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12-STD
D CHEMISTRY
Y
1. METALLURGY
1. What is the difference between minerals and ores?
Minerals Ores
Naturally occuring substances obtained
Minerals that contain high percentage of
1. by mining which contain the metals in
metal
free state or in the form of compounds
Metal can not be extracted easily from
2. Metal can be extracted easily from ores
minerals
3. All the minerals are not ores All the ores are minerals
4. Mineral of Al is Bauxite and Clay Ore of Al is Bauxite
auxite
uxite

2. What are the various steps involved in extraction of pure metals
me from their ores?

x Concentration of the ore
x Extraction of crude metal
x Refining of crude metal


3. What is Flux? What is the role of quick ck lime
uick
uic me in
lim
me i the extraction of Iron from Fe2O3?

x A chemical substance that formsms an n easily

eas fusible slag with gangue
x Quick lime is used as a basic

icc flux
flu
lux
u
x Quick lime combines with
ith silica
lica
ca to
t form calcium silicate (slag).
x CaO + SiO2 CaSiO
Ca
CaS

3
4. Which type of ores can
an be con
co
concentrated by Gravity separation and froth flotation

methods ? Give twoo examp

examples for such ores.

x Gravity separation
ration - Oxide ores - Haematite (Fe2O3), Tin stone (SnO2)
x Froth flotation - Sulphide ores - Galena [PbS], Zinc blende [ZnS]
5. Describe a method for refining nickel.
Mond process
x Impure nickel + Carbon monoxide 350K Nickel tetra carbonyl
Ni + 4CO 350K [Ni(CO)4](g)
x Nickel tetra carbonyl 460K Pure nickel + Carbon monoxide
[Ni(CO)4](g) 460K Ni + 4CO

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P KATHIRVEL, [Link].,[Link]., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110
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6. Explain zone refining process with an example

x Prninciple - Fractional crystallisation
x The impure metal is taken in the form of a rod
x When the metal rod is heated with mobile induction heater, the metal melts.
x The heater is slowly moved from one end to the other end, the pure metal crystallises.
x The impurity dissolves in the molten zone.
x When the heater moves the molten zone also moves.
x This process is repeated again and again to get the pure metal.
x This process is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere to prevent the oxidation of metals.
x Eg. Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge) and Gallium (Ga)
7. Using the Ellingham diagram given below. Predict the conditions under which
i) Aluminium might be expected to reduce magnesia.
At above 1600K aluminium can reduce magnesia
ii) Magnesium could alumina.

At below 1600K Magnesium can reduce alumina.

8. Give the uses of zinc.

x Galvanizing iron to protect from rusting
x It produce die-castings in the automobile and
nd electrical
eelectr
lectrica
lectr
lec industries
x Zinc sulphide - to produce luminous paints, nts, fluorescent
fluores
fluor lights and x-ray screens

x Zinc oxide - to Prepare Paints, rubber,er,, Plastics,
astics and Ink
Plas
as

9. Explain the electro metallurgy of Aluminium

Alumin
uminium
umin iniu
niu
Electro metallurgy of Aluminium m : Hall
Halll - HHerould process

x Cathode - Iron tank coated withith

h Ca
Carb
Carbon
Carbo
x Anode - Carbon rod

x Electrolyte - 20% Alumina

mina + Cryolite
C + 10% Calcium Chloride
(lower the melting point of the mixture)

x Temperature - Above 12 1270K

x Anodes are slowly

wly
ly cconsumed during the electrolysis.
x Pure Aluminium is deposited at the cathode and settles at the bottom.
4Al3+(melt) + 6O2- (melt) + 3C 4Al (l) + 3CO2
[Link] the following terms with suitable examples. (i) Gangue (ii) slag
(i) Gangue : The nonmetallic impurities and rocky materials associated with ore - SiO2
(ii) Slag : The flux combines with gangue to form calcium slag - CaSiO3

[Link] the basic requirements for vapour phase refining. Give examples.
x The metal should form a volatile compound with the reagent.
x The volatile compound decomposes to give the pure metal
x Mond process - Nickel
Van-Arkel process - zirconium / titanium
P KATHIRVEL, [Link].,[Link]., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110
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12. Describe the role of the following in the process mentioned.

(i) Silica in the extraction of copper
Silica (flux) combines with ferrous oxide to give ferrous silicate (slag).

