃 + 3𝐻𝑁𝑂3
18. Give a reaction between nitric acid and a basic oxide.
𝑍𝑛𝑂 + 2𝐻𝑁𝑂𝟑 → 𝑍𝑛(𝑁𝑂3 )2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
19. What happens when 𝑃𝐶𝑙𝟓 is heated?
𝛥
𝑃𝐶𝑙𝟓 → 𝑃𝐶𝑙3 + 𝐶𝑙2
20. Suggest a reason why HF is a weak acid, whereas binary acids of the all other halogens are
strong acids.
Because bond dissociation energy of HF is more than other hydrohalic acid and hence will not
give protan easily.
21. Deduce the oxidation number of oxygen in hypofluorous acid – HOF.

In HOF, O – F bond F is highly electronegative atom and hence its oxidation number is – 1 and so
oxidation number of O is + 1. In O – H bond oxidation number of H is +1 and so oxidation number of O
is – 1. Hence the net oxidation number on O is = - 1 + (+1) = 0.
22. Give the hybridization and structures of the following compounds. 1. BrF5 , 2. BrF3,
3. BrF
1. BrF5 = Hybridisation : sp3d2 structure : square pyramid
2. BrF3 = Hybridisation: sp3d structure : T – shape
3. BrF = Hybridisation: sp3 structure : linear
23. Complete the following reactions.
1. 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 + 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 →
2. 𝑵𝒂𝑵𝑶𝟐 + 𝑯𝑪𝒍 →
3. 𝑷𝟒 + 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 →
4. 𝑨𝒈𝑵𝑶𝟑 + 𝑷𝑯𝟑 →
5. 𝑴𝒈 + 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑 →
6. 𝑲𝑪𝒍𝑶𝟑 →
7. 𝑪𝒖 + 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄. 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 →
8. 𝑺𝒃 + 𝑪𝒍𝟐 →
9. 𝑯𝑩𝒓 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 →
10. 𝑿𝑭𝟔 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 →
11. 𝑿𝒆𝑶𝟒−
𝟔 + 𝑴𝒏
𝟐+
+ 𝑯+ →
12. 𝑿𝒆𝑶𝑭𝟒 + 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 →

13. Xe + 𝑭𝟐
1. 4𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝑀𝑛𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐶𝑙2 + 𝑀𝑛𝐶𝑙2 + 4𝑁𝑎𝐻𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
2. 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂2 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻𝑁𝑂2
3. 𝑃4 + 3𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 → 3𝑁𝑎𝐻2 𝑃𝑂2 + 𝑃𝐻3 ↑
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

4. 3𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 + 𝑃𝐻3 + → 𝐴𝑔3 𝑃 + 3𝐻𝑁𝑂3

5. 4𝑀𝑔 + 10𝐻𝑁𝑂3 → 4𝑀𝑔(𝑁𝑂3 )2 + 𝑁2 𝑂 + 5𝐻2 𝑂
𝛥
6. 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 → 2𝐾𝐶𝑙 + 3𝑂2
7. 𝐶𝑢 + 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐. 2𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂2 ↑
8. 2𝑆𝑏 + 3𝐶𝑙2 → 2𝑆𝑏𝐶𝑙3
9. 2𝐻𝐵𝑟 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐵𝑟2 + 𝑆𝑂2
10. 𝑋𝐹6 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑋𝑒𝑂3 + 6𝐻𝐹
4−
11. 5𝑋𝑒𝑂6 + 2𝑀𝑛 + 14𝐻+ →
2+
2𝑀𝑛𝑂4− + 5𝑋𝑒𝑂3 + 7𝐻2 𝑂
12. 2𝑋𝑒𝑂𝐹4 + 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 → 2𝑋𝑒𝑂2 𝐹2 + 𝑆𝑖𝐹4

13. Xe + 3𝐹2 𝑋𝑒𝐹6

Public Question:
1. How is bleaching powder prepared?
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
2. Why HF cannot be stored in glass bottles?
HF reacts with glass. Na2SiO3 + 6HF → Na2SiF6 + 3H2O
3. Write the molecular formula and draw the structure of sulphurous acid and Marshall’s acid.

4. Explain the manufacture of chlorine by Deacon’s process.

4HCl + O2 2H2O + Cl2 ↑

5. Prove that sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
6. What is Holmes signal?
In a ship, a pierced container with a mixture of calcium carbide and calcium phosphide, liberate
phosphine and acetylene when thrown into sea. The liberated phosphine catches fire and ignites
acetylene . These burning gases serves as a signal to the approaching ships. This is known as Holmes
signal.
CaC2 + 2H2O → C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 ; Ca3P2 + 6H2O → 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3
7. What are the reason for SO2 acting as a bleaching agent.
In presence of water, sulphur di oxide bleaches coloured wool, silk, sponges and straw into
colourless due to its reducing property.
SO2 + 2H2O → 2H2SO4 + 2(H)
X (coloured) + 2(H) → XH2 (colourless)
However, the bleached product is allowed to stand in air, it is reoxidised by atmospheric oxygen to its
original colour. Hence bleaching action of SO2 is temporary.
8. Give the uses of oxygen.
1. For the survival of living organism
2. In oxyacetylene welding. 3. Liquid oxygen as a fuel in rockets.
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

9. Give the properties of interhalogen compounds.

1. The central atom will be the larger one.
2. It can be formed only between two halogen and not more than two halogens.
3. Fluorine can’t act as a central metal atom being the smallest one.
4. They can undergo the auto Ionisation.
5. They are strong oxidising agents.

4. Transition and Inner transition compounds.

1. What are transition metals? Give four examples. Give any two of its properties.
Transition elements are an element whose atom has an incomplete d subshell or which can give
rise to cations with an incomplete d sub shell. Eg. Fe, Cu, Ni, Co.
1. Transition elements can form coordination compounds. 2. These shows variable valency.
2. Explain the oxidation states of 4d series elements.
1. Oxidation sate of 4d series varies from +3 and +8.
2. The element in the middle of the series has highest oxidising state.
3. The element combine with O, F and Cl will have highest oxidising state.
4. Last element Cadmium exist in +2 oxidation state.
3. What are inner transition elements?
Since f block elements forms intermediate series inside the transition series, it is known as
inner transition elements. They are 1. Lanthanoids and 2. Actinoids
4. Justify the position of lanthanoid and actinoid in the periodic table.
❖ The fourteen elements after lanthanum, the last electron enters into 4f orbital. Hence these are
known as 4f elements and hence they are 4f elements or lanthanoids.
❖ Lanthanoid show similar chemical properties.
❖ The fourteen elements after actinium, the last electron enters into 5f orbital. Hence these are
known as 5f elements or actinoids.
❖ Actinoids show similar properties.
❖ The properties of the elements of lanthanoids and actinoids belongs to a group would be different
and it would affect the proper structure of the periodic table. Hence a separate position is
provided to the inner transition elements.
5. What are actinoids? Give 3 examples.
The fourteen elements following actinium, i.e., from thorium to lawrentium are called actinoids.
eg. Thourium, Uranium, Lawrentium, Plutonium.
6. Preparation of Potassium dichromate
900−1000𝑜 𝐶
4𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑟2 𝑂4 + 8𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 7𝑂2 → 8𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑟𝑂4 + 2𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 + 8𝐶𝑂2
2𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑟𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 + 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 + 2𝐾𝐶𝑙 → 𝐾2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 + 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
7. What is lanthanoid contraction? And what are the effects of lanthanoid contraction?
The steady decrease in atomic/ionic radius from La3+ to Lu3+ is known as lanthanoid
contraction. This is because on increase in nuclear charge in one unit and the additional electron enters
into antepenultimate shell. Due to random shielding of (n-2) f orbitals, contraction occurs in the second
inner shell.
1. The size of the ion decreases from Ce3+ to Lu3+. As per Fajan’s rule, covalent character increases
on decrease in size and hence the basic character of Ln(OH) 3 decreases as we move from Ce3+ to
Lu3+.
2. Due to lanthanoid contraction their chemical properties are quite similar.
3. The elements of the second and third transition series resemble each other more closely.

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

8. Complete the following reaction.

a. 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟐− +
𝟒 + 𝑯 →
𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑲𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒
b. 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟓 𝑪𝑯𝟑 →
c. 𝑴𝒏𝑶− 𝟒 + 𝑭𝒆
𝟐+
→
𝜟−𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒉𝒐𝒕
d. 𝑲𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒 →
e. 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟐− −
𝟕 + 𝑰 + 𝑯 →
+

f. 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 + 𝑲𝑪𝒍 →

a. 𝑀𝑛𝑂42− + 8𝐻+ + 5𝑒 − → 𝑀𝑛2+ + 4𝐻2 𝑂
𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4
b. 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝐶𝐻3 → 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
c. 2𝑀𝑛𝑂4 + 10𝐹𝑒 + 16𝐻+ →
− 2+
𝑀𝑛2+ + 10𝐹𝑒3+ + 8𝐻2 𝑂
𝛥−𝑟𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑡
d. 2𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 → 𝐾2 𝑀𝑛𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑛𝑂2 + 𝑂2
2−
e. 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 + 6𝐼 + 14𝐻+ →
−
2𝐶𝑟 3+ + 3𝐼2 + 7𝐻2 𝑂
f. 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 + 2𝐾𝐶𝑙 → 𝐾2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 + 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
9. What are interstitial compounds?
An interstitial compound is compound that is formed when an atom which is small enough sits
in an interstitial place in a metal lattice. Eg. TiC, ZrH1.92, Mn4N.
10. Calculate number of single electrons in ions Ti3+ and Mn2+. Also calculate its magnetic
moment.
Iond No. of unpaired electron magnetic moment
𝑇𝑖 3+ 1 𝜇 = √𝑛(𝑛 + 2) = √1(1 + 2) = √3 = 1.73 BM
𝑀𝑛2+ 5 𝜇 = √𝑛(𝑛 + 2) = √5(5 + 2) = √35 = 5.9 BM
11. Write the electronic configuration of Ce4+ and Co2+.
Electronic configuration of Ce4+ =[𝑋𝑒]4𝑓 0 Electronic configuration of Co2+ = [𝐴𝑟]3𝑑 7
12. Explain briefly how +2 states becomes more and more stable in the first half of the first five
transition elements with increasing atomic number.
+2 oxidation state is obtained by the loss of the two 4s electrons by this metals. Since the number
of electrons in +2 state also increases from Ti+2 to Mn2+ and the stability increases accordingly as it
reaches half filled stable electronic configuration.
13. Which is more stable 𝑭𝒆𝟐+ 𝒐𝒓 𝑭𝒆𝟑+ . Explain.
Electronic configuration of 𝐹𝑒 3+ = [𝐴𝑟]3𝑑 5 ; Electronic configuration of 𝐹𝑒 2+ = [𝐴𝑟]3𝑑 6
𝐹𝑒 3+ has half filled 3d orbital and hence it is more stable than 𝐹𝑒 2+
14. Explain the variation in 3d series.
1. Higher oxidation states of Ti, V and Cr has priority.
2. To reduce Cr3+, the Zn metal which has higher negative value of reduction potential has to be used.
3. Since Mn3+/Mn2+ possess higher reduction potential, Mn3+ is more stable than Mn2+.
4. Lower value of Fe3+/Fe2+gives the possibility of occurrence of Fe3+ , Fe2+ under normal condition
5. On moving from Mn to Fe, reason for decrease in potential value is Mn 2+ ion has outer electronic
configuration 3d5. The reduction of Mn3+ to Mn2+ is possible.
15. Compare lanthanoids and actinoids
[Link]. Lanthnoid Actinoid
1 The final electron enters in to the 4f subshell The final electron enters into the 5f subshell
2 The binding energy of 4f orbital is high The binding energy of 5f orbital is low
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

3 They show less tendency to form complex They show more tendency to form complex
4 Most of Lanthanoids are colourless Most of the Actinoids are coloured
5 They do not form oxo cations They are form oxo cations
6 Highest oxidation state is +4 Highest oxidation state is +6
16. Explain why Cr2+ is strongly reducing while Mn3+ is strongly oxidising?
Cr2+ is strongly reducing nature. It has 3d4 configuration which acting as a reducing agent, it gets
oxidised to Cr3+ (electronic configuration 3d3). This d3 configuration can be written as t2g3 configuration,
which is more stable configuration.
In the case of Mn3+(3d4), it acts as an oxidising agent and gets reduced to Mn 2+(3d5). This has
an exactly half-filled d-orbital and is highly stable.
17. Compare the ionization enthalpies of first series of the transition elements.
1. The first 4 elements (Sc, Ti, V, Cr) there is only small variation in their ionisation energies.
2. The final 4 elements (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) have nearly same value of ionisation energies.
3. Since Zn has completely filled d orbital, it has more stability and hence possess highest ionisation
energy.
18. Actinide contraction is greater from element to element than the lanthanoid contraction,
why?
Because, the screening effect of 5f electrons in actinoids is less than the screening effect of 4f
electrons in lanthanoids.
19. Out of Lu(OH)3 and La(OH)3 which is more basic and why?
La(OH)3 is most basic and Lu(OH)3 is least basic. Due to lanthanoid contraction. As the size of
lanthanoid ions decreases from La3+ to Lu3+ , the covalent character of the hydroxide increases and
hence the basic strength decrease.
20. Why europium (II) is more stable than Cerium (II)?
Outer electronic configuration of Eu2+ is 4f7. Outer electronic configuration of Ce2+ is 4f1. Since
Eu2+ has half filled outer electronic configuration is more stable.
21. Why do zirconium and Hafnium exhibit similar properties?
Due to lanthanide contraction.
22. Which is stronger reducing agent Cr2+ or Fe2+.
Cr3+ + e- → Cr2+ (Eo = - 0.41V) Fe3+ + e- → Fe2+ (Eo = +0.77V)
since reduction potential has higher negative value, the element with higher oxidation state is more
stable. As per the above value, Cr2+ can easily oxidised to Cr3+. So Cr2+ acts as a strong redusing
agent.

