Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology

Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

● Integumentary System: organ system made of the ___________, hair, nails, glands, & sensory receptors.
● Composed of _____ parts:
1. Epidermis: ____________ layer of skin; made of epithelial tissue (“Epi” = above). Cutaneous Membrane
2. Dermis: layer of connective tissue __________ epidermis & makes up most of skin. (Skin)

3. Accessory Structures: includes ____________, nails, & sweat/sebaceous glands.

- Beneath cutaneous membrane (skin) lies the ___________________. Subcutaneous Layer

Epidermis

Cutaneous Membrane
(Skin)
Dermis

Subcutaneous Layer Hypodermis

Integumentary System Functions

● Integumentary system has ________________ functions including the following broad functions:
1. Provides 2. Maintains 3. Allows for 4. Expressive
__________________ ____________________ _________________ Communication & Emotions

Mechanical Stresses. Regulate body temperature. Contains nervous tissue. Skeletal muscles allow for
facial expressions.
Barrier to chemicals, Vitamin D synthesis.
UV light & microbes.
Excretions via sweating.

PRACTICE: What does the cutaneous membrane (skin) consist of?

a) Epidermis and accessory structures. c) Epidermis and dermis.
b) Dermis and accessory structures. d) Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Map of the Lesson on Integumentary System
● Here is a _______ you can continuously use to help guide you through our lessons on the integumentary system.

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: THERMOREGULATION

● Recall: the integumentary system plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis.
● Thermoregulation: process of maintaining a stable internal body ________________________.
▪ The integumentary system has ____ methods of thermoregulation:
1) Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation & 2) Sweating.

1) Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation

● Altering ____________________ of blood vessels in dermis (near surface of skin) thermoregulates the body.
● Vasoconstriction: blood vessels constrict (__________________ in diameter); occurs when body is cold.
◼ Decreases blood flow to skin; allows body to ______________ heat by preventing heat loss to environment.
● Vasodilation: blood vessels dilate (increase in diameter); occurs when body is hot.
◼ _____________________ blood flow to skin; allows body to cool by facilitating heat loss to environment.

Vasoconstriction Vasodilation
Retains Heat to Warm Body Facilitates Heat Loss to Cool Body

Body’s
Heat Loss

When it’s cold, blood vessels ____________. When it’s hot, blood vessels ___________.

EXAMPLE: After exercising on a hot day, Paula has a red, flushed appearance on her face. What caused this?
a) The heat released from sweat evaporating. c) Vasoconstriction of blood vessels.
b) Increased oxygen levels in the blood. d) Vasodilation of blood vessels.

PRACTICE: Given what you know about homeostasis, which type of feedback loop do you think vasoconstriction and
vasodilation are classified as?
a) Negative feedback loop. b) Positive feedback loop.

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: THERMOREGULATION

2) Sweating
● Sweat or Perspiration: water-based solution secreted onto skin by glands when the body gets too __________.
◼ The body is cooled down when sweat ____________________ off the surface of the skin.

PRACTICE: What happens in the integumentary system of a person who is overheating?

a) Blood vessels dilate and sweat glands are inactive.
b) Blood vessels dilate and sweat glands are active.
c) Blood vessels constrict and sweat glands are inactive.
d) Blood vessels constrict and sweat glands are active.

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: THE EPIDERMIS: CELLS

● Recall: Epidermis (outer layer of skin) is composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue.
● There are _____ main types of cells in the epidermis:

1. Keratinocytes. 2. Melanocytes. 3. Dendritic Cells. 4. Tactile Epithelial Cells.

1) Keratinocytes
● Keratinocytes: most _________________ cell type in epidermis; responsible for ______________ production.
◼ Connected by tight junctions (leak-proof barrier) & desmosomes (for mechanical resilience).
● Keratin: tough, fibrous, water-resistant protein that gives the epidermis __________________ properties.
◼ Provides mechanical & tensile _______________ to epidermis (keratin is also main component of hair & nails).

1. __________________

Keratin

Superficial cells are ___________

& have __________ keratin.

EXAMPLE: Use the words in the word-bank to fill in the blanks and complete the sentences:

Word-Bank: Desmosomes Proteins Tight Junctions Water Barrier

Keratin is one of the most abundant & important ___________________ in the human body. One of its primary
roles is forming the skin ______________. The _______________________ between keratinocytes in the
epidermis protect the body from ______________ loss, pathogens, and other harmful substances.
___________________ also connect keratinocytes to each other, providing mechanical strength to the skin.

PRACTICE: Would you expect to find more keratin in keratinocytes closer to the external surface of the skin (more
superficial) or further from the external surface of the skin (deeper)?
a) Deeper, because it’s more important that the skin is water-resistant in deeper areas.
b) More superficial because skin on the external surface needs to be tougher and more resistant.
c) Neither, all keratinocytes have approximately the same amount of keratin.