(ii) Cryolite inthe extraction of aluminium

Cryolite - lower the melting point of the mixture
(iii) Iodine in the refining of zirconium
To form of volatile compound so as to give pure metal on decomposition
(iv) Sodium cyanide in froth flotation.
Sodium cyanide act as depressing agents.
It is used to selectively prevent other metal sulphides from coming to the froth.
13. Explain the principle of electrolytic refining with an example.
x Anode - Impure metal
x Cathode - Pure metal

x Electrolyte - Acidified aqueous solution of metal salts

During electrolysis pure metal is deposited at the cathode
hode
Electrolytic refining of Silver

x Anode - Impure Silver
x Cathode - Pure Silver
x Electrolyte - Acidified aqueous solution

on of silver
silv nitrate.
During electrolysis pure Silver is deposited
sited at the cathode
epos
posited
pos
osited

Ag Ag+ + 1e- ((Anode)

Anode
Anode
node))

Ag+ + 1e- Agg (Catho

Cathode)
Cat
at
14. What is blistered copper?per??

The metallic copperr is solidifie

solidified and it has blistered appearance due to evolution of

SO2 gas formed in this process.

pro
proc This copper is called blistered copper.

15. Write short notee on electrochemical

ele principles of metallurgy.
x When a more reactiveti metal is added to the solution containing the relatively
less reactive metal ions, the more reactive metal will go into the solution.
x Gibbs free energy change for the electrolysis process is
∆G0 = - nF E0
n = number of electrons, F = Faraday,
E0 is the electrode potential of the redox couple.
x In Spontaneous reaction : Eo is positive and ∆Go is negative.
16. Give the limitations of ellingham diagram.
x It does not explain rate of reaction.
x It does not give any idea about the possibility of other reactions taking place.
x ΔG is assume at equilibrium condition, but it is not always true.

P KATHIRVEL, [Link].,[Link]., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

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17. What is Concentration? Give the methods of Concentration.

The process of removal nonmetallic impurities and rocky materials from the ore
is called as concentration.
Types of Concentration
1. Gravity separation 2. Froth flotation
3. Leaching 4. Magnetic separation
18. Explain the Gravity separation
x High specific gravity of ore is separated from low specific gravity the gangue.
x The powdered ore is washed with a flowing current of water.
x The lighter gangue particles are washed away by water.
x Ex - Oxides ores like Tin Stone, Haematite
19.. Explain the Froth Floatation process.

x Galena, Zinc blende oree is concentrated

concent
cen
e by this method

x The metallic ore particles

rticles
es prefe
preferentially wetted by oil can be separated from gangue.
x Frothing agent - Pine
ne oil

x Collector - Sodium
odium
ium Ethy
Ethyl Xanthate

x Depressing agentnt - S
Sodium cyanide
x The powdered ore is mixed with water and pine oil.
x When air is passed, it produces froth.
x The ore particles rise to the surface and collected separately.
x The Impurities settles at the bottom of the container
20.. What is Leaching?? Give the methods of Leaching.
x The ore is crushed and dissolved in the suitable solvent.
x The metal is converted into a soluble salt.
x Insoluble Gangue particles are removed.
x Methods of Leaching
[Link] leaching [Link] leaching
[Link] leaching 4. Ammonia leaching

P KATHIRVEL, [Link].,[Link]., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

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21.. Explain any three methods of Leaching.

1. Acid leaching
Sulphide ores like ZnS, PbS etc., can be done by treating them with hot aqueous H2SO4
The insoluble sulphide is converted into soluble sulphate and elemental sulphur.

2. Ammonia leaching
When a crushed ore containing nickel, copper is treated with aqueous ammonia.
Ammonia selectively leaches these metals by forming their soluble complexes.
From the ore leaving behind the gangue like alumina silicate.
[Link] leaching
Gold is leached with dilute sodium cyanide solution. It is converted into soluble
cyanide complex.

Gold can be recovered by reacting the deoxygenated leached
ched solution
solutio with zinc.
soluti

22.. Explain the Magnetic separation process.
x

It is based on the difference in the magneticc pproperties
propertie
rope
opeerti
t of the ore and the impurities.
x

It is used to concentrate ferromagnetic ore
ores
eess
x Tin stone can be separated from thee wolframite
wolffram impurities
lfram

x The powdered ore is added on an ctro magnet

n elect
electro m containing a moving belt

on a magnetic rollers.
x The magnetic ore falls near magnet.
ear the mag
ma
magn

x The non magnet patrs falll away ffrom the magnet.