23. The value for copper is positive. Suggest a possible reason for this.
Copper has positive reduction potential value. i.e., Cu element is more stable than Cu 2+ ion.
24. Describe the variable oxidation states of 3d series elements.
1. Scandium has +3 oxidation state only.
2. At the beginning of the series, +3 oxidation state is stable but towards the end +2 oxidation state
becomes stable.
3. The middle element Mn has six different oxidation states from +2 to +7.
4. The last element Cu shows +1 and +2 oxidation states only.
5. Mn2+ (3d5) is more stable than Mn3+(3d4).
25. Which metal in the 3d series exhibits +1 oxidation state most frequently and why?
Cu = [Ar]3d104s1
Copper, attains +1 oxidation state by losing one electron. Hence Cu+ ion has attain stable d 10
electronic configuration.
27. Transition metals show high melting points. Why?
Transition metals have high melting points which is due to their strong metallic bond. The metallic
bonding depends upon the number of unpaired electrons.

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

26. Why first ionisation enthalpy of chromium is lower than that of zinc?
Zn = [Ar]3d104s2 Cr = [Ar]3d54s1
For first ionisation enthalpy, electron has to be removed from partially filled 4s1 orbital in Chromium,
whereas electron has to be removed from symetrically filled 4s2 orbital in zinc. Hence ionisation
enthalpy of chromium is lower than that of zinc.
Public Qustions
1. Classify the following elements into d-block and f-block elements. 1. Tungsten
2. Ruthenium 3. Promethium 4. Einsteinium.
d-block elements = Tungsten, Ruthenium
f-block elements = Promethium, Einsteinium
2. Write the chromyl chloride test.
When potassium chromate is heated with any one of chloride salt and con.H2SO4, gives
orange red vapours of chromyl chloride.
𝐾2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 + 4𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 6𝐻2 𝑂 → 2𝐾𝐻𝑆𝑂4 + 4𝑁𝑎𝐻𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐶𝑟𝑂2 𝐶𝑙2 ↑ + 3𝐻2 𝑂
3. d-block (transition) elements exhibit variable oxidation states. Why?
1. Transition elements possess ns and (n-1)d orbitals.
2. The energy difference between ns and (n-1)d orbitals are very low.
4. What are the properties of intertitial compounds?
1. They are hard and show electricl and thermal conductivity.
2. They have high melting points higher than those of pure metals.
3. Transition metal hydrides are used as powerful reducing agents.
4. Metallic carbides are chemically inert.
5. What is zeigler – Natta catalyst? What is its uses?
Zeigler – Natta catalyst is the mixture of TiCl4 and trialkyl Aluminium [𝑇𝑖𝐶𝑙4 + 𝐴𝑙(𝐶2 𝐻5 )3 ] and
is used for polymerisation.

5. Coordination chemistry
1. Write the IUPAC names for the following complexes.
i) Na2[Ni(EDTA] ii) [Ag(CN)2]- iii) [Co(en)3]2(SO4)3
iv) [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]2+ v) [Pt(NH3)2Cl(NO2)]
i) Sodium-2,2’,2’’,2’’’-(ethan-1,2-diyledinitrilo)tetraacetatonickalate (II)
ii) Dicyanoargentate(I) ion
iii) Tris(ethylene diamine)Cobalt(II)sulphate
iv) Pentaamminenitrito-k-O-cobalt(III) ion
v) Diamminechloronitro-k-N-platinam(II)
2. Write the formula for the following coordination compounds.
a) Potassiumhexacyanidoferrate(II)
b) Pentacarbonyliron(0)
c) Pentaamminenitrito-k-N-cobalt(III)ion
d) Hexaamminecobalt(III)sulphate
e) Sodiumtetrafluoridodihydroxidochromate(III)
a) K4[Fe(CN)6]
b) [Fe(CO)5]

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

c) [Co(NO2)(NH3)5]2+
d) [Co(NH3)6]2(SO4)3
e) Na3[CrF4(OH)2]
3. Arrange the following in order of increasing molar conductivity.
(i) 𝑴𝒈[𝑪𝒓(𝑵𝑯𝟑 )(𝑪𝒍)𝟓 ] (ii) [𝑪𝒓(𝑵𝑯𝟑 )𝟓 𝑪𝒍]𝟑 [𝑪𝒐𝑭𝟔 ]𝟐 (iii) [𝑪𝒓(𝑵𝑯𝟑 )𝟑 𝑪𝒍𝟑 ]
(𝑖) 𝑀𝑔[𝐶𝑟(𝑁𝐻3 )(𝐶𝑙)5 ] = complex is ionised into two ions.
(ii) [𝐶𝑟(𝑁𝐻3 )5 𝐶𝑙]3 [𝐶𝑜𝐹6 ]2 = complex is ionised into 5 ions.
(iii) [𝐶𝑟(𝑁𝐻3 )3 𝐶𝑙3 ] = neutral complex will not ionised into ions.
Molar conductivity with more ions is more and hence the order of complex in increasing molar
conductivity is (iii) < (i) < (ii)
i.e., [Cr(NH3)3Cl3] < Mg[Cr(NH3)Cl5] < [Cr(NH3)5Cl]3[CoF6]2
5. Give an example for complex used as medicine in treatment for various disease and in
biological process.
Complex used as medicine in treatment for various diseases: 1. Ca-EDTA 2. cis- platin
Complexes in biological process.1. Heamoglobin 2. Chlorophyll [Link]-B12
(Cyanocobalamine)
6. Based on VB theory explain why [Cr(NH3)6]3+ is paramagnetic, while [Ni(CN)4]2- shows
diamagnetic

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

6. Draw all the possible geometrical isomers of [Co(en)2Cl2]+ and identify the optically active
isomer.

Since Cis – isomer is chiral, it is optically active.

7. [Ti(H2O)6]3+ is coloured whereas [Sc(H2O)6]3+ is colourless. Why?
The valence shell electronic configuration of Ti3+ ion in [Ti(H2O)6]3+ is 3d1. d-d transition is
possible and hence is coloured.
The valence shell electronic configuration of Sc3+ ion in [Sc(H2O)6]3+ is 3d0. d-d transition is
not possible and hence is colourless.
8. Give an example for complex of the type [Ma2b2c2] where a, b, c are monodentate
ligands and give the possible isomers.
Example = [𝐶𝑟(𝑁𝐻3 )2 (𝐻2 𝑂)2 𝐵𝑟2 ]+ . This complex will give 5 geometrical isomers and 2
optical isomers. Total isomers = 5 + 2 = 7.
9. Give one test to differentiate [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 and [Co(NH3)5SO4]Cl
[Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 and [Co(NH3)5SO4]Cl are ionization isomerism. When these isomers
are dissolved in water, they ionize to give different ions in solution which react differently with different
reagents.
1. [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 + BaCl2 → [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 + BaSO4(White precipitate)
[Co(NH3)5SO4]Cl + BaCl2 → No reaction
2. [Co(NH3)5SO4]Cl + AgNO3 → [Co(NH3)5SO4]NO3 + AgCl ↓(white precipitate)
[Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 + AgNO3 → No reaction
10. In an octahedral crystal field, draw the figure to show splitting orbitals.

11. What is linkage isomerism?

This type of isomer arises when an ambidentate ligand bonded to a central metal atom/ion
through either of its two different donar atoms. Eg. [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2 and [Co(NH3)5ONO]Cl2
12. Classify the following ligands based on the number of donor atoms.
a) 𝑵𝑯𝟑 b) en c) 𝑶𝒙𝟐− d) pyridine
Ligand Number of donor atom Type of ligand
a NH3 1 Monodentate ligand
b en 2 Bidentate ligand
c ox 2- 2 Bidentate ligand
d pyridine 1 Monodentate ligand
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

13. Differentiate double salt and coordination compounds

[Link]. Double salt Coordination compounds
1 It is obtained by evaporation of solutions of It obtained by the combination of Lewis acid
2 or more salts and Lewis base
2 They lose their identity in solution They do not loose their identity in solution
3 It dissociates into simple ions in solution It never dissociates into simple ions
4 Its property aligned with its ionic property Its property does not aligned with is ionic
property
5 Eg. FeSO4(NH4)2SO46H2O (Mohr’s salt) Eg. K4[Fe(CN)6]
14. Write the postulates of Werner Theory.
1. Central metal atom possess two types of valency. They are a) Primary (ionisable) valency and b)
secondary (non-ionisable) valency.
Primary or Ionisable valency Secondary or Non-ionisable valency
Represents oxidation number Represents co-ordination number
Compensated by negative ions Compensated by neutral molecules or negative ions
Non directional Directional
The molecules satisfy this are called ligands
2. The lone pair of electron and unshared pair of electrons in ligands overlaps with the empty orbitals
of central metal ion to form coordinate covalent bond.
3. There are two spheres of attraction around a metal atom / ion in a complex.
1. The inner sphere is known as coordination sphere and the groups present in this sphere are
firmly attached to the metal ion.
2. The outer sphere is known as ionisation sphere. The groups present in this sphere are loosely
bound to the central metal ion.
15. Why tetrahedral complexes do not exhibit geometrical isomerism?
Tetrahedral complexes do not show geometrical isomerism because the relative position of
unidentate ligands attached with central metal atom are same with respect each other.
16. Explain optical isomerism in coordination compounds with an example.
1. Coordination compounds which possess chirality exhibit optical isomerism.
2. The pair of two optically active isomers which are mirror images of each other are called enantiomers.
3. Their solution rotate the plane polarised ligh either clockwise or anticlockwise and the correstponding
isomers are called d (dextrorotatory) and l (leavo rotatory) forms respecively. eg. . [Co(en)3]3+
17. What is hydrate isomerism? (solvate isomerism) Explain with an example.
The exchange of water (solvent molecule) in the crystal lattice with a ligand in the coordination
entity gives different isomers. Eg. [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl.2H2O and [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O
18. What is crystal field splitting energy?
After the splitting of degenerate levels, the energy difference between eg and t2g orbitals is
known as crystal field splitting energy.
19. What is crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE)?
CFSE is defined as the energy difference of electronic configurations in the ligand field (ELF)
and the isotropic field (Eiso)
20. A solution of [Ni(H2O)4]2+ is green, whereas a solution of [Ni(CN)4]2- is colourless. Why?
In [Ni(H2O)4]2+, H2O is a weak field ligand. The ligand will not be paired up single electrons in
the d orbitals. The d-d transition of electron is possible. Hence this is coloured.
In [Ni(CN)4]2-, CN- is a strong field ligand. This ligand will be paired up single electrons in the
d orbitals. The d-d transition of electron is not possible. Hence this is colourless.

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

21. Discuss briefly the nature of bonding in metal carbonyls.

1. CO ligand donate pair of electron in to a vacant d – orbital of central metal atom form σ

(sigma) bond. .
2. The electron density increases on M atom. So filled metal d- orbital interacts with the empty
antibonding π* orbital to form π back bond. These two effects are responsible for the strength of
bonding in metal carbonyl.

22. What is the coordination entity formed when excess of liquid ammonia is added to an aqueous
solution of copper sulphate?
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ ion is formed.
23. On the basis of VB theory explain the nature of bonding in [𝑪𝒐(𝑪𝟐 𝑶𝟒 )𝟑 ]𝟑− .

