chemistry is basic for our life

+2 - CHEMISTRY

NAME :
CLASS :
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P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

UNIT TOPIC PAGE

1 METALLURGY 1

2 p -BLOCK ELEMENTS - I 9

3 p -BLOCK ELEMENTS - II 18
TRANSITION AND INNER TRANSITION
4 ELEMENTS
27

5 COORDINATION CHEMISTRY 35

6 SOLID STATE 47

7 CHEMICAL KINETICS 56

8 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 63

9 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 70

10 SURFACE CHEMISTRY 77

11 HYDROXY COMPOUNDS AND ETHERS 85

12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS AND

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
95

13 ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS 103

14 BIOMOLECULES 109

15 CHEMISTRY IN EVERDAY LIFE 117

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12-STD CHEMISTRY
1. METALLURGY
1. What is the difference between minerals and ores?
Minerals Ores
Naturally occuring substances obtained
Minerals that contain high percentage of
1. by mining which contain the metals in
metal
free state or in the form of compounds
Metal can not be extracted easily from
2. Metal can be extracted easily from ores
minerals
3. All the minerals are not ores All the ores are minerals
4. Mineral of Al is Bauxite and Clay Ore of Al is Bauxite

2. What are the various steps involved in extraction of pure metals from their ores?
 Concentration of the ore
 Extraction of crude metal
 Refining of crude metal
3. What is Flux? What is the role of quick lime in the extraction of Iron from Fe2O3?
 A chemical substance that forms an easily fusible slag with gangue
 Quick lime is used as a basic flux
 Quick lime combines with silica to form calcium silicate (slag).
 CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
4. Which type of ores can be concentrated by Gravity separation and froth flotation
methods ? Give two examples for such ores.
 Gravity separation - Oxide ores - Haematite (Fe2O3), Tin stone (SnO2)
 Froth flotation - Sulphide ores - Galena [PbS], Zinc blende [ZnS]
5. Describe a method for refining nickel.
Mond process
 Impure nickel + Carbon monoxide 350K Nickel tetra carbonyl
Ni + 4CO 350K [Ni(CO)4](g)
 Nickel tetra carbonyl 460K Pure nickel + Carbon monoxide
[Ni(CO)4](g) 460K Ni + 4CO

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P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110
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6. Explain zone refining process with an example

 Prninciple - Fractional crystallisation
 The impure metal is taken in the form of a rod
 When the metal rod is heated with mobile induction heater, the metal melts.
 The heater is slowly moved from one end to the other end, the pure metal crystallises.
 The impurity dissolves in the molten zone.
 When the heater moves the molten zone also moves.
 This process is repeated again and again to get the pure metal.
 This process is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere to prevent the oxidation of metals.
 Eg. Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge) and Gallium (Ga)
7. Give the limitations of ellingham diagram.
 It does not explain rate of reaction.
 It does not give any idea about the possibility of other reactions taking place.
 ΔG is assume at equilibrium condition, but it is not always true.
8. Give the uses of zinc.
 Galvanizing iron to protect from rusting
 It produce die-castings in the automobile and electrical industries
 Zinc sulphide - to produce luminous paints, fluorescent lights and x-ray screens
 Zinc oxide - to Prepare Paints, rubber, Plastics, and Ink
9. Explain the electro metallurgy of Aluminium
Electro metallurgy of Aluminium : Hall - Herould process
 Cathode - Iron tank coated with Carbon
 Anode - Carbon rod
 Electrolyte - 20% Alumina + Cryolite + 10% Calcium Chloride
(lower the melting point of the mixture)
 Temperature - Above 1270K
 Anodes are slowly consumed during the electrolysis.
 Pure Aluminium is deposited at the cathode and settles at the bottom.
4Al3+(melt) + 6O2- (melt) + 3C 4Al (l) + 3CO2
10.Explain the following terms with suitable examples. (i) Gangue (ii) slag
(i) Gangue : The nonmetallic impurities and rocky materials associated with ore - SiO2
(ii) Slag : The flux combines with gangue to form calcium slag - CaSiO3

11.Give the basic requirements for vapour phase refining. Give examples.
 The metal should form a volatile compound with the reagent.
 The volatile compound decomposes to give the pure metal
 Mond process - Nickel
Van-Arkel process - zirconium / titanium

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12. Describe the role of the following in the process mentioned.