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: THE EPIDERMIS: CELLS

2-4) Other Epidermal Cells
● In addition to keratinocytes, there are ______ other types of cells in the epidermis:
2. Melanocytes: produce _________________, a pigment that protects skin from UV damage.
3. Dendritic Cells (Langerhans cells): help initiate _________________ responses.
4. Tactile Epithelial Cells (Merkel cells): specialized epithelial cells work with nerves to detect __________.

3. _____________ Cell

2. __________________
4. ______________
Epithelial Cell

EXAMPLE: Which cell types in the epidermis are responsible for preventing a pathogen from entering the body and
causing infection?
a) Keratinocytes and dendritic cells.
b) Melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells.
c) Dendritic cells and tactile epithelial cells.
d) Keratinocytes and tactile epithelial cells.

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: THE EPIDERMIS: CELLS

PRACTICE: Which type of cells play the most important role in preventing skin cancer?
a) Keratinocytes
b) Melanocytes
c) Dendritic cells
d) Tactile epithelial cells

PRACTICE: Which epidermal cell can roam in and out of the epidermis?
a) Keratinocytes.
b) Melanocytes.
c) Dendritic cells.
d) Tactile epithelial cells.

PRACTICE: Imagine you’re a doctor, and a patient comes to you with a rare medical condition. It seems that their
epidermal cells are not producing keratin. Which of the following symptoms are they most likely to experience?
a) They will have reduced sensitivity to touch.
b) They’re much more prone to sunburn.
c) Their skin will tear easily upon exposure to mechanical stress.
d) Their skin will harden significantly.

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: THE EPIDERMIS: LAYERS

● The epidermis is composed of _________________ distinct layers of cells.

Beautiful Skin Glows Like Crystals.

*Only in thick skin.

Thin vs. Thick Skin

● Although skin all over the body is similar in structure, local variations led to _____ majorly recognized skin types:

Thin Skin
Does NOT contain stratum lucidum. Contains stratum lucidum.

Makes up most of skin. Located on __________ of hands & soles of feet.

Contains ____________ follicles & oil glands. Does NOT contain hair follicles or oil glands.

Fewer sweat glands. ___________ sweat glands.

EXAMPLE: Imagine you’re a pathogen trying to enter a human body via the skin on a person’s sole of the feet.
Which layers of the epidermis do you have to get through and in what order?

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: THE EPIDERMIS: LAYERS

Keratinocyte Development in Epidermal Layers
● Keratinocytes in the layers of the epidermis are in various stages of development.
◼ Cells originate in Stratum ______________ & over time are “pushed” _______ into superficial layers.

Superficial (Older Cells)

Kerry is a “Cloud-top”
Stratum Corneum “Casper” “Casting” off ___orneum.

Lifeless Kerry is “Locked”

Stratum Lucidum in THICK coffin in ___ucidum.

Stratum Granulosum Kerry is a “Granny” in ___ranulosum.

Stratum Spinosum Kerry “Sprouts” in ___pinosum.

Stratum Basale Kerry the Keratinocyte “Born” in ___asale.

Deep (Newer Cells)

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: THE EPIDERMIS: LAYERS

EXAMPLE: Label the epidermal strata in the image below:

Stratum ________________

Stratum ________________

Stratum ________________

Stratum ________________

Stratum ________________

PRACTICE: Which of the epidermal layers is likely to have the greatest regenerative capacity (ability to divide)?
a) Stratum basale.
b) Stratum spinosum.
c) Stratum granulosum.
d) Stratum lucidum.
e) Stratum corneum.

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: THE EPIDERMIS: LAYERS

Key Features of the Epidermal Layers

1) Stratum Basale (Basal layer): bottom layer made of ____ single row of cells.
◼ __________ cells proliferate (divide) & differentiate (change) to maintain epidermis.
◼ Contains keratinocytes, melanocytes & tactile epithelial cells.

2) Stratum Spinosum (Spiny layer): 2nd deepest layer; many rows of dividing keratinocytes.
▪ Thickest epidermal layer in thin skin.
▪ Keratinocytes ____________ at top of this layer.
▪ _________________ cells provide immunity.

3) Stratum Granulosum (Granular layer): keratinocytes stop dividing & begin to harden/die.
▪ Keratinization: keratinocytes fill with lots of ____________ & harden.
▪ _______________ promote hardening & waterproofing.
▪ Nuclei & organelles start to disintegrate in this layer.

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: THE EPIDERMIS: LAYERS

4) Stratum Lucidum (Clear layer): protective layer only present in __________ skin.
◼ Flattened, dead, densely packed, transparent cells that _______ organelles.