Valence shell electronic configuration of Co atom = 3𝑑 7 4𝑠 2

Valence shell electronic configuration of 𝐶𝑜 3+ ion = 3𝑑 6 4𝑠 0
↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
6
3d 4s0 4p0 4d0
𝐶2 𝑂42− is a weak field ligand and will not paired up the single electron.
The coordination number of [𝐶𝑜(𝐶2 𝑂4 )3 ]3− is 6. 𝐶2 𝑂42− is a bidentate ligand. Hybridisation is 𝑠𝑝3 𝑑 2 .
↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
3d 6
𝑠𝑝3 𝑑 2 hybridised 4do
orbital
Geometry = Octahedral Magnetic property = Paramagnetic property
24. What are the limitation of VB theory?
1. It does not explain the colour of the complex
2. It considers only the spin only magnetic moments and does not consider the other components of
magnetic moments.
3. It does not provide a quantitative explanation as to why certain complexes are inner orbital complexes
and the others are outer orbital complexes for the same metal. For example, [Fe(CN)6]4- is
diamagnetic (low spin) whereas [FeF6]4- is paramagnetic (high spin)
25. Mention the oxidation state of the central metal ion, coordination number, nature of ligand,
magnetic property and electronic configuration in octahedral crystal field for the complex
K4[Mn(CN)6].
Oxidation state of central metal ion = +2;
Coordination number = 6;
nature of the ligand = monodentate (strong field) ligand with negative charge (CN-).
5 0
Electronic configuration in octahedral field = 𝑡2𝑔 𝑒𝑔
Magnetic Property = Paramagnetic property.
Public Question:
1. Write any two hydrate isomers of the complex with the molecular formula CrCl3.6H2O.
1. [CrCl3(H2O)3]3H2O 2. [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl.2H2O
3. [CrCl(H2O)5]Cl2.H2O
4. [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

2. Write the IUPAC name of the following. 1. [Ag(NH3)2]+ 2. [Co(NH3)5Cl]2+

1. diammine silver(I)ion 2. Pentaamminechlorido cobalt(III)ion
3. Calculate the magnetic moment and magnetic property of [CoF6]3-
Magnetic property : unpaired electrons = 4, i.e., paramagnetic
Magnetic moment ;: 𝜇 = √𝑛(𝑛 + 2) = √4(4 + 2) = √24 = 4.899 𝐵𝑀
4. Indicate the possible type of isomerism for the following complexes.
(A) [𝑪𝒐(𝒆𝒏)𝟑 ]𝟑+ (B) [𝑷𝒕(𝑵𝑯𝟑 )𝟐 𝑪𝒍𝟐 ]𝟐+
(A) [𝐶𝑜(𝑒𝑛)3 ]3+ = Optical isomerism
(B) [𝑃𝑡(𝑁𝐻3 )2 𝐶𝑙2 ]2+ = Geometic isomerism
5. Mention the metal complexes and its metal ions used in biological system.
1. Haemoglobin – iron(Fe2+ ion)-porphyrin complex
2. Chlorophyll is a Magnesium-modified porphyrin complex – Mg2+ ion
3. Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalmin) contains Cobalt porphyrin complex.- Co+
6. Define coordination number.
The number of ligand donor atoms bonded to a central metal ion in a complex is called
coordination number of the metal.
7. Write the ligand, central metal ion and IUPAC name of complex ion [Ag(NH3)2]+.
1) ligand = NH3 2) Central metal ion = Ag+ 3) IUPAC name = diamminesilver(I)ion
8. Write the names of the following ligands. a) C2O42- b) H2O c) Cl-
a) oxalato b) aqua c) chlorido
9. Define the term central atom in coordination compound.
The central atom /ion is the one that occupies the central position in a coordination entity and
binds other atoms or groups of atoms (ligands) to itself, through a coordinate covalent bond.
10. Identify the following in the complex [Pt(NO2)(H2O)(NH3)2]Br. (a) Central metal atom / ion
(b) coordination number (c) oxidation number of central metal ion
(a) Central metal atom / ion = Pt2+
(b) Coordination number =4
(c) Oxidation number of central metal ion = +2
11. Give an example for complex used as medicine in treatment for various disease and in
biological process.
Complex used as medicine in treatment for various diseases: 1. Ca-EDTA 2. cis- platin
Complexes in biological process. 1. Heamoglobin 2. Chlorophyll
3. Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamine)
12. What is linkage isomerism? Explain with an example.
This type of isomer arises when an ambidentate ligand bonded to a central metal atom/ion
through either of its two different donar atoms. Eg. [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2 and [Co(NH3)5ONO]Cl2

6. Solid State
1. What is unit cell?
A basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid is called unit cell.
2. Give any three characterestics of ionic crystals.
1. Ionic crystals have high melting points.
2. These crystals do not conduct electricity, because the ions are fixed in their lattice positions.
3. They do conduct electricity in molten state or when dissolved in water.
4. They are hard as only strong external force can change the relative position of ions.
8. What are point defect?
The deviation occurs due to missing of atoms, displaced atoms, the imperfection in crystal is
called point defect.

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

3. Differentiate crystalline solid and amorphous solid

[Link]. Crystalline solid Amorphous solid
1 Definite shape Irregular shape
2 Anisotropic in nature Isotropic like liquids
3 True solids Pseudo solids or supercooled liquid
4 Sharp melting point No sharp melting point
5 Long range orderly arrangement of Short range, random arrangement of
constituents constituents
6 Definite Heat of fusion Heat of fusion is not definite
7 Eg. NaCl crystal Eg. Rubber, plastic, glass, etc
4. Classify the following solids a) P4 b) Brass c) diamond d) NaCl e) iodine
f) naphthalene g) Glucose h) SiO2
a) P4 = molecular solid b) Brass = Metallic solid
c) diamond = Covalent solid d) NaCl = Ionic solid
e) Iodine = Molecular solid f) naphthalene = molecular solid
g) Glucose = molecular solid h) SiO2 = covalent solid
5. Explain briefly the seven types of unit cell?
1. Cubic 2. Rhombohedral
3. Hexagonal 4. Tetragonal
5. Orthorhombic 6. Monoclinic 7. Triclinic.
6. Distinquish between hexagonal close packing (hcp) and cubic close packing
[Link]. Hexagonal close packing Cubic close packing
1. aba arrangement abc arrangement
2. In this arrangement, the tetrahedral voids of The third layer may be placed over the
the second layer are covered by the spheres second layer in such a way that all the
of the third layer. spheres of the third layer fit in octahedral
voids.
3. The number of spheres in a unit cell is 6 The number of spheres in a unit cell is 4
7. Distinguish tetrahedral and octahedral void
[Link]. Tetrahedral void Octahedral void
1 It is unoccupied empty spaces present in It is unoccupied empty spaces present in
substances having tetrahedral crystal substances having octahedral crystal
systems systems
2 It can be found in substances having a It can be found in substances having an
tetrahedral arrangement in their crystal octahedral arrangement in their crystal
system. systems
3 It can be observed in edges of the unit cell. It can be observed in the centre of the unit
cell
4 Its coordination number is 4 Its coordination number is 6
5 No. of void formed is equal to 2n No. of void formed is equal to n
9. Explain Schottky defect.
1. Schottky defect arises due to the missing of equal number of cations and anions from the
crystal lattice.
2. The cation and anion are of almost of similar size show Schottky defect.
3. The number of cations and anions are same and hence the crystal is neutral.
4. Its density decreases. Eg. NaCl crystal.

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

10. Write short note on Metal excess and metal deficiency defect with an example.
Metal excess defect:
1. Metal excess defect arises due to the presence of more number of metal ions as compared to anions.
2. Alkali metal halides NaCl, KCl show this type of defect.
3. The electrical neutrality of the crystal can be maintained by the presence of anionic vacancies equal
to the excess metal ions or by the presence of extra cation and electron present in interstitial position.
Metal deficiency defect.
1. Metal deficiency arises due to the presence of a smaller number of cations than the anions.
2. This defect is observed in a crystal in which, the cations have variable oxidation states. Eg. FeO.
3. Some of the Fe2+ ions are missing from the crystal lattice.
4. To maintain the electrical neutrality, twice the number of other Fe2+ ions in the crystal is oxidised to
Fe3+ ions. In such cases, overall number of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions are less than the O2- ions.
11. Calculate the number of atoms in a fcc unit cell.

𝑁𝑐 𝑁𝑓 8 6
Number of atoms present in fcc unit cell = ( ) + (
8 2
) = (8 + 2) = (1 + 3) = 4
Nc = Number of corner atoms Nf = Number of facial atoms.
12. Why ionic crystals are hard and brittle?
The three-dimensional arrangement such as (i) size of cation and anion. (ii) the charge on the
ions and (iii) the case with which anions can be polarised. In such that the opposite forces are
completely compensated or neutralised. Hence, ionic crystals are hard and brittle and possess higher
melting point.
13. Calculate the percentage efficiency of packing in case of body centered cubic crystal.
Packing fraction Total volume occupied by spheres in a unit cell x 100
(or) Packing efficiency = Volume of the unit cell
Volume of the cubic unit cell = a3
√3
Radius of sphere calculated from the face of the cube r = 𝑎
4
√3
Volume of the sphere = 𝜋a3
16
Number of spheres present in a unit cell = 2
√3𝜋 3
Volume of all the spheres in a unit cell = a
8
√3𝜋 3
8
𝑎
Packing efficiency = ( 𝑎3
) X 100 = 68%
14. What is the two dimensional coordination number of a molecule in square close packed
layer?
Coordination number = 4
15. What is meant by the term coordination number? What is the coordination number of atoms
in a bcc structure?
The number of nearest neighbour of any constituent particle present in the crystal lattice is called
coordination number. In a bcc structure the coordination number is 8.
16. Aluminium crystallises in a cubic close packed structure. Its metallic radius is 125pm.
Calculate the edge length of unit cell.
𝑎√2 4𝑟 4𝑥125
r= a= = = 353.5 pm
4 √2 √2

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

17. An element crystallises in the form of fcc. Its density is 10 g/cm 3 and cube edge is 100 pm.
Calculate the number of atoms in 1g of crystal.
The number of atoms in fcc is = 4.
100 pc = 100 x 10-12 x 100 = 10-8
𝑛𝑀 𝜌𝑎3 𝑁𝐴 10𝑋(10−8 )3 𝑋6.023𝑋1023
ρ= M= = = 1.50575g
𝑎 3 𝑁𝐴 𝑛 4
1.50575 g element contains Avogadro number (NA) of atoms.
1𝑔 𝑋 6.023 𝑋 1023
1g of element = = 4𝑋1023 number of atoms
1.50575𝑔
18. X and Y atoms forms bcc. X and Y occupy the corner position and center of cube. What is
the formula of that compound.
X = 8 x 1/8 = 1 ; Y = 1 x 1 = 1
Molecular formula of the compound = XY
19. Write a note on Frenkel defect.
1. Frenkel defect arises due to the dislocation of ions from its crystal lattice and occupies an interstitial
position.
2. This defect occurs when anion is larger than cation in size.
3. Since number of anion and cation are same, the crystal is neutral.
4. There is no change in density. Eg. AgBr crystal.

Public Question:
1. If the no. of close packed sphere is 6, calculate the number of Octahedral voids and
Tetrahedral voids generated.
Octahedral void is 6 and Tetrahedral void is 12.
2. If the radius of the compound between 0.155 – 0.255. find out the Co-ordination number and
structure of the compound.
𝒓𝑪+ Co-ofdination Structure
( −) number
𝒓𝑨
0.155 – 0.225 3 Trigonal planar
3. Differentiate Isotropy ad Anisotropy
Isotropy Anisotropy
In solid state isotropy means having identical Anisotropy is the property which depends on
values of physical properties such as refractive the direction of measurements i.e., show
index, electrical conductance etc., in all different values in different direction. eg.
directions. velocity of light travel through crystal solid.
4. What are covalent solids?
1) In covalent solids, the constituents(atoms) are bound together in a three dimensional network entirely
by covalent bonds. 2) very hard,
3) have high melting point,
4) poor thermal and electrical conductors.: example = Diamond, Silicon carbide.
5. What is Packing fraction (efficiency)?
Packing fraction Total volume occupied by spheres in a unit cell x 100
(or) Packing efficiency = Volume of the unit cell
6. Calculate the packing efficiency in simple cubic arrangements and derive.
Packing fraction Total volume occupied by spheres in a unit cell x 100
(or) Packing efficiency = Volume of the unit cell

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

Volume of the cubic unit cell = a3

𝑎
Radius of sphere calculated from the face of the cube r =
2
𝜋 3
Volume of the sphere = a
6
Number of spheres present in a unit cell = 1
𝜋
Volume of all the spheres in a unit cell = 1 x a3
6
𝜋 3
𝑎
6
Packing efficiency = ( ) X 100 = 52.31%
𝑎3

7. Chemical Kinetics.
1. Define average rate and instantaneous rate.
Average rate: The change in concentration of a reactant or product in particular time interval over
which the change occurs.
Instantaneous rate: The rate or the reaction, at a particular instant during the reaction is called the
instantaneous rate.(i.e., in the shorter time period)
2. Define rate law and rate constant.
Rate law: It is defined as an experimentally determined equation which expresses the rate of chemical
reaction in term of molar concentration of the reactants.
xA + yB → product Rate = k[A]x[B]y
Rate constant: It is a constant of proportionality in the rate law expression and is equal to the rate of
reaction when the molar concentration of each of the reactant is unity. units of rate constant
= (molL-1)1-ns-1
3. Derive integrated rate law for a zero order reaction. A → product.
A → product
Rate = k [A]o
−𝑑[𝐴]
= k (1) (/[A]o = 1)
𝑑𝑡
⟹ - d[A] = k dt
Integrate the above equation between the limits time t = 0 to t=t and concentration [Ao] to [A]
[𝐴] 1
− ∫[𝐴𝑜] 𝑑[𝐴] = k ∫0 𝑑𝑡
[𝐴]
−([𝐴])[𝐴𝑜] = k(𝑡)𝑡0 ; [Ao] – [A] = kt
[𝐴𝑜]−[𝐴]
/ k=
𝑡
4. Define half life of a reaction. Show that for a first order reaction half life is independent of
initial concentration.
The time required for the reactant concentration to reach one half its initial [Link] life period
for first order reaction can be determined by the following equation.
Rate constant for the first order reaction is
2.303 [𝐴𝑜] [𝐴𝑜] 2.303 [𝐴𝑜]
k= log ; If t = t1/2 , [A] = ; k= log [𝐴𝑜]
𝑡 [𝐴] 2 𝑡½
2
2.303 0.693 0.693
k= log 2 ; k= ; t½ =
𝑡½ 𝑡½ 𝑘
5. What is an elementary reaction? Give the difference between order of a reaction and
molecularity of a reaction
Each and every step in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction.
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

[Link]. Order of a reaction Molecularity of a reaction

1 It is the sum of the powers of concentration It is the total number of reactant species
terms involved in the experimentally that are involved in an elementary step
determined rate law
2 It can be zero or fractional or integer It is always whole number, cannot be zero
or a fractional number
3 Assigned for a over all reaction Assigned for each elementary step or
mechanism
6. Explain the rate determining step with an example.
Let us consider the reaction, the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide catalysed by I -. It is
experimentally found that the reaction is first order with respect to the both H2O2 and I-, which indicates
that I- is also involved in the reaction. The mechanism involves the following step.
Step – 1: (CH3)3CCl → (CH3)3C+ + Cl- (slow step)
Step – 2: (CH3)3C+ + OH →
- (CH3)3COH (fast step)
Step 1 is the rate determining step (Slow step), since it depends only on concentration of
(CH3)3CCl, the reaction is unimolecular.
7. Describe the graphical reprecentation of first order reaction.