(i) Silica in the extraction of copper
Silica (flux) combines with ferrous oxide to give ferrous silicate (slag).

(ii) Cryolite inthe extraction of aluminium

Cryolite - lower the melting point of the mixture
(iii) Iodine in the refining of zirconium
To form of volatile compound so as to give pure metal on decomposition
(iv) Sodium cyanide in froth flotation.
Sodium cyanide act as depressing agents.
It is used to selectively prevent other metal sulphides from coming to the froth.
13. Explain the principle of electrolytic refining with an example.
 Anode - Impure metal
 Cathode - Pure metal
 Electrolyte - Acidified aqueous solution of metal salts
During electrolysis pure metal is deposited at the cathode
Electrolytic refining of Silver
 Anode - Impure Silver
 Cathode - Pure Silver
 Electrolyte - Acidified aqueous solution of silver nitrate.
During electrolysis pure Silver is deposited at the cathode
Ag Ag+ + 1e- (Anode)
Ag+ + 1e- Ag (Cathode)
14.Using the Ellingham diagram given below. Predict the conditions under which
i) Aluminium might be expected to reduce magnesia.
At above 1600K aluminium can reduce magnesia
ii) Magnesium could alumina.
At below 1600K Magnesium can reduce alumina.
15.Write short note on electrochemical principles of metallurgy.
 When a more reactive metal is added to the solution containing the relatively
less reactive metal ions, the more reactive metal will go into the solution.
 Gibbs free energy change for the electrolysis process is
∆G0 = - nF E0
n = number of electrons, F = Faraday,
E0 is the electrode potential of the redox couple.
 In Spontaneous reaction : Eo is positive and ∆Go is negative.
16. Explain Auto reduction reaction
Roasting of some ores give the metal even in the absence of a reducing agent..

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17. What is Concentration? Give the methods of Concentration.

The process of removal nonmetallic impurities and rocky materials from the ore
is called as concentration.
Types of Concentration
1. Gravity separation 2. Froth flotation
3. Leaching 4. Magnetic separation
18. Explain the Gravity separation
 High specific gravity of ore is separated from low specific gravity the gangue.
 The powdered ore is washed with a flowing current of water.
 The lighter gangue particles are washed away by water.
 Ex - Oxides ores like Tin Stone, Haematite.
19. Explain the Froth Floatation process.

 Galena, Zinc blende ore is concentrated by this method

 The metallic ore particles preferentially wetted by oil can be separated from gangue.
 Frothing agent - Pine oil
 Collector - Sodium Ethyl Xanthate
 Depressing agent - Sodium cyanide
 The powdered ore is mixed with water and pine oil.
 When air is passed, it produces froth.
 The ore particles rise to the surface and collected separately.
 The Impurities settles at the bottom of the container
20. What is Leaching? Give the methods of Leaching.
 The ore is crushed and dissolved in the suitable solvent.
 The metal is converted into a soluble salt.
 Insoluble Gangue particles are removed.
 Methods of Leaching
1.Acid leaching 2.Alkali leaching
3.Cyanide leaching 4. Ammonia leaching

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21. Explain any three methods of Leaching.

1. Acid leaching
Sulphide ores like ZnS, PbS etc., can be done by treating them with hot aqueous H2SO4
The insoluble sulphide is converted into soluble sulphate and elemental sulphur.

2. Ammonia leaching
When a crushed ore containing nickel, copper is treated with aqueous ammonia.
Ammonia selectively leaches these metals by forming their soluble complexes.
From the ore leaving behind the gangue like alumina silicate.
3.Cyanide leaching
Gold is leached with dilute sodium cyanide solution. It is converted into soluble
cyanide complex.

Gold can be recovered by reacting the deoxygenated leached solution with zinc.

22. Explain the Magnetic separation process.

 It is based on the difference in the magnetic properties of the ore and the impurities.
 It is used to concentrate ferromagnetic ores
 Tin stone can be separated from the wolframite impurities
 The powdered ore is added on an electro magnet containing a moving belt
on a magnetic rollers.
 The magnetic ore falls near the magnet.
 The non magnet patrs fall away from the magnet.