5) Stratum Corneum: dead cells, full of keratin, with H2O-resistant glycolipid membranes.
▪ Cells regularly _________ or are cast/washed off & replaced by underlying cells.

EXAMPLE: Imagine you’re a pathogen trying to enter a human body via the skin on a person’s arm. Which layers of
the epidermis do you have to get through and in what order? What might be some challenges you encounter along
the way? How would this journey differ if you were entering via the palm of their hand?

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: THE EPIDERMIS: LAYERS

PRACTICE: Which of the following layers of the epidermis is responsible for generating new epidermal cells?
a) Stratum basale.
b) Stratum spinosum.
c) Stratum granulosum.
d) Stratum corneum.

PRACTICE: Which of the following is true about thick skin?

a) Hair grows on thick skin.
b) There is no stratum corneum in thick skin.
c) Stratum lucidum is only found in thick skin.
d) Thick skin is only composed of stratum lucidum.

PRACTICE: Which epidermal layers contain dead, flattened keratinocytes?

a) Stratum basale and stratum corneum.
b) Stratum lucidum and stratum corneum.
c) Stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum.
d) Stratum granulosum and stratum lucidum.

PRACTICE: Why do the cells in the more superficial layers of the epidermis die?
a) They experience a great deal of mechanical stress.
b) They’re exposed to oxygen in the air, causing them to age faster.
c) They’re exposed to harsh chemicals contained in soaps, lotions, and other products.
d) They are far away from any blood supply, causing a lack of nutrients.

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: THE DERMIS

● Recall: The cutaneous membrane (skin) is made up of two layers: the epidermis & the ________________.
● Dermis: 2nd layer of skin, lies deep to epidermis; consists of ______ layers:
1) Papillary layer. 2) Reticular layer.

Papillary Layer

Reticular Layer

1st Dermal Layer

● Papillary Layer: superficial layer of dermis made of ______________ connective tissue.
◼ Has ___________________, lymphatic vessels, ____________/Meissner corpuscles (touch receptors).
● Dermal Papillae: folded projections that indent epidermis.
◼ _______________ Ridges: ridges on surface of thick skin that enhance grip & produce fingerprints.

Epidermis

_________ Papilla

_________ Layer Meissner Corpuscle

Dermis

Reticular Layer

Hypodermis

EXAMPLE: If someone did not have a papillary layer in their dermis, which of the following would occur?
a) They would become more susceptible to skin cancer.
b) They would no longer be able to thermoregulate via the skin.
c) Their epidermis would be more firmly anchored to the dermis.
d) They would lose some sensation of touch.

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: THE DERMIS

2nd Dermal Layer
● Reticular Layer: deep to papillary layer; made of dense __________________ connective tissue.
◼ Has sweat & oil glands, hair roots, ______________/Pacinian corpuscles (pressure receptors).
◼ Net-like arrangement of _______________ & elastic protein fibers but many may orient in one direction.
◼ ______________ Lines: parallel orientations of many collagen fibers create surgically relevant “invisible” lines.
- When skin is cut parallel to cleavage/tension lines, it ____________ faster.

Collagen & _____________ Cleavage Lines Leather

protein fibers

Papillary Layer
Dermis

_________ Layer

EXAMPLE: Which of the following may occur in someone who does not have dermal papillae?
a) They would no longer have a fingerprint.
b) Their skin would take longer to heal after getting cut.
c) Their skin wouldn’t be able to thermoregulate.
d) They would be more likely to get skin cancer.

PRACTICE: Which part of the integument is responsible for providing strength and flexibility?
a) Papillary layer.
b) Dermal papillae.
c) Epidermis.
d) Reticular layer.

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Marieb, Hoehn - Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 5 The Integumentary System

TOPIC: THE HYPODERMIS

● Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer): deep to dermis; ______ technically part of skin (“Hypo” & “Sub” = Below).
◼ Composed mostly of ________________ tissue; also contains areolar connective tissue.
◼ Anchors the cutaneous membrane (skin) to the underlying tissues.
◼ Acts as a shock absorber & an insulator that reduces ___________ loss.

___________
_________ connective tissue
tissue

Functions of the Hypodermis

1. Anchors skin.

2. __________ absorber.
Epidermis

Dermis 3. Reduces heat loss.

Hypodermis

EXAMPLE: Why does the body store excess fat in the hypodermis?
a) It helps the body self-insulate.
b) It acts as shock-absorber to protect internal organs.
c) It acts as an energy reserve.
d) All of the above.

PRACTICE: Elderly people have less subcutaneous fat than younger people. Which of these is something they
experience due to having a thinner hypodermis?
a) They aren’t as physically strong.
b) They are more sensitive to the cold.
c) Their skin is tougher.
d) Their stratum corneum sheds faster.

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