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    Physics Projekt

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    rupendrajain20
    EM waves are oscillating electric and magnetic fields that can propagate through empty space and do not require a medium. They are created by vibrating electric and magnetic fields and include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. EM waves have different wavelengths and frequencies that determine their properties and uses, from long radio waves used for communication to short gamma rays used for medical imaging and radiation therapy. All EM waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.

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    Physics Projekt

    Uploaded by

    rupendrajain20
    115 views12 pages
    EM waves are oscillating electric and magnetic fields that can propagate through empty space and do not require a medium. They are created by vibrating electric and magnetic fields and include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. EM waves have different wavelengths and frequencies that determine their properties and uses, from long radio waves used for communication to short gamma rays used for medical imaging and radiation therapy. All EM waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.

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    EM waves are oscillating electric and magnetic fields that can propagate through empty space and do not require a medium. They are created by vibrating electric and magnetic fields and include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. EM waves have different wavelengths and frequencies that determine their properties and uses, from long radio waves used for communication to short gamma rays used for medical imaging and radiation therapy. All EM waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    115 views12 pages

    Physics Projekt

    Uploaded by

    rupendrajain20
    EM waves are oscillating electric and magnetic fields that can propagate through empty space and do not require a medium. They are created by vibrating electric and magnetic fields and include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. EM waves have different wavelengths and frequencies that determine their properties and uses, from long radio waves used for communication to short gamma rays used for medical imaging and radiation therapy. All EM waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.

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    of 12

    Electromagnetic Waves

    EM waves are waves that are created as a result of


    vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field.
    In other words, EM waves are composed of oscillating
    magnetic and electric fields.
    Electromagnetic waves differ from mechanical waves in
    that they do not require a medium to propagate. This
    means that electromagnetic waves can travel not only
    through air and solid materials, but also through the
    vacuum of space.

    Electromagnetic Wave

    Magnetic
    Field
    Uses of EM Waves
    Introduction
     Wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum
    continually changes
     High frequency = short wavelength
     High frequency = high energy
     High energy = more dangerous
    Radio Waves (communications)
     TV and FM radio (short wavelength)
     Direct line of sight with transmitter (do not diffract)
     Medium wavelength — travel further because
    they reflect from layers in the atmosphere
    Satellite siqnals (Microwaves)
     Frequency of microwaves pass easily through
    atmosphere and clouds
    Cookinq (Microwaves)
     Microwaves are absorbed by water molecules.
     These water molecules become heated > heat
    food
     Dangers: microwaves are absorbed by living
    tissue
    Internal heating will damage or kill cells
    Infrared Radiation (remote controls, toasters)
     Any object that radiates heat radiates Infrared
    Radiation
     lnfrared Radiation is absorbed by all materials and
    causes heating
     lt is used for night vision and security cameras as
    Infrared Radiation is visible in daytime or night-time
     Police use it to catch criminals, army use it to
    detect enemy
     Dangers: damage to cells (burns)
    Ultraviolet
    Dangers:
     over-exposure to UVA and B damages surface
    cells and eyes and can cause cancer.
     There is a problem with current sunscreens
    which protect against skin burning from high
    UVB but give inadequate protection against
    free radical damage caused by UVA.
     Dark skins are not necessarily safer from harm.
     Sun exposure for the skin is best restricted to
    before 1 am and after 3pm in the UK in
    summer months.

    Benefits:
    • sanitary and therapeutic properties have a
    marked effect on architecture, engineering and
    public health and have done so throughout history.
    • UVC is germicidal, destroying bacteria, viruses
    and moulds in the air, in water and on surfaces.
    • UV synthesises vitamin D in skin, controls the
    endocrine system and is a painkiller.
    • Used in state of the art air-handling units,
    personal air purifiers and swimming pool
    technology.
    • Used to detect forged bank notes: they fluoresce
    in UV light; real bank notes don't.
    • Used to identify items outside visible spectrum areas, known as 'black
    lighting'.

    X-rays
     X-rays detect bone breaks
     X-rays pass through flesh but not dense material like bones
     Dangers: X-rays damage cells and cause cancers. Radiographer

    precautions include wearing lead aprons and standing behind a lead


    screen to minimise exposure.

    Gamma Rays
     Gamma Rays cause and treat cancers
     ln high doses, gamma can kill normal cells and cause cancers
     Gamma can be used to kill mutated cells though too.
    Types of EM Waves...
    Though the sciences generally classify EM waves into seven
    basic types, all are manifestations of the same phenomenon.
    • Radio Waves: Instant Communication.
    • Microwaves: Data and Heat.
    • Infrared Waves: Invisible Heat.
    • Visible Light Rays: Light.
    • Ultraviolet Waves: Energetic Light.
    • X-rays: Penetrating Radiation.
    • Gamma Rays: Nuclear Energy.
    Electromagnetic Spectrum
    • Once light was determined to have a wave nature, experimenters
    looked to find and confirm the wavelength of visible light. The
    wavelengths at which the human retina is sensitive to are
    extremely small and not easily detectable. The unit used for these
    wavelengths is the nanometer (nm), where 1 nm = 10^-9 meters.

    Experiments determined that visible light has wavelengths


    covering the range from about 400 nm for violet light to 700 nm
    for red light. (Some Scientist prefer to measure wavelengths in
    Angstroms, where one Angstrom is 10^-10 meters.
    • Maxwell realized his equations did not place any limits on the
    wavelength, and hence frequency, of electromagnetic radiation:
    Electromagnetic waves could exist with wavelengths both longer and
    shorter than the range of visible light.
    • Consequently, researchers started to look for invisible light. The range of
    all wavelengths, including both visible and invisible light, is now called
    the electromagnetic spectrum.
    • The most important characteristic of all these waves is their speed - it is
    the same as the speed of light! Mathematically, using c for the speed of
    electromagnetic waves in the equation for the speed of a wave, v=λf, we
    can write:
    c= λf
    (speed of light = wavelength x frequency)
    CHARECTERISTICS OF EM WAVE
    • Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature
    as they propagate by varying the electric and
    magnetic fields such that the two fields are
    perpendicular to each other.
    • Accelerated charges are responsible to produce
    electromagnetic waves.
    • Electromagnetic waves have constant velocity in
    vacuum and it is nearly equal to 3x10^8 ms-1 which is
    denoted by C = 1/√uoEo .
    • Electromagnetic wave propagation does not
    require any material medium to travel.
    • The inherent characteristic of an electromagnetic
    wave is its frequency. Their frequencies remain
    unchanged but its wavelength changes when the
    wave travels from one medium to another.
    • The refractive index of a material is given by: n
    =√rEr
    • Electromagnetic wave
    follows the principle of
    superposition.
    • The light vector (also
    known as the electric vector)
    is the reason for the optical
    effects due to an
    electromagnetic wave.
    • In an electromagnetic
    wave, the oscillating electric
    and magnetic fields are in
    the same phase and their
    magnitudes have a constant
    ratio. The ratio of the
    amplitudes of electric and
    magnetic fields is equal to
    the velocity of the
    electromagnetic wave. C =
    EoBo .
    The energy is carried by the
    electric and magnetic fields
    of electromagnetic waves are
    equal, i.e. the electric energy
    (UE) and the magnetic energy
    (UM) are equal;UE=UM.

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