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23. Define Roasting

The Ore is oxidised by heated in the presence of Oxygen in a furnace below
the melting point of the metal

24. Define Calcination

The concentrated ore is strongly heated in the absence of air is called Calcination.

25. Define Smelting

The ore is heating above the melting point in the presence of Flux and reducing agents
like Carbon in a smelting furnace. The water molecules are removed as moisture.

26. Explain Reduction by carbon

In this method the oxide ore of the metal is mixed with coal and heated in a blas furnace.

27. How Titanium is refined by the Van-Arkel method?

 Impure Titanium + Iodine 550K Titanium tetra-iodide
Ti + 2I2 550K TiI4 (g)
 Titanium tetra-iodide 1800K Pure Titanium
Tungsten filament
TiI4 (g) 1800K / W Ti + 2I2
28. What is Distillation?
 The impure metal is heated to evaporated
 The vapours are condensed to get pure metal.
 This method is employed for low boiling volatile metals like zinc.
29. Explain Liquation
 This method is used to remove high melting point impurities from low melting point
metals
 The impure metal is heated in the absence of air in a sloping furnace
 Pure metal melts and flows down and collected separately
 The impurities remain on the slope.
 Eg. Tin, Lead
30. What is blistered copper?
The metallic copper is solidified and it has blistered appearance due to evolution of
SO2 gas formed in this process. This copper is called blistered copper.

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31. What is mean by Ellingham diagram?

The graphical representation of variation of the std.Gibbs free energy (∆G0) of reaction
for the formation of various metal oxides with temperature is called Ellingham diagram
32. What are the Observations of Ellingham diagram?
 The formation metal oxides gives a positive slope. The value of ∆S is negative.
 The formation of Carbon monoxide gives a negative slope. The value of ∆S is positive.
So Carbon monoxide is more stable at high temperature
 For MgO, due to phase transition, there is a sudden change in the slope at a particular
temperature.
33. What are the applications of Ellingham diagram
 The Ellingham diagram for the formation of Ag2O and HgO is at the upper part of the
diagram. So, these oxides are unstable and decompose on heating even in the absence
of a reducing agent.
 Ellingham diagram is used to predict the thermodynamic feasibility of reduction of
metal oxides by another metal.
Ex. Aluminium can be reduce Chromic oxide.
 Carbon line cuts the line of many metal oxides. Hence it can reduce all metal oxides
at high temperature
34. What is cementation?
When Gold-cyanide complex reacting with zinc, Gold is reduced to its elemental
state (zero oxidation sate). The process is called cementation.
35. What is Anode mud?
During electrolysis the less electropositive impurities settles at the bottom of the Anode.
These are called as Anode mud.
36. Explain the Alumino thermic process
 Chromic oxide is mixed with Aluminium powder and heated in a fire clay crucible.
 A mixture of barium peroxide and Mg powder is placed over it
 When ignited large amount of heat is produed, Aluminium reduces Chromic oxide.

37. Give the uses of Aluminium

 Make cooking vessles
 Aluminium foil- packing materials for food
 Make medical equipments
 It is used in design of aeroplanes
38. Give the uses of Iron (Fe)
 Make cutting tools
 Make magnets,
 Make Bridges
 Make automobiles parts

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

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39. Give the uses of Copper (Cu)

 Make wires
 Make coins & and water pipes
 Gold -Copper alloys - Make ornaments
40. Give the uses of Gold (Au)
 Make coins
 Gold -Copper alloys - Make ornaments
 Electro plating of watches
 Gold nanoparticles - Increasing the efficiency of solar cells
41. Explain the Extraction of Copper from its ore
1. Ore - Copper pyrites
2. Concentration - Froth Flotation process
3. Roasting

4. Smelting

5. Electrolytic refining
 Anode - Impure Copper
 Cathode - Pure Copper
 Electrolyte - CuSO4 + dil. H2SO4
During electrolysis pure Copper is deposited at the cathode