Negative slope of the above graph gives the rate constant for the first order reaction.
8. Write the rate law for the following reactions.
a) A reaction that is 3/2 order in x and zero order in y.
b) A reaction that is second order in NO and first order in Br2.
a) rate = K[X]3/2[Y]0
b) rate = K[NO]2[Br2]1
9. Explain the effect of catalyst on reaction rate with an example.
Since catalyst reduces activation energy and forms an intermediate leads to increase in the rate.
𝟑
10. The rate law for a reaction of A, B and C has been found to be rate = 𝑲[𝑨]𝟐 [𝑩][𝑳]𝟐 . How
would the rate of reaction change when
(i) Concentration of [L] is quadrupled.
3
Rate = 𝐾[𝐴]2 [𝐵][𝐿]2 If [L] = [4L]
3 3
Rate = 𝐾[𝐴]2 [𝐵][4𝐿] = 8(𝐾[𝐴]2 [𝐵][𝐿]2 )i.e., rate increases 8 times .
2

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

(ii) Concentration of [A] and [B] are doubled.

3 3
When [A] = [2A] and [B] = [2B], rate = 𝐾[2𝐴]2 [2𝐵][𝐿]2 = 8(𝐾[𝐴]2 [𝐵][𝐿]2 ) i.e., rate increases 8
times .
(iii) Concentration of [A] is halved.
3 3
𝐴 𝐴 1 1
When [A] = [ ], rate = 𝐾[ ]2 [𝐵][𝐿]2 = (𝐾[𝐴]2 [𝐵][𝐿]2 ) i.e., rate decreases times.
2 2 4 4
𝟏
(iv) Concentration of [A] is reduced to ( ) and concentration [L] is quadrupled.
𝟑
3 3
𝐴 𝐴 8
When [A] = [ ] and [L] = 4[L]> rate = 𝐾[ ]2 [𝐵][4𝐿]2 = (𝐾[𝐴]2 [𝐵][𝐿]2 ) i.e., rate
3 3 9
decreases 8/9 times.
11. For a reaction x + y + z → products the rate law is given by rate = k[x]3/2[y]1/2 what is the
overall order of the reaction and what is the order of the reaction with respect to z.
Over all order of reaction = 3/2 + ½ = 4/2 = 2.
The order of the reaction with respect to z is zero, because there is no concentration terms of z
in the rate law.
12. Explain briefly the collision theory of bimolecular reactions.
1. This theory is based on the kinetics theory of gases. Chemical reaction occurs as a result of collision
between the reacting molecules. A2(g) + B2(g) → 2AB(g)
If it is considered as the reaction occurs due to the collision between A2 and B2.
Rate α number of molecules colliding per litre per second (collision rate).
The number of collision is directly proportional to the concentration of both A 2 and B2 (reactants).
Collision rate α [A2][B2] Collision rate = Z[A2][B2] where Z is a constant.
All the collisions are not effective to lead to the reaction. In order to react, the colliding molecule must
possess a minimum energy called activation energy.
Fraction of effective collisions (f) is given by the following expression. f = 𝑒 −𝐸𝑎/𝑅𝑇
The fraction of effective collisions (f) having proper orientation is given by the steric factor p.
Rate = p x f x collision rate.
−𝐸𝑎
i.e., Rate = p x 𝑒 𝑅𝑇 x Z[A2][B2]
−𝐸𝑎
As per the rate law Rate = k[A2][B2] where k is the rate constant. Therfore k = pZ𝑒 𝑅𝑇
13. Write Arhenius equation and explain the terms involved.
K = Ae-(Ea/RT)
k = rate constant A= frequency factor
Ea = activation energy R=gas constant T = temperature.
14. Give examples for zero order reaction.
1. H2(g) + Cl2(g) h٧→ 2HCl(g) : Photochemical reaction between hydrogen and chlorine
2. N2O(g) N2(g) + ½O2(g) Decomposition of nitrous oxide.
3. CH3COCH3 + I2 → ICH2COCH3 + HI with respect to iodine it is the zero order reaction.
H+

15. What is pseudo first order reaction?

In a second order reaction, the amount of one of the reactant is taken in excess and the reaction
becomes first order reaction which is known as pseudo first order reaction.
Eg. Acidic hydrolysis of an ester.
16. Identify the order for the following reactions.
i) Rusting of Iron
ii) 𝟐𝑨 + 𝟑𝑩 → 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕; 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝒌[𝑨]½ [𝑩]𝟐

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

i) Rusting of iron is a slow reaction. It is difficult to write its rate [Link] it is difficult to identify
its rate of reaction.
ii) Rate of reaction with respect to A is ½ and with respect to B is 2.
Order of reaction is = ½ + 2 = 2½
17. How do concentrations of the reactant influence the rate of reaction?
At higher concentration, the possiblities of collisiona are more and hence the rate reaction is
more.
18. How do nature of the reactant influence rate of reaction?
Chemical reaction involves breaking of certain existing bonds of the reactant and forming new
bonds which lead to the product. The net energy involved in this process is dependent on the nature of
the reactant and hence the rates are different for different reaction.
Example: Ferrous sulphate reacts with acidified KmnO4 at room temperature where as oxalic
acid will not react with acidified KmnO4 at room temperature but reats at 60oC.
19. If the rate constant of a first order reaction is 1.54 x 10-3 S-1, calculate its half life period.
0.693 0.693 0.693 𝑥 1000
t½ = = −3 = = 450 s
𝑘 1.54 𝑥 10 1.54
Public Question:
1. Derive integrated rate law for a first order reaction. A → product.
A → product
rate = k [A]1
−𝑑[𝐴]
= k [A]1
𝑑𝑡
−𝑑[𝐴]
⟹ = k dt Integrate the equation between the limits time t = 0 to t=t and concentration
[𝐴]
[Ao] to [A]
[𝐴] −𝑑[𝐴] 1 [𝐴] [𝐴𝑜]
∫[𝐴𝑜] = k ∫0 𝑑𝑡 ; −(𝑙𝑛[𝐴])[𝐴𝑜] = k(𝑡)𝑡0 ; ln[Ao] – ln[A] = kt ; ln = kt
[𝐴] [𝐴]
[𝐴𝑜] 2.303 [𝐴𝑜]
2.303 log = kt ; k= log
[𝐴] 𝑡 [𝐴]
2. The rate of the reaction x + 2y → product is 4 x 10-3 mol L-1s-1, if [x] = [y] = 0.2 M and rate
constant at 400K is 2 x 10-2 s-1, What is the overall order of the reaction?
rate = k[x]n[y]m
4 x 10-3 molL-1s-1 = 2 x 10-2 s-1 (0.2molL-1)n(0.2molL-1)m
4 X 10−3 mol𝐿−1 𝑠 −1
= (0.2)n+m (molL-1)n+m
2 𝑋 10−2 𝑠 −1
0.2 (mol L-1) = (0.2)n+m (molL-1)n+m
Comparing the powers on both sides, the oveall oder of reaction n + m = 1
3. Distinguish rate of reaction and rate constant of reaction
[Link]. Rate of reaction Rate constant of reaction
1 Represents the speed of a reaction It is a proportionality constant
2 It is measured by decrease in concentration It is equal to the order of reaction when the
of reactant or increase in concentration of concentration of each of the reactant in
product unity
3 Depends on the initial concentration of Does not depend on the initial
reactants. concentration of reactants.
4. Give examples for first order reaction.
1. Decomposition of dinitrogen pentoxide; N2O5(g) → 2NO2(g) + ½O2(g)
2. Decomposition of thionylchlorides ; SO2Cl2(l) → SO2(g) + Cl2(g)
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3. Decompostion of the H2O2 in aqueous solution; H2O2(aq) → H2O(l) + ½O2(g)

4. Isomerisation of cyclopropane to propene.
5. Show that in case of first order reaction the time required for the completion of 99% is twice
the time required for the completion of 90% of the reaction.
t99% = 2.303/k1 log100/(100-99) = 2.303/k1log100
t90% = 2.303/k1 log100/(100-90) = 2.303/k1log10
t99%/t90% = log100/log10 = 2/1 = 2
t99% = 2 t90%
6. Define half life of reaction.
The time required for the reactant concentration to reach one half its initial [Link] life for first
order reaction can be determined by the following equation.
0.6932
t1/2 =
𝑘
7. Define order of reaction and molecularity.
Order of a reaction is the sum of the powers of concentration terms involved in the experimentally
determined rate law.
Molecularity is the total number of reactant species that are involved in an elementary step

8. Ionic Equilibrium
1. What are Lewis acids and bases? Give two example for each.
Acid: The species that accepts an electron pair is called acid. eg. BF3, AlCl3
Base: The species that donate an electron pair is called base. eg. NH3, H2O
Eg. F3B + :NH3 → F3B←NH3
Lewis acid Lewis base adduct
2. Explain Lowry- Bronsted Theory for Acids and Bases (Proton Theory)
An acid is defined as a substance that has a tendency to donate a proton to another substance
(proton donor = Acid) eg. 𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇌ 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝐶𝑙 −
Base is defined as a substance that has a tendency to accept a proton from other substance (proton
acceptor = Base) eg. 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑁𝐻3 ⇌ 𝑁𝐻4+ + 𝑂𝐻 −
3. Identify the conjugate acid base pair for the following reaction in aqueous solution.
i. 𝑯𝑺− (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑯𝑭 ⇌ 𝑭− (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺 (𝒂𝒒) ii. 𝑯𝑷𝑶𝟐− 𝟐−
𝟒 + 𝑺𝑶𝟑 ⇌ 𝑷𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝟑− −

iii. 𝑵𝑯+ 𝟐−
𝟒 + 𝑪𝑶𝟑 ⇌ 𝑵𝑯𝟑 + 𝑯𝑪𝑶𝟑
−

4. Account for the acidic nature of HClO4 in terms of Bronsted – Lowry theory, Identify its
conjugate acid and base.
1. HClO4 is more acidic nature .
2. Generally with increase in oxidation number of a particular halogen atom, the acidic character of
corresponding oxo acid increses.
3. The number of doubly bonded oxygen atoms in a acid has a major effect on the acid strength.
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4. The Cl = O bond is very good attracting electrons are drawn away from the -OH bond. Hence the
removal of H+ is become easier. Conjugate base of HClO4 is ClO4-
5. When aqueous ammonia is added to 𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒 solution, the solution turns deep blue due to the
formation of tetraamminecopper(II) complex,
[𝑪𝒖(𝑯𝟐 𝑶)𝟒 ]𝟐+ 𝟐+
(𝒂𝒒) + 𝟒𝑵𝑯𝟑 (𝒂𝒒) ⇌ [𝑪𝒖(𝑵𝑯𝟑 )𝟒 ](𝒂𝒒) + H2O and NH3, Which is stronger Lewis
base.
Since water has highly electronegative oxygen atom, it is more acidic than ammonia, but
ammonia can donate lone pair of electron easily and so ammonia acts as strong Lewis base.
6. Define solubility product.
The solubility product of a compound is defined as the product of the molar concentration of the
constituent ions, each raised to the power of its stoichiometric co-efficient in a balanced equilibrium
equation.
𝐾𝑠𝑝 = [𝑋 𝑛+ ]𝑚 [𝑌 𝑚− ]𝑛
7. Define ionic product of water. Give its value at room temperature.
In the equilibrium reaction of auto ionisation of water the product of concentration of hydroxyl
ions and hydronium ions is known as ionic product of water. At room temperature its value is
Kw=[H3O+][OH-] = 1x10-14.
8. Explain common ion effect with an example.
The dissociation of weak electrolyte is decreased by the addition of common ion is known as
common ion effect. Eg. The dissociation of AgCl decreased by the addition of NaCl (the common ion
is Cl-)
9. Derive Ostwald’s dilution law.
Ostwald’s dilution law relates the dissociation constant of the weak acid (Ka) with the degree of
dissociation (α) and the concentration (C). The degree of dissociation,

The dissociation of acetic acid can be represented as CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COO- + H+

[𝐻+][𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂−]
The dissociation constant of acetic acid is Ka =
[𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻]
CH3COOH H+ CH3COO-
Initial number of moles 1 - -
Degree of dissociation of CH3COOH α - -
Number of moles at equilibrium 1-α α α
Equilibrium concentration (1-α)C αC αC
Substituting the equilibrium concentration in the above equation
(𝛼𝐶)(𝛼𝐶) 𝛼2𝐶
Ka = (1−𝛼)𝐶
=
1−𝛼
The value of α is so small and hence 1-α=1.
𝐾𝑎 √𝐾𝑎
Ka = α2C ⟹ α2 = ;α=
𝐶 √𝐶
10. Define pH.
It is defined as the negative logarithm of base 10 of the molar concentration of the hydronium
ions present in solution. 𝑝𝐻 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] or 𝑝𝐻 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝐻+ ]
11. Derive hydrolysis constant and pH for the hydrolysis of salt of strong acid and weak base.
𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) ⇌ 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) ⟶ 𝑁𝐻4+ + 𝐶𝑙 − (𝑎𝑞)
NH4+ react with OH- from water to produce unionished NH4OH as shown below.
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𝑁𝐻4+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) ⇌ 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻+ (𝑎𝑞)

Hence the solution is acidic and the pH is less than 7.
[Link] = Kw
𝐾
pH = 7 - ½ pKb - ½ logC 𝐾ℎ = ℎ2 𝐶 and [𝐻+ ] = √𝐾ℎ 𝐶 = √ 𝑤 𝐶
𝐾 𝑏
𝐾𝑤
𝑝𝐻 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝐻+ ] = −log ( 𝐶}½
𝐾𝑏
= − 1⁄2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐾𝑤 − 1⁄2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 + 1⁄2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐾𝑏
𝑝𝐻 = 7 − 1⁄2 𝑝𝐾𝑏 − 1⁄2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶
12. Calculate solubility product of Ca3(PO4)2.