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P KATHIRVEL, [Link].,[Link]., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110
6

23.. Define Roasting

The Ore is oxidised by heated in the presence of Oxygen in a furnace below
the melting point of the metal

24.. Define Calcination

The concentrated ore is strongly heated in the absence of air is called Calcination.

25.. Define Smelting

The ore is heating above the melting point in the presence of Flux and reducing agents
like Carbon in a smelting furnace. The water molecules are removed as moisture.

26.. Explain Reduction by carbon

nd heated
In this method the oxide ore of the metal is mixed with coal and he in a blas furnace

27.. Explain Auto reduction reaction

Roasting of some ores give the metal even in the absence
bsence of a reducing agent..

28.. How Titanium is refined by the Van-Arkell method?
met
meth
ethod
thod
x Impure Titanium + Iodine 550K Titan
Titanium
niu tetra-iodide
niu

Ti + 2I2 550K TiI4 (g)

x Titanium tetra-iodide 800K

1800
1800K
800K Pure Titanium

Tungsten
ungst
ngsten
ngst
t ffilament
Tungsten
TiI4 (g) 1800K ȀW Tii + 22II2

29.. What is Distillation?

n?

x The impure metall is heated

heat to evaporated

x The vapours aree cond

condensed to get pure metal.
x This method is employed for low boiling volatile metals like zinc.
30.. Explain Liquation
x This method is used to remove high melting point impurities from low melting point
metals
x The impure metal is heated in the absence of air in a sloping furnace
x Pure metal melts and flows down and collected separately
x The impurities remain on the slope.
x Eg. Tin, Lead

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P KATHIRVEL, [Link].,[Link]., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

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31.. What is mean by Ellingham diagram?

The graphical representation of variation of the [Link] free energy (∆G0) of reaction
for the formation of various metal oxides with temperature is called Ellingham diagram
32.. What are the Observations of Ellingham diagram?
x The formation metal oxides gives a positive slope. The value of ∆S is negative.
x The formation of Carbon monoxide gives a negative slope. The value of ∆S is positive.
So Carbon monoxide is more stable at high temperature
x For MgO, due to phase transition, there is a sudden change in the slope at a particular
temperature.
33.. What are the applications of Ellingham diagram
x The Ellingham diagram for the formation of Ag2O and HgO is at the upper part of the
diagram. So, these oxides are unstable and decompose on heating even in the absence
of a reducing agent.
x Ellingham diagram is used to predict the thermodynamicc feasibility of reduction of

metal oxides by another metal.
Ex. Aluminium can be reduce Chromic oxide.

x Carbon line cuts the line of many metal oxides. s. Hence
Heence it can reduce all metal oxides
at high temperature
34.. What is cementation?


When Gold-cyanide complex reacting g withh zinc,
zinc
zin
z Gold is reduced to its elemental

state (zero oxidation sate). The process

rocess called
occess iss cal
ca
c cementation.
35.. What is Anode mud?

During electrolysis the less electroposit

electropositive
ectroposi
ctrop
rop impurities settles at the bottom of the Anode.
These are called as Anodee mud.

36.. Explain the Aluminoo thermic

hermic process
p
x Chromic oxide is mixed wi w
with Aluminium powder and heated in a fire clay crucible.
x A mixture of barium
arium peroxide
ppe and Mg powder is placed over it
x When ignited large ge aamount of heat is produed, Aluminium reduces Chromic oxide.

37. Give the uses of Aluminium

x Make cooking vessles
x Aluminium foil- packing materials for food
x Make medical equipments
x It is used in design of aeroplanes
38. Give the uses of Iron (Fe)
x Make cutting tools
x Make magnets,
x Make Bridges
x Make automobiles parts

P KATHIRVEL, [Link].,[Link]., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

8

39. Give the uses of Copper (Cu)

x Make wires
x Make coins & and water pipes
x Gold -Copper alloys - Make ornaments
40. Give the uses of Gold (Au)
x Make coins
x Gold -Copper alloys - Make ornaments
x Electro plating of watches
x Gold nanoparticles - Increasing the efficiency of solar cells
41.. Explain the Extraction of Copper from its ore
1. Ore - Copper pyrites
2. Concentration - Froth Flotation process
3. Roasting

4. Smelting

5. Electrolytic refining

x Anode - Impure Copper

x Cathode - Pure Copperr

x Electrolyte - CuSOO4 Ϊ dil. H2SO4

lysis
is pure C
During electrolysis Copper is deposited at the cathode

P KATHIRVEL, [Link].,[Link]., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110