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2. P - BLOCK ELEMENTS - I
1. Give examples for each of the following
 Icosogens – Boron (B), Aluminium (Al), Gallium, Indium, Thallium
 Tetragens – Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium, Tin, Lead
 Pnictogens – Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus(P), Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth
 Chalcogen – Oxugen (O), Sulphur (S), Selenium, Tellurium, Polonium
2. Write a short note on anamolous properties of the first element of p-block.
 Small size
 High ionisation enthalpy and high electronegativity
 Absence of d-orbitals.
3. Write a note on metallic nature of p-block elements.
 The tendency of an element to form a cation by loosing electrons is known as
metallic character.
 This character depends on the ionisation energy.
 Generally on descending a group the ionisation energy decreases and
hence the metallic character increases.
 In p-block, the elements present in lower left part are metals while the elements
in the upper right part are non metals.
4. Describe briefly allotropism in p-block elements with specific reference to carbon.
 Some elements exist in more than one crystalline form in the same physical state.
This is called allotropism.
 Allotropes of carbon - Diamond, Graphite, Graphene, Fullerenes, Carbon nanotubes
5. What is catenation ? Describe briefly the catenation property of carbon.
Catenation is an ability of an element to form chain of atoms.
Carbon forms a wide range of compounds with C, H, N, S
Conditions
 Valency of element is greater than or equal to two
 Element should have an ability to bond with itself
 Self bond must be strong
 Kinetic inertness of catenated compound towards other molecules
6. How will you identify borate radical ? (or) Give Ethyl borate test
Boric acid + Ethanol Con. Sulpuric acid Tri Ethyl borate (greeen flame)
B(OH)3 + 3C2H5OH con. H2SO4 B(OC2H5)3 + 3H2O
7. How will you convert boric acid to boron nitride?
Boric acid + Ammonia 800–1200K Boron nitride
B(OH)3 + NH3 800–1200K BN + 3H2O
8. Write a short note on hydroboration?
Diborane + Alkene Ether Trialkylborane

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9. Give the uses of Borax

 To identify coloured metal ions.
 To manufacture optical
 As flux in metallurgy
 Acts as preservative
10. Give the uses of silicones.
 Lubricants
 Water proof cloths
 Insulating material in electrical motor
 Low temperature vaccuum pumbs and High temperature oil baths
 Mixed with paints to make them resistance towards sun light
11. Describe the structure of Diborane

 Two BH2 units are linked by two bridged hydrogens.

 It has eight B-H bonds and 12 valance electrons
 The four terminal B-H bonds are 2c-2e bond
 The remaining four electrons have to be used for the two bridged B-H-B bonds (3C – 2e)
 In diborane, the boron is SP3 hybridised
 The bridging hydrogen atoms are in a plane
 B–H–B bond formed by overlapping the half filled hybridised orbital of one boron, the
empty hybridised orbital of the other boron and the half filled s orbital of hydrogen.
 It is also called as banana bond.

12. Hydride of 2nd period alkali metal (A) on reaction with compound of Boron (B)
to give a reducing agent (C). Identify A, B and C.
 Second period alkali metal A - Li
Hydride of A + Boron compound (B) Reducing agent (C)
2LiH + B2H6 2LiBH4
 A - Li,
 B - B2H6 ,
 C - LiBH4 .

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13. Write a note on Fischer Tropsch synthesis

Carbon monoxide + H2 Cu / 50atm Hydrocarbon
500 K - 700 K
nCO + 2nH2 Cu / 50atm CnH2n + nH2O
500 K - 700 K
14. CO is a reducing agent. Justify with an example.
Carbon monoxide reduce iron oxide to iron

15. Give the structure of CO and CO2

CO - Linear structure

CO2 - Linear structure

16. Write a note on Zeolites?

 Zeolites are three-dimensional crystalline solids containing aluminium, silicon, and
oxygen.
 Si and Al atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated with oxygen atoms.
 They are Hydrated sodium alumino silicate (NaO. Al2O3. x SiO2. y H2O)
 They have porous structure in which the monovalent sodium ions and water molecules
are loosely held.
 Water molecules move freely in and out of these pores
 They have crystalline structure looks like a honeycomb consisting of a network of
interconnected tunnels and cages
 The crystal act as a molecular sieve
17. From Aluminium to Thalium only a marginal difference in ionization enthalpy why?
 Poor shielding effect.
 Highly Effective nuclear charge
 Presence of inner d and f electrons
18. Boron form co-valent compounds why?
 Small size
 High ionization energy
 Similarty in electronegativity with carbon

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110