Ksp = [Ca2+]3[PO43-]2 = (3s)3(2s)2 = (27s3)(4s2) = 108s5

13. Write the equation for the solubility product of Hg2Cl2.
Hg2Cl2 𝐻𝑔22+ + 2𝐶𝑙 −
(s) (2s)
2+ − 2
Ksp = [𝐻𝑔2 ][ 𝐶𝑙 ] = (s)(2s)2 = 4s3
Public Question
1. Derive Henderson – Hasselbalch equation.
The concentration of hydronium ion in an acidic buffer solution depends on the ratio of the
concentration of the weak acid to the concentration of its conjugate base present in the solution i.e.,
[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
[H3O+] = Ka [𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒]
The weak acid is dissociated only to a small extent. By the addition of conjugate base, the
dissociation further suppressed. Hence the equilibrium concentration of acid is nearly equals to the
initial concentration of undissociated acid and the concentration of conjugate base equals to its initial
concentration of added salt.
[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
[H3O+] = Ka
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
Taking logrithm on both sides of the above equation and reverse the sign on both sides.
[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
- log[H3O+] = - logKa - log
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
+
We know that pH = - log[H3O ] and pKa = - logKa
[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
pH = pKa - log
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
pH = pKa + log
[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
2. Write the pH value of the following substances:
1. Vinegar [Link] coffee 3. Baking soda 4. Soapy water.
1. Vinegar = 2(acid)
2. Black coffee = 5 (acid)
3. Baking soda = 9 (base)
4. Soapy water = 12(base)
3. What is buffer action?
The ability of a solution to resists drastic changes in its pH upon addition of a small quantity of
acid or base is called buffer action.

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4. Calculate pH of 0.1M CH3COONa solution. (pKa value of CH3COOH is 4.74)

pH = 7 + ½pKa + ½ logC = 7 + ½ x 4.74 + ½ log0.1
= 7 + ½4.74 + (log1x10 )/2 = 7 + 4.74/2 + log1/2 – log10/2
-1

= 7 + 4.74/2 + 0 -1/2 = 7 + (4.74 – 1)/2

= 7 + 3.74/2 = 7 + 1.87 = 8.87
5. Classify the following as Lewis acid and Lewis base.
A) BF3 B) CO2 C)MgO D) CH3-
A) Lewis acid B) Lewis acid C) Lewis base D) Lewis base
6. Give Ostwald’s dilution law.
Ostwald’s dilution law relates the dissociation constant of the weak acid (K a) with its degree of
dissociation (α) and the concentration (C).

7. Find the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.20 mole litre-1 sodium acetate and 0.18 mole
litre-1 acetic acid. Ka for acetic acid is 1.8 x 10-5.
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
pH = pKa + log
[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
0.20 10
pH = - log Ka + log = - log(1.8 x 10-5) + log
0.18 9
= 5log10 – log1.8 + log10 – log9
= 5 – 0.2553 + 1 – 0.9542 = 6 – 1.2095 = 4.7905
8. What are the limitation of Arrhenius theory.
1. Arrhenius theory does not explain the behaviour of acids and bases in non aqueous solvents such
as acetone, Tetrahydrofuran etc…
2. This theory does not account for the basicity of the substances like ammonia (NH3) which do not
possess hydroxyl group.
9. What is buffer solution? What are the types of buffer solution? Give example.
The buffer solution is a mixture of solution consists of weak acid and its conjugate base or weak
base and its conjugate acid. Their two types
1. Acidic buffer solution eg. CH3COOH + CH3COONa
2. Basic buffer solution eg. NH4OH + NH4Cl
10. What is conjugate acid – base pairs?
The species that remains after the donation of a proton is a base (Base1) and is called the
conjugate base of the Bronsted acid (Acid1). In other words, chemical species that differ only by a
proton are called conjugate acid – base pairs.
11. Calculate the concentration of OH- in a fruit juice which contains 2 x 10-3 M, H3O+ ion.
Identify the nature of the solution.
Given [H3O+] = 2 x 10-3 M
Kw = [H3O+][OH-]
/ [OH-] = Kw = 1 x 10-14 = 5 x 10-12M
[H3O+] 2 x 10-3
2 x 10-3 >> 5 x 10-12 i.e., [H3O+] >>[OH-], hence fruit juice is acidic in nature.
12. What is buffer capacity and buffer index?
Buffer capacity and buffer index, is defined as the number of gram equivalents of acid or base
added to 1 litre of the buffer solution to change its pH by unity.
𝑑𝐵
Buffer index β = ; dB = no. of gram equivalent of acid or base added.
𝑑(𝑝𝐻)
d(pH) = The change in the pH after the addition of acid /base.
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13. Find the pH of 0.1M CH3COOH> Ka value of CH3COOH is 1.8 x 10-5

[H+] = √(𝐾𝑎 ∗ 𝐶) = √(1.8 x 10-5 x 0.1)
= √(1.8 x 10-6) = 1.3416 x 10-3
pH = -log[H+] = -log(1.3416 x 10-3) = -log1.3416 -log10-3
= 3log10 – log1.3416 = 3x1 – 0.1276 = 2.8724

9. Electrochemistry
1. Define : Anode and Cathode.
Anode: The electrode at which oxidation occurs
Cathode: The electrode at which reduction occur.
2. Why does specific conductivity decreases on dilution of the solution?
The specific conductance is defined as the conductance of a cube of an electrolytic solution of
unit dimensions. On dilution the number of ions in the unit volume decreases and hence specific
conductance decreases.
3. State Kohlrausch’s law. How it is useful to determine the molar conductivity of weak
electrolyte at infinite dilution?
At infinite dilution, the limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte is equal to the sum of the
limiting molar conductivities of its constituent ions.
Λ𝑜𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 = 𝜆𝑜𝑁𝑎+ + 𝜆𝑜𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− -------(1)
Λ𝑜𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 𝜆𝑜𝐻 + + 𝜆𝑜𝐶𝑙− -------(2)
Λ𝑜𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 𝜆𝑜𝑁𝑎+ + 𝜆𝑜𝐶𝑙− ------ (3)
Equation (1) + Equation(2) – Equation(3) gives
(Λ𝑜𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 ) + Λ𝑜𝐻𝐶𝑙 − Λ𝑜𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 𝜆𝑜𝐻 + + 𝜆𝑜𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− = Λ𝑜𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
4. Describe the electrolysis of molten NaCl using inert electrodes.
1. The electrolytic cell consists of two iron electrodes dipped in molten NaCl and they are connected to
an external DC power supply via a key.
[Link] electrode which is attached to the negative and end of power supply is called the cathode and
the one which is attached to the positive end is called the anode.
3. Once the key is closed, the external DC power supply drives the electrons to the cathode and at the
same time pull the electrons from the anode.
Cell reaction:
Cathode (reduction) : 𝑁𝑎+ (𝑙) + 𝑒 − ⟶ 𝑁𝑎(𝑙) 𝐸 𝑜 = −2.71𝑉
Anode (oxidation) : 2𝐶𝑙 − (𝑙) ⟶ 𝐶𝑙2 (𝑔) + 2𝑒 − 𝐸 𝑜 = −1.36 𝑉
The overall reaction is : 2𝑁𝑎+ (𝑙) + 2𝐶𝑙 − (𝑙) ⟶ 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (𝑙) + 𝐶𝑙2 (𝑔) 𝐸 𝑜 = −4.07𝑉
The negative Eo value shows that the above reaction is a non spontaneous one. Hence, we have to
supply a voltage greater than 4.07V to cause the electrolysis of molten NaCl.
5. State Faraday’s Laws of electrolysis.
First Law: The mass of the substance (m) liberated at an electrode during electrolysis is directly
proportional to the quantity of charge (Q) passed through the cell. i.e. m α Q
Second Law: When the same quantity of charge is passed through the solutions of different
electrolytes, the amount of substances liberated at the respective electrodes are directly proportional
to their electrochemical equivalents.
6. Describe the construction of Daniel Cell. Write the cell reaction.
Oxidation half cell: Zn(metal strip) + aqueous ZnSO4 solution
Reaction: Zn → Zn2+ + 2𝑒 −
Reduction half cell: Cu (metal strip + aqueous CuSO4 solution

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Reaction: Cu2+ + 2𝑒 − → Cu↓

Joining the half cells: The electrolyte present in two half cells are connected using a salt bridge. Salt
bridge is non-reactive electrolyte KCl, Na2SO4 with agar-agar gel paste through which ions migrate.
Completion of circuit: Electron flow from the negatively charged zinc anode into the positively charged
copper cathode through the external wire, at the same time, anions move towards anode and cations
are move towards the cathode compartment. This completes the circuit.
Consumption of electrode: Metal atom (Zn) losses electrons and released as ions from the anode, the
mass of the zinc electrode gradually decreases.
7. Why is anode in galvanic cell considered to be negative and cathode positive electrode?
1. The electrode at which the oxidation occur is called the anode. Electrons are liberated at anode and
hence it is negative (-ve).
2. The electrode at which the reduction occur is called cathode. Electrons are consumed and hence it
is positive (+ve)
8. Arrange the following solutions in the decreasing order of specific conductance.
i) 0.01M KCl ii) 0.005M KCl iii) 0.1M KCl iv) 0.25M KCl v) 0.5M KCl
Specific conductance (k) α concentration of solution. Hence the decreasing order of specific
conductance is 0.5M > 0.25M > 0.1M > 0.01M > 0.005M
9. Why is AC current used instead of DC in measuring the electrolytic conductance?
To prevent electrolysis, AC current used instead of DC in measuring the electrolytic
conductance.
10. 0.1M NaCl solution is placed in two different cells having cell constant 0.5 amd 0.25𝒄𝒎−𝟏
respectively. Which of the two will have greater value of specific conductance?
Specific conductance (k) α cell constant.
The cell with higher cell constant (0.5 𝑐𝑚−1) will have greater value of specific conductance.
11. . Can Fe2+ oxidises bromide to bromine under standard conditions?
𝒐 𝒐
Given 𝑬𝑭𝒆𝟑+ ⁄𝑭𝒆𝟐+ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟏𝑽 ; 𝑬𝑩𝒓 ⁄𝑩𝒓− = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝑽.
𝟐
o o o
E cell = (E ox) + (E red) = - 1.09 + 0.771 = -0.319V
Eocell is negative and ΔG is positive and hence the cell reaction is nonspondaneous. Fe3+ cannot
oxidise Br- into Br2.
12. Is it possible to store copper sulphate in an iron vessel for a long time?
𝒐 𝒐
Given 𝑬𝑪𝒖𝟐+⁄𝑪𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝑽 and 𝑬𝑭𝒆𝟐+⁄𝑭𝒆 = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝑽.
Iron gets oxidized and copper gets reduced, represented by this positively charged electrode
potential values. That is vessel will be dissolved. Hence it is not possible to store copper sulphate in an
iron vessel.
13. Two metals M1 and M2 have reduction potential values of -xV and +yV respectively which
metal will liberate H2 from H2SO4?
Metals having higher reduction potential will liberate H2 from H2SO4. Hence, the metal M2 having
+yV, reduction potential will liberate H2 from H2SO4.
𝒐 𝒐
14. Reduction potential of two metals M1 and M2 are 𝑬𝑴𝟐+⁄𝑴 = −𝟐. 𝟑𝑽 and 𝑬𝑴𝟐+⁄𝑴 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
−𝟎. 𝟐𝑽 . Predict which one is better for coating the surface of iron? Given: 𝑬𝒐𝑭𝒆𝟐+⁄𝑭𝒆 = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝑽
Reduction potential of 𝑀12+ is more +ve than the reduction potential of Fe which indicates that it
will prevent iron from rusting.
15. Calculate the standard emf of the cell Cd|Cd2+║Cu2+|Cu. The standard reduction po-tential
of Cu2+|Cu and Cd2+|Cd are 0.34V and – 0.40V respectively. Find the feasibility of cell reaction.
Oxidation in anode: Cd → Cd2+ + 2e- (Eooxi)Cd|Cd2+ = 0.4v
2+
Reduction in cathode: Cu + 2e -
→ Cu o
(E red)Cu2+|Cu = 0.34v
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Overall reaction: Cd + Cu2+ → Cd2+ + Cu

Eocell = (Eooxi)anode + (Eored)cathode = 0.4 + 0.34 = 0.74V
Eocell has positive sign and so ΔG is negative. Hence the cell reaction is feasible.
16. Derive Nernst equation.
For a reversible cell reaction 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑦𝐵 ⇌ 𝑙𝐶 + 𝑚𝐷
[𝐶]𝑙 [𝐷]𝑚
reaction quotient 𝑄 =
[𝐴]𝑥 [𝐵]𝑦
∆𝐺 = ∆𝐺 𝑜 + 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛𝑄
𝑜
∆𝐺 = −𝑛𝐹𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 ; ∆𝐺 𝑜 = −𝑛𝐹𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝑜 [𝐶]𝑙 [𝐷]𝑚
−𝑛𝐹𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = −𝑛𝐹𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 + 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛
[𝐴]𝑥 [𝐵]𝑦
Divide the above equation by −𝑛𝐹.
𝑜 𝑅𝑇 [𝐶]𝑙 [𝐷]𝑚
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝑙𝑛
𝑛𝐹 [𝐴]𝑥 [𝐵]𝑦
𝑜 2.303𝑅𝑇 [𝐶]𝑙 [𝐷]𝑚
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑛𝐹 [𝐴]𝑥 [𝐵]𝑦
This equation is called Nernst equation.
17. Write a note on sacrificial protection.
The metal such as Mg or Zn which is corroded more easily than iron can be used as a sacrificial
anode and the iron material acts as cathode. So iron is protected, but Mg or Zn is corroded.
18. Describe the construction of H2 – O2 fuel cell.
The combustion of hydrogen is converted into electrical energy. For this hydrogen has to be
supplied continuously.
Fuel cell: Fuel | Electrode | Electrolyte | Electrode | Oxidant
Fuel = Hydrogen. Oxidant: Oxygen
Electrolyte: aqueous KOH maintained at 200oC and 20-40 atm.
Electrode: Porous graphite electrode containing Ni and NiO serves as the inert electrodes.
Hydrogen and oxygen gases are bubbled through the anode and cathode, respectively.
Cell reaction:
Anode: 2H2 + 4OH- → 4H2O + 4e-
Cathode: O2 + 2H2O + 4e- → 4OH-
Overall reaction: O2 + 2H2O + 4e- → 4OH-
Other fuel cells like propane – O2 and methane – O2 have also been developed.
19. Ionic conductance at infinite dilution of Al3+ and SO42- are 189 and 160 mho cm2 equiv-1.
Calculate the equivalent and molar conductance of the electrolyte Al2(SO4)3 at infinite dilution.
Equivalent conductance of .

mho cm2 equiv-1

Molar conductance of .

= 858 mho cm2 mol-1.

Public Questions.
1. If conductivity cell has two platinum electrodes separated by a distance of 1.5 cm and the
cross sectional area of each electrode is 4.5 [Link]. using this cell, the resistance of 0.5 N
electrolytic solution was measured as 15 ohms. Find the specific conductance of the solution.

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2. A solution of silver nitrate is electrolysed for 20 minutes with a current of 2 amperes. Calculate
the mass of silver deposited at the cathode.

3. Define equivalent conductance

The conductance of V m3 electrolytic solution containing one gram equivalent of electrolyte in a
conductivity cell in which the electrodes are one metre apart is known as equivalent conductance.
4. What are the factors that affects electrolytic conductance?
1. Solvent of higher dielectric constant show high conductance in solution.
2. Conductance is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the medium.
3. If the temperature of the electrolytic solution increases, conductance also increases.
4. Molar conductance of a solution increases with increase in dilution.
5. Explain about Galvanic cell notation.
Zn (s) | Zn2+ (aq) || Cu2+ (aq) | Cu(s)
1. In the above notation, a single vertical bar (|) represents a phase boundary and the double
verticle bar (||) represents the salt bridge.
2. The anode half cells is written on the left side of the salt bridge and the cathode half cell on right
side.
3. The anode and cathode are written on the extreme left and extreme right, respectively.
4. The emf of the cell is written on the right side after cell diagram.

10. Surface Chemistry

1. What are the characteristics of adsorption?
1. Adsorption can occur in all interfacial surfaces.
2. It is a spontaneous process.
3. When the molecules are adsorbed, there is always a decrease in randomness of the molecules.
4. It is an exothermic process.
5. It is a quick process.
2. Differentiate physorption and chemisorption
Sl. no. Chemisorption Physisorption
1 It is very slow It is instantaneous
2 Very specific Non- specific
3 Adsorption will not increase on increasing Adsorption increased by increasing
pressure pressure
4 On increase of temperature adsorption Adsorption decreases on increase of
first increase and then decrease temperature
5 Electron transfer involved between No transfer of electrons
adsorbent and adsorbate
6 Heat of adsorption is high Heat of adsorption is low
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7 Monolayer of adsorbate is formed Multilayer of adsorbate is formed

8 Occurs at fixed sites called active centres. Occurs on all sides
9 Involves the formation of activated Activation energy is insignificant
complex with appreciable activation
energy
3. In case of chemisorption, why adsorption first increases and then decreases with
temperature?
Heat of chemisorption is more and hence initially adsorption increases with increase in
temperature. On further increase in temperature leads to desorption and so adsorption decreased.
4. Which will be adsorbed more readily on the surface of charcoal and why? NH3 or CO2.
NH3 will be more readily adsorbed on the surface of the charcoal. Because it is easilyliquefiable
gas i.e., easily liquefiable gases will be adsorbed more readily.
5. Heat of adsorption is greater for chemisorption than physisorption. why?
In chemisorption gaseous molecules are adsorped on the surface by the formation strong
chemical bond and so its heat adsoption is more. In physisorption physical forces like vanderwaals
force, dipole dipole interaction exist between adsopent and adsorbed substance and so its heat of
adsorption is low.
6. Peptising agent is added to convert precipitate into colloidal solution. Explain with an
example.
By the addition of suitable electrolytes, the precipitated particles can be brought into colloidal
state and this process is called peptisation. The electrolyte added is known as peptising agent. .eg.
AgCl precipitate dispersed by the addition of HCl.
7. What happens when a colloidal sol of 𝑭𝒆(𝑶𝑯)𝟑 and 𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝑶𝟑 are mixed?
Fe(OH)3 is a positive sol and As2O3 is a negative sol are mixed with each other mutual
precipitation takes place.
8. What is the difference between a sol and a gel?
[Link] Sol Gel
1 The liquid state of colloidal solution. The solid (or) semisolid stage of a colloidal
solution
2 Very low viscosity Very high viscosity
3 It does not have definite structure. It possesses definite structure.
9. Why are lyophilic colloidal sols are more stable than the lyophobic colloidal sols?
In lyophilic colloidal sols definite attractive force exists between dispersion medium and dispersed
phase and so they are more stable than the lyophobic colloidal sols.
10. Addition of Alum purifies water. Why?
We add alum to purify water as alum coagulates the colloidal impurities present in water so that
these impurities settle down and get removed by decantation or filteration.
11. What are the factors which influence the adsorption of a gas on a solid?
1. Nature of adsorbent:
2. Nature of adsorbate:
3. Effect of temperature:
4. Effect of Pressure:
12. What are enzymes? Write a brief note on mechanism of enzyme catalysis.
Enzymes are complex protein molecules with three dimensional structures. They catalyse the
chemical reaction in living organism.
Mechanism:
Here E is the enzyme, S the substrate(reactant), ES represent the activated complex and P the
product.
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13. What do you mean by activity and selectivity of catalyst?

Acitivity:
The ability to increase the rate of a particular reaction.
Selectivity:
The ability of the catalyst to direct a reaction to yield a particular product.
14. Describe some feature of catalysis by Zeolites.
[Link] selectivity: When bulkier molecules in a reactant mixture are prevented from reaching the
active sites within the zeolite crystal, this selectivity is called reactant shape selectivity.
2. Transition state selectivity: If the transition state of a reaction is large compared to the pore size of
the zeolite, then no product will be formed.
3. Product selectivity: It is encountered when certain product molecules one two big to diffuse out of
the zeolite pores.
15. Give three uses of emulsions.
1. It is used in pharmaceutical industry.
2. Cleansing action of soaps is based on the formation of emulsions.
3. Antiseptics and disinfectants when added to water form emulsions
16. Why does bleeding stop by rubbing moist alum?
Blood is a colloidal sol, when we rub the injured part with moist alum then coagulation of blood
takes place, which stops the bleeding.
17. Why is desorption important for a substance to act as a good catalyst?
1. After the completion of reaction, the products formed on the surface separates out to create free
surface again for other reactant molecules.
2. If desorption does not occur then other reactants are left with no space on the catalyst’s surface for
desorption and reaction will stop.
18. Comment on the statement: Colloid is not a substance but it is a state of substance.
This statement is true. Because some substance which are crystalloids under certain conditions
can be colloids under the other conditions.
eg. NaCl is a crystalloid in aqueous medium, but when mixed with benzen, it behaves as a colloid.
19. Explain any one method for coagulation.
When colloidal sols with opposite charges are mixed mutual coagulation takes place. It is due to
migration of ions from the surface of the particles.
20. Write a note on electro osmosis.
The movement of dispersion medium under the influence of electric potential is called electro
osmosis.
21. What is catalyst poison?
Certain substances when added to a catalysed reaction decreases or completely destroys the
activity of catalyst and they are known as catalytic poisons. Eg. In the Haber’s process H 2S acts as
catalyst poison to the catalyst iron.
22. Explain briefly the intermediate compound formation theory of catalysis.
In homogeneous catalysed reactions a catalyst may combine with one or more reactant to form
an intermediate which reacts with other reactant or decompose to give products and the catalyst is
regenerated. Consider the reaction,
𝐶
A+B→ AB (product)
A + C → AC (Intermediate) C = catalyst
AC + B → AB + C
𝑁𝑂
e.g., 2𝑆𝑂2 + 𝑂2 →2𝑆𝑂3
2𝑁𝑂 + 𝑂2 → 2𝑁𝑂2 : 𝑁𝑂2 + 𝑆𝑂2 → 𝑆𝑂3 + 𝑁𝑂
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23. Differentiate homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis

[Link]. Homogeneous catalysis Heterogeneous catalysis
1 In a homogeneous catalysed reaction, the In a reaction, the catalyst is present in a
reactant, products and catalyst are present different phase i.e. it is not present in the
in the same phase same phase as that of reactants or products
2 [𝑁𝑂] 𝑃𝑡
e.g., 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3 + [NO] e.g., 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3
24. Explain briefly the Adsorption theory (of catalysis) for the rate of reaction.
This theory is suitable for the heterogeneous catalysed reaction. This process occurs in 5 steps.
1. Reactant molecules diffuse from bulk to the catalyst surface.
2. The reactant molecules are adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst.
3. The adsorbed reactant molecules are activated and form activated complex which is decomposed
to form the products.
4. The product molecules are adsorbed.
5. The product diffuse away from the surface of the catalyst.

Public Questions.
1. Write the dispersed phase and dispersion medium of butter.
Dispersed phase = liquid Dispersion medium = solid
2. Mention the shapes of the following colloidal particles.
i) 𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝑶𝟑 ii) Blue gold sol iii) Tungstic acid sol
i) 𝐴𝑠2 𝑂3 = spherical
ii) Blue gold sol (𝐹𝑒(𝑂𝐻)3 ) = Disc or plate like
iii) Tungstic acid sol (𝑊3 𝑂5 ) = Rod like
3. Write a note on Tyndall effect.
When light passes through colloidal solution, it is scattered in all directions. This effect is called
Tyndall effect.
4. Powdered CaCO3 reacts much faster with [Link] than with the same mass of CaCO 3 as
marble. Give reason.
When compared to CaCO3 as marble, the powdered CaCO3 possess more surface and so react
much faster with [Link].
5. What are the characteristics of catalyst?
1. Catalyst is needed in very small quantity.
2. It remains unchanged in mass and chemical composition.
3. It can not initiate a reaction, but it can alter the rate of existing reaction.
4. It will be more effective if it is taken in a finely divided form.
5. They are specific in nature.
6. In equilibrium, it fastens the reaction to attain the equilibrium, but does not affect the position of
equilibrium
7. It generally does not change the nature of products.
6. What is inversion of phase?Give an example.
The change of W/O emulsion into O/W emulsion is called inversion of [Link]. An oil in water
emulsion containing potassium soap as emulsifying agent can be converted into water in oil emulsion
by adding CaCl2 or AlCl3.
7. Identify autocatalyst in the following reaction.
A) CH3COOC2H5 + H2O → CH3COOH + C2H5OH
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B) 2AsH3 → 2As + 3H2

A) Acetic acid (CH3COOH) B) Arsenic (As)
8. What are the factors affecting adsorption?
1. Nature of adsorbent: higher the surface area, higher is the amount adsorped.
2. Nature of adsorbate: Gases is like SO2, NH3, HCl and CO2 are easily liquefiable which are easily
adsorbed But the permanent gases like H2, O2, He are adsorbed slowly.
3. Effect of temperature: Chemisorption increases first and then decreases on increase of temperature.
But Physisorption decreases on increase of temperature.
4. Effect of Pressure: In Chemisorption the amount of adsorption will not be altered with increase of
pressure. In physisorption the extent of adsorption increases with increase in pressure.
9. Write a note on electrophoresis?
The migration of sol particles under the influence of electric field is called electrophoresis.
10. Write a note on Helmholtz electrical double layer?
The surface of colloidal particle adsorbs one type of ion due to preferential adsorption. This layer
attracts the oppositely charged ions in the medium and hence at the boundary separating the two
electrical double layers are setup. This is called as Helmholtz electrical double layer.
11. How colloids are used in tanning of leather and Rubber industry?
Skin and hides are protein containing positively charged particles which are coagulated by
adding tannin to give hardened leather for further application. Chromium salts are used instead of
tannin.
Latex is the emulsion of natural rubber with negative particles. By heating rubber with sulphur,
vulcanised rubbers are produced for tyres, tubes, etc.
12. Explain effect of temperature and pressure on Physisorption and Chemisorption.
Property Chemisorption Physisorption
Pressure Adsorption will not increase on Adsorption increased by increasing
increasing pressure pressure
Temperature On increase of temperature Adsorption decreases on increase of
adsorption first increase and then temperature
decrease
13. Define gold number?
Gold number is a measure of protecting power. It is defined as the number of milligrams of
hydrophilic colloids that will just prevent the precipitation of 10ml of 10% NaCl solution. Smaller the gold
number greater the protective power.
14. What are the limitation of Freundlich isotherm?
1. This equation is purely empirical and valid over a limited pressure range.
2. The values of constant k and n also found vary with temperature. No theoretical explanations were
given.

11. Hydroxy compounds and Ethers

Public Questions
1. Why is C-O-C bond angle in ether silghtly greater than the tetrahedral bond angle?
Due to the repulsive interaction between the two bulkier alkyl groups (or) due to steric effect (or)
interaction.
2. Give the coupling reaction of phenol.

3. How will you prepare the following by using Grignard reagent?

A) Propan-1-ol B) Propan-2-ol
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A. HCHO + CH3CH2MgBr → CH3CH2CH2OMgBr + H-OH → CH3CH2CH2OH +

Mg(OH)Br
B. CH3MgBr + CH3CHO → CH3CH(OMgBr)CH3 + H-OH → CH3CH(OH)CH3 +
Mg(OH)Br
4. Mention the mechanism in the following reactions:
a) One mole of HI reacts with methoxy ethane
b) One mole of HI reacts with 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane

a)

b)
2-methoxy-2-methylpropane 2-methylpropan-2-ol
5. How to distinquish 1o, 2o, and 3o alcohols by Victor Meyer’s test?

6. Convert glycerol to acrolein.

7. Explain auto oxidation of ethers.

They are explosive in nature. The spontaneous oxidation of ethers by atmospheric oxygen is
called autooxidation.

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8. What is Bayer’s reagent? Using this how will you convert ethen into ethane-1,2-diol?
Bayer’s reagent = cold alkaline KMnO4.

9. How are the following conversion effected? Ethylene glycol → Acetaldehyde.

10. Differentiate Primary, Secondary and Tertiary alcohols using Lucas test.

11. Give the uses of diethyl ether.

1. as a surgical anaesthetic agent in surgery
2. good solvent for organic reactions and extraction
3. as a volatile starting fluid for diesel and gasoline engine
4. as a refrigerant
12. Give the IUPAC names

(a) (b)
(a) 2 – methyl propan-2-ol (b) phenyl methanol
13. Write any one method of preparation of diethyl ether.

Williamson synthesis:

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14. Write the uses of glycerol

1. as sweetening agent in confectionary and beverages
2. in the manufacture of cosmetics and transparent soaps
3. in making printing inks and stamp pad ink and lubricant for watches and clock
4. in the manufacture of explosive like dynamite and cordite by mixing it with china clay.
15. Write the bromination reaction of anisole.

16. Compound [A] of molecular formula C6H6O gives purple colouration with neutral FeCl3.
Compound [A] reacts with ammonia to give compound [B] and it also reacts with Zn dust give
compound [C]. Identify the compounds A, B, C and write down the equations.
A = C6H5OH (Phenol) B = C6H5NH2 (Aniline) C = C6H6 (Benzene)
C6H5OH + NH3 C6H5NH2
C6H5OH + Zn C6H6 + ZnO
𝒄𝒐𝒏.𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
17. Ethylene glycol → X. Identify X.

X = 𝐶𝐻2 = 𝐶𝐻2 or Ethene or Ethylene

18. Write Kolbe’s reaction.

19. How is phenol is prepared from the following i) Chlorobenzene ii) Isopropyl benzene.

i)

ii)
Cumene = Isopropyl benzene.
20. How will you effected the following conversions.
i) Ethyl alcolhol → Ethene
ii) Ethelene glycol → 1,4 – dioxane.
iii) Glycerol → acrolein

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

(i)

(ii)
(iii) Answer for question number [Link]).
21. Identify the product X and Y of the following reactions.

X = benzene Y = aniline
22. Give the major product obtained by treating 1 mole of HI with 1-ethoxy prop-1-ene.
CH3CH2OCH=CHCH3 + HI Δ→ CH3CH2I + CH3CH=CHOH → CH3CH2CHO + CH3CH2I
23. Identify the produt obtained by heating excess of HI with 1-methoxy propane. Give the
mechanism of the reaction.
CH3 – O – CH2CH2CH3 + HI CH3I + CH3CH2CH2OH
1 – methooxy propane mthyl iodidie propanol
Mechanism:

12. Carbonyl Compound and Carboxylic acids

Public Questions
1. Name the catalyst used in Rosenmund reduction and state its importance.
Catalyst used = Pd/BaSO4; BaSO4 acting as catalytic poison and prevent further reduction to
alocohol from aldehyde.
2. Formic acid reduces Tollens reagent whereas acetic acid does not reduce. Give reason.
Formic acid contains both an aldehyde as well as an acid group. Since it has aldehyde group,
reduces Tollens reagent. Other carboxylic acid like acetic acid don’t has aldehyde group and so it don’t
reduce the Tollens reagent.

In formic acid In acetic acid

3. What is Formalin? What is its use?
40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde is known as Formalin.
Use: It is used for preserving biological speciments.
4. What is urotropine? How is it prepared?
Urotropine is Hexamethylene tetramine.
6HCHO + 4NH3 → (CH2)6N4 + 6H2O
Urotropine
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5. Give the tests for carboxylic acid group.

1. aqueous solution of carboxylic acid turn blue litmus into red.
2. gives brisk effervescence with sodium bicarbonate due to the evolution of carbondioxide.
3. when it is warmed with alcohol and con H2SO4 ester is formed, which is detected by its fruity
odour.
6. Arrange the increasing order of reactivity of acid derivatives and mention the reason alone.
CH3COOC2H5, CH3COCl, CH3CONH2, CH3COOCOCH3.
Increasing order of activity= CH3CONH2 < CH3COOC2H5 < CH3COOCOCH3 < CH3COCl
Reason: 1. Basicity of releaving group
2. Resonance effect.
7. Find out A and B. (by bond line structure)

𝑺𝑶𝑪𝒍𝟐 𝟐𝑵𝑯𝟑
→ 𝑨 → 𝑩

8. Explain Benedict solution test?

Aldehydes reduces Benedict’s solution(mixture of CuSO4 + sodium citrate + NaOH). Deep
blue colour changed to red precipitate.
CH3CHO + 2Cu2+ + 5OH- → CH3COO- + Cu2O ↓ + 3H2O
9. Write the mechanism of Aldol condensation reaction.

Mechanism:

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:
10. How will you convert benzaldehyde into the following compounds?
i) Benzoin ii) Cinnamic acid iii) Malachite green

i)

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ii)

iii)
11. Write the haloform reaction.

12. Explain the reducing action of formic acid with example.

Formic acid contains both an aldehyde as well as an acid group. Since it has aldehyde group,
reduces Tollens reagent.

Aldehyde group Carboxylic group

HCOO + 2Ag + 3OH →
- + -
2Ag + CO32- + 2H2O
(Tollens reagent) Silver mirror
13. How will you convert acetone into propane?

14. How will you convert ethyl acetate into ethyl acetoacetate? (Claisen condensation)

15. What happens when Isobutalene is subjected to reductive ozonolysis?

16. Explain knoevenagal reaction.

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17. How acetic acid is propared from Grignard reagent?

18. How is benzoic acid prepared from Toluene?

Toluene Benzoic acid

𝑷𝑪𝒍𝟓 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒛𝒆𝒏𝒆 & 𝒂𝒏𝒃𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝑨𝒍𝑪𝒍𝟑
19. Identify A and B. Benzoic acid → 𝑨 → 𝑩
A = 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝐶𝑂𝐶𝑙 or Benzoyl chloride B = 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝐶𝑂𝐶6 𝐻5 or Benzophenone
20. Write a note on Rosenmund reduction reaction.

21. Write Gattermann – Koch reaction.

22. An Organic compound (A) with molecular formula 𝑪𝟕 𝑯𝟔 𝑶 undergoes Cannizaro reaction.
Compound (A) reacts with Chlorine in the presence of con. 𝑭𝒆𝑪𝑳𝟑 gives compound (B).
Compound (A) reacts with Chlorine in the absence of catalyst gives compound (C). Identify A,
B and C and write the reaction.

(A) = Benzaldehyde or 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝐶𝐻𝑂

(B) = m-Chlorobenzaldehyde
(C) = benzoyl chloride
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

23. An organic compound (A) of molecular formula 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟒 𝑶 reacts with 𝒁𝒏 − 𝑯𝒈/𝒄𝒐𝒏. 𝑯𝑪𝒍 to give
compound (B) which reacts with 𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑 forming compound (C) (as major product) and
compound (D). Compound (C) reacts with [Link] to give compound (E) (Table vinegar) and
hydroxylamine. Identify A, B, C, D and E with suitable reaction.

𝑯𝑪𝒍/𝑯𝟐 𝑶/ 𝒃𝒐𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈
→
A 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻𝑂 = Acetaldehyde
B 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3 = Ethane
C 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑁𝑂2 = Nitroethane
D 𝐶𝐻3 𝑁𝑂2 = Nitromethane
E 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = Acetic acid

13. Organic nitrogen compounds.

1. How is chloropicrin prepared?
CH3NO2 + 3Cl2 → CCl3NO2 + 3HCl
2. What is Gamberg reaction? Explain.

3. Identify A and B. 1)
A + 4[H] CH3CH2NH2 2) B + 4[H] CH3NHCH3
1. CH3CN + 4[H] CH3CH2NH2 (A = CH3CN =methyl cyanide)
2. CH3NC + 4[H] CH3NHCH3 (B = CH3NC =methyl isocyanide)
4. Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Craft’s reaction. Give reason.
Aniline is basic in nature and it donates its lone pair to the lewis acid AlCl 3 to form an adduct
which inhibits further the electrophilic substitution reaction.
5. Write short notes on Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.

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6. How is aryl halide prepared using Cu2Cl2/HCl (or) Cu2Br2/HBr?(Sandmeyer reaction)

7. Name the reducing agent used in reduction of Nitrobenzene to the following compounds.
(A) Aniline (B) Phenylhydroxylamine (C) Nitrosobenzene (D) Hydrosobenzene
(A)Sn/HCl (B) Zn/NH4Cl (C) Fe/H2O(steam) (D) Zn/NaOH
8. Write mustard oil reaction.

9. From the following reaction, Identify A and B.

10. A compound ‘A’ of molecular formula C2H3N on reduction with Na(Hg) / C2H5OH gives ‘B’
of molecular formula C2H7N which undergoes carbylamine test. Compound ‘B’ on reaction with
nitrous acid gives compound ‘C’ of molecular formula C2H6O by liberating nitrogen. Identify
A,B and C and write the reactions involved.

A = CH3CN = methyl cyanide

B = CH3CH2NH2 = ethyl amine
C = CH3CH2OH = ethanol
11. Identify A and B in the following sequence of reactions.
CH3 – Br NaN3→ A LiAlH4→ B + N2
A = CH3 – N3 = methyl azide B = CH3NH2 = methyl amine
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

12. Write a note on Carbylamine reaction.

13. Write a note on bromination of aniline.

14. Identify compounds A, B and C for the following.

𝑺𝒏/𝑯𝑪𝒍
→ A
𝒁𝒏/𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑪𝒍
𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟓 𝑵𝑶𝟐 → B
𝒁𝒏/𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
→ C
A = 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑁𝐻2 = Aniline B = 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑁𝐻𝑂𝐻 = Phenylhydroxylamine
C = 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑁𝐻 − 𝐻𝑁𝐶6 𝐻5 = Hydrosobenzene
15. Identify A and B in the following sequence of reactions.
𝑆𝑛 / 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝐶𝑙
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑁𝑂2 → 𝐴 → 𝐵
A =𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑁𝐻2 = Ethyl amine B = 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑁𝐻𝐶𝑂𝐶𝐻3 = N – Ethylacetamide
16. Write short note on Trope nitrile Condensation reaction.

17. Identify A, B and C in the following sequence of reactions.

𝑆𝑛/𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂2 +𝐻𝐶𝑙, 273𝐾 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻
𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑁𝑂2 → 𝐴 → 𝐵 → 𝐶
A = 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑁𝐻2 = Aniline> B = 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑁 = 𝑁 − 𝐶𝑙 = Benzene diasonium chloride
C = 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑁 = 𝑁 − 𝐶6 𝐻4 𝑂𝐻= p – hydroxy azobenzene
18. Write short notes on a) Schotten – Baumann reaction b) Mustard oil reaction

a)
b) refer [Link].8 of this chapter.
19. Write the reaction of primary amine with carbon-di-sulphide.
Refer [Link].8 of this chapter (mustard oil reaction)
20. There are two isomers with molecular formula 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑵𝑶𝟐 . How will you distinquish them?

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

[Link]. Nitro form Aci - form

1 Less acidic More acidic and also called pseudoacids (or) nitronic acids
2 Dissolves in NaOH slowly Dissolved in NaOH instantly
3 Decolourises FeCl3 solution With FeCl3 gives reddish brown colour
4 Electrical conductivity is low Electrical conductivity is high
21. How will you distinquish between Primary, secondary and tertiary amines?
[Link]. Primary amine Secondary amine Tertiary amine
1 Gives alcohol with nitrous acid N-nitroso amine obtained Salt obtained
2 Gives carbylamines with CHCl3/KOH No reaction No reaction
3 Gives N- alkyl acetamide with acetyl Gives N,N- dialkyl No reaction
chloride acetamide
4 Gives alkyl isothio cyanate with No reaction No reaction
CS2/HgCl2
5 Gives solid dialkyl oxamide with ethyl Gives liquid N,N-dialkyl No reaction
oxalate at room temperature oxamic ester
6 Gives quaternary ammonium salt with 3 Gives quaternary Gives
molecules of RX ammonium salt with two quaternary
molecules of RX ammonium salt
with 1 molecule
of RX

14. Biomolecules
1. What type of linkage hold together monomers of DNA?
a) Hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs.
b) Base – stacking interactions.
2. Give the differences between primary and secondary structure of proteins.
Primary structure:
1. It represents the relative arrangements of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
2. It represents which amino acid linked with which amino acid in the other chain by the hydrogen
bonding.
Secondary Structure:
1. It represents how amino acid are related to one another to form α – helix and β-helix.
2. The amino acids in the polypeptide chain forms highly regular shapes through the hydrogen bond
between the carbonyl oxygen and the neighbouring amine of the main chain.
3. Name the vitamins whose deficiency causes the follwing diseases.
1. Pellagra 2. Beri-Beri 3. Night blindedness 4. Rickets 5. Scurvy
1. Vitamin B3 (Niacin) 2. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) 3. Vitamin A (Retinol)
4. Vitamin D 5. Vitamin C(Ascorbic acid)
4. Write the Zwitter ion structure of alanine.

Zwitter ion of alanin.

5. Give the differences between DNA and RNA
[Link]. DNA RNA
1 Present in nucleus, mitochondria and Present in cytoplasm, nucleolus and
chloroplast ribosomes
2 Contains Deoxyribose sugars Contains ribose sugar
3 Base pair A=T, GΞC Bse pair A=U, CΞG
4 Double stranded molecule Single stranded molecule
5 Life time is high Short lived
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

6 Stable and not hydrolysed easily by alkalis Unstable and hydrolysed easily by alkalis
7 It can replicate itself It can’t replicate itself. It is formed from DNA
6. Write short note on peptide bond.
The carboxyl group of the first amino acid react with the amino group of second amino acid to
give an amide linkage between these amino acids. This amide linkage is called peptide bond.

7. Give two differences between Harmones and Vitamins.

[Link]. Hormone Vitamin
1 It is an organic substance that is secreted These are small organic compounds that
by one tissue, it limits the blood stream and cannot be synthesised by our body but are
induces a physiological response in other essential for certain functions
tissues.
2 Cannot stored in the body. But produced These are stored in the body and act
continuously against the diseases
8. What is denaturation of proteins?
Each protein has a unique three-dimensional structure formed by interactions such as disulphide
bond, hydrogen bond, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. These interactions can be disturbed
when the protein is exposed to a higher temperature, certain chemicals such as urea, alteration of pH,
ionic strength etc., It leads to the loss of three-dimensional structure partially or completely. The process
of a losing its higher order structure without losing the primary structure is called denaturation.
9. What are reducing and non-reducing sugars? Give example.
Reducing sugars: Sugars which reduce Tollen’s reagent and Fehling’s solution. E.g., Glucose
Non Reducing sugars:Sugars which do not reduce Tollen’s reagent and Fehling’s solution. E.g.,
Fructose
10. Why carbohydrates are generally optically active?
Since all the carbohydrate having one or more asymmetric carbon, are optically active. If the
number of asymmetric carbon atoms are n then the number of optical isomers are 2𝑛 .
11. Classify the following into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
i) Starch ii) fructose iii) sucrose iv) lactose v) maltose.
[Link]. Carbohydrate types
1. Starch Polysaccharide
2. Fructose Monosaccharide
3. Sucrose Oligosaccharide
4. Lactose Oligosaccharide
5. Maltose Oligosaccharide
12. How are Vitamins classified?
Fat soluble Vitamins: e.g., Vitamin A,D,E&K
Water soluble Vitamins: e.g., Vitamin B(B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B7,B9 &B12) and C
13. What are harmones? Give two examples.
Harmone is an organic substance that is secreted by one tissue into the blood stream and
induces physiological response in other tissues. This cannot be stored in body but produces
continuously. E.g., Peptide (insulin) and steroids (testerostone).
14. Draw the structure of all possible dipeptides which can be obtained from glycine and alanine.

Glycilalanine Alanylglycine
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

15. Define enzyme?

In all living systems, the biochemical reactions are catalysed by enzyme.
16. Write the structure of the following α – D – glucopyranose and β – D – glucopyranose.

17. What are different types of RNA which are found in cell?
i. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
ii. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
iii. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
18. Write a note on formation of α – Helix.
In this the amino acids are arranged in a right handed helical (spiral) structure. It is stabilised by
the hydrogen bond between the carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid(nth residue) with amionohydrogen
ot the fifth residue (n + 4th residue). The side chains of the residue protrude outside of the helix.
19. What are the functions of lipids in living organism.
1. Lipids are the integral component of cell membrane. They are necessary of structural integrity
of cell
2. The main function of triglycerides in animals is an energy reserve
3. act as protective coating in aquatic organisms
4. connective tissue give protection to internal organs
5. help in the absorption and transport of fat soluble vitamins
6. essential for activation of enzymes such as lipases
7. act as emulsifier in fat metabolism
20. Is the following sugar, D – sugar or L – sugar?

This molecule is L – sugar.

Public Questions
1. How is protein classified based on their structures? Explain.
1. Fibrous proteins: These are linear molecules similar to fibres. These are generally insoluble in water.
Eg. Keratin, Collagen, etc.,
2. Globular proteins: They have an overall spherical shape. These are usually soluble in water.
Eg. enzymes, myoglobin, Insulin.
2. What is glycosidic linkage?
In disaccharides or in oligosaccharide or in polysaccharides two monosaccharide’s are linked by
oxide linkage called glycosidic linkage.
3. What are epimers? Give example and What is epimerisation?
Sugar differing configuration at an asymmetric centre is known as epimers. E.g., Glucose and
mannose. The process by which one epimer is converted into other is called epimerisation.
4. Draw the structure of D(+) Fructose.

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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

5. What is called zwitter ion? Give an example.

In aqueous solution the proton from carbonyl group can be transferred to the amino group of an
amino acid leaving these groups with opposite charges. These ions with both charges is known as
zwitter ions.

Eg. zwitter ion.(Alanin)

6. Mention the importance of proteins in living organism.
1. All biochemical reactions occur in living systems are catalysed by catalytic proteins called enzymes
2. Keratin, collagen act as structural back bones
3. Haemoglobin as transporting molecules
4. Antibodies help the body to fight various diseases
5. Insulin and glucagon control the glucose level in the blood
6. protein act as receptors
7. to store metals such as iron(Ferritin)

15. Chemistry in Everyday life.

1. Which chemical is responsible for the antiseptic properties of dettol.
1. Chloroxylenol 2. X – terpeneol
2. What is antibiotics (antimicrobials)? Give example.
Bacteria and virus exhibit some chemical which inhibits growth and metabolism of other micro
organism. Such chemical is known as antibiotics. Eg. Pencillins, ampicillin
3. Name one substance which can act as both analgesic and antipyretic
Paracetamol and Asprin.
4. Write short notes on Synthetic Detergents.
Synthetic Detergents are formulated products containing either sodium salts of alkyl hydrogen
suphates or sodium salts of long chain alkyl benzene sulphonic acids. It can be used even in hard
water.
5. How do antiseptic differ from disinfectant?
[Link]. Antiseptic Disinfectants
1 It stop or slow down the growth of It stop or slow down the growth of
microorganism applied to living tissue microorganism used on inanimate objects
2 Eg. H2O2, povidone-iodine Eg. Chlorine compounds, alcohol,H2O2
6. What are food preservatives? Give two examples.
Preservatives are capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation,
acidification or other decomposition of food by growth of microorganisms.
Eg. Benzoic acid, sorbic acid, vinegar,
7. Why do soaps not work in hard water?
𝐶𝑎2+ and 𝑀𝑔2+ ions in harde water reacts with soap producing insoluble calcium and
magnesium salt deposited as dirt on fibres of fabric..
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

8. What are drugs? How are they classified?

A drug is a substance that is used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological
states for the benefit of the recipient. Drugs are classified based on
1. Chemical structure
2. Pharmacological effect
3. Target system(drug action) 4. Site of action (molecular target)
9. How are tranquilizers work in body?
Acts on the central nervous system by blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain.
10. Write the sructural formula of aspirin.

Aspirin (Acetyl salicylic acid)

11. Explain the mechanism of cleansing action of soaps and detergents.
1. If sodium palmitate is considered as an example of a soap, the structure of palmitate ion exhibit dual
polarity.
2. The hydrocarbon portion is nonpolar and the carboxyl portion is polar.
3. The nonpolar portion is hydrophobic and is soluble in oils and greases. But the polar end is
hydrophilic.
4. When the soap is added to oily or greasy part of the cloth, the hydrocarbon part of the soap dissolve
in the grease, leaving the negatively charged carboxylate end exposed on the grease surface.
5. carboxylate groups are strongly attracted by water, thus leading to the formation of micelles.
6. The grease is floated away from the solid object. When the water is rinsed away the grease goes
with it.
12. Which sweetening agent are used to prepare sweets for a diabetic patiesnt?
Saccharine, Aspartame, sucrolose and alitame, etc,
13. What are narcotic and non-narcotic drugs. Give example.
Narcotic drugs: The drug which relieve pain and produce sleep is known as Opioids (Narcotic drugs). Eg.
Morphine, codeine
Non-narcotic drugs: Analgesics (Non – narcotic drugs) reduce the pain without causing impairment of
consciousness. Eg. Paracetamol, Aspirin
14. What is antifertility drugs? Give example.
These are synthetic hormones that suppresses ovulation/ fertilisation. Eg. Ethynylestradiol,
menstranol.
15. Write a note on co – polymer.
A polymer containing two or more different kinds of monomer units is called a co – polymer. E.g.,
Buna – S, Buna – N
16. What are biodegradable polymer? Give example.
The polymer that are readily decomposed by micro organism in the environment are called
biodegradable polymer. Eg. PHB, PHBV, PGA, PLA, PCL, etc.
20. Distinguish thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics
[Link]. Thermoplastic Thermosetting plastic
1 Melting on heating and hardened on cooling On heating hardened without melting
2 Soft, stronger, unbreakable Hard, stronger and breakable
3 Eg. Cellulose nitrate, PVC Eg. Phenol-formaldehyde, urea-
formaldehyde
17. How is terylene prepared?
Uses: It is used in blending with cotton or wool fibres and as glass reinforcing materials in safety
helmets.
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[Link], PG Asst. in chemistry, GHSS, Pothumbu, Madurai – 18. Mob: 9442286172

18. Write a note on vulcanization (cross linking) of rubber?

Natural rubber is mixed with 3-5% sulphur and heated at 100-150oC causes cross linking of the
cis-1,4-polyisoprene chains through disulphide (-S-S-) bonds. In sulphur rubber made with about 1 to
3% sulphur is soft and stretchy. When 3 to 10% sulphur is used the resultant rubber is somewhat harder
but flexible.
19. Classify the following as linear, branched or cross linked polymers. a) Bakelite
b) Nylon c) polythene
a) Bakelite – Condensation polymer – cross linked polymer
b) Nylon – Condensation polymer – Linear polymer
c) Polythene – Additional polymer – Linear polymer
Public Questions
1. State any three advantages of food additives.
1. Uses of preservatives reduce the product spoilage and extend the shelf-life of food.
2. Addition of vitamins and minerals reduces the mall nutrient.
3. Flavouring agents enhance the aroma of the food.
2. Give a brief account on antioxidant? Give example.
Antioxidants are substances which retard the oxidative deteriorations of food. Food containing
fats and oils is easily oxidised and turn rancid. Eg. BHT, BHA
3. How do you classify the following into various class of drugs? A) Milk of Magnesia
B) Aspirin C) Penicillin D) Procaine
A) Milk of Magnesia = Antacids B) Aspirin = Anti-inflammatory drugs
C) Penicillin = Antimicrobials D) Procaine = Anaesthetics.
4. How is Neoprene prepared? Give its use.

5. How is Nylon – 2 – nylon – 6 is prepared?

6. What are condensation polymers? Give two examples.

Condensation polymers are formed by the reaction between functional groups an adjucent
monomers with the elimination of simple molecules like H2O, NH3 etc.,
E.g., Nylon – 6,6, Terylene.

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