Anatomy Lab.3.

Anatomy Lab.(3) MLT . dept.

Integumentary system
The integument system consists of the skin (cutaneous membrane) and its accessory organs.
The skin is composed of three layers of tissue:
1-Epidermis (outer layer)
2-Dermis (middle layer)
3- Hypodermis (subcutis)
Accessory organs include:
1-hair (hair root and hair shaft), hair follicle
2-Pili arrector muscle
3-Sebaceous gland
4-Sudoriferous gland
5-Nails
6-Mammary gland
The layers of human skin

Epidermis
 Being made of stratified squamous epithelium, there is no blood vessels to supply
nutrients to its cells.

 Nutrients from the arterioles in the dermis layer diffuse upward into the epidermis layer,
especially to the stratum basale and spinosum layers.
 Cuboidal cells at the stratum basale (stratum germinativum) layer receive most of
the nourishment. These cells reproduce rapidly using mitosis. New daughter cells will
be pushed upward into higher layers, and they become flattened as they move upward.
 Squamous cells moving upward in the epidermis receive less and less nutrients as
diffusion distance increases. By the time they form stratum corneum, the cells are
dead and will be shed off from the skin.
 Epidermal cells in stratum granulosum and stratum corneum undergo “keratinization" to
produce a protein called keratin, allowing these cells to be tough and waterproof. These
cells are now called " karatinocytes " where they develop desmosomes between the cells
and allow the epidermis to become a stronger physical barrier .
 Four layer of cells are found in the epidermis of the body surface: stratum basale ,
stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum , and stratum corneum. In the palms and
soles, an extra layer beneath
stratum coruneum is formed, called
stratum Lucidum.
 Specialized cells called

melanocytes in the stratum basale
layer produce the skin pigment,
melanin. The number of
melanocytes and the amount of
melanin production are genetically
inherited.
Dermis
 Made of fibrous connective tissue that contains arterioles for supplying nutrients (i.e.
oxygen, glucose, water, and ions) to its structures and to the epidermis
 Also contains pili arrector muscles (made of skeletal muscle, under involuntary control)
to wrinkle the skin and erect the hairs.
 Contains nerves and nerve receptors to detect the sensations of heat, cold, pressure,
touch, and pain .also contains hair follicles to develop the hair.
 Contains sebaceous gland to secrete sebum onto skin surface, and sudoriferous glands
to secrete sweat.
Hypodermis
 Made of adipose tissue and loose connective tissue.
 Collagen and elastic fibers in the loose connective tissue are continuous with the fibers
in the dermis layer.
 Adipose tissue serves as a heat insulator against cold climate and as a fat storage.
 Loose connective tissue allows the skin to be bound with underlying muscles.
 Also contains large blood vessels (arteries and veins).

Accessory structures of the skin

Hair
–produced by epithelial cells at the hair papilla.
–made of keratinized cells.
–consists two regions: hair root (in the hair follicle,

embedded in the dermis layer), and hair shaft (protruded
through the epidermis to the outside).
–Hair pigment (melanin) is produced by melonocyets in

hair papilla.
–Hair growth is affected by nutrition and hormones (i.e. testosterone).
Pili arrector muscle

 Made of skeletal muscle, but under involuntary control.
 Attached to each hair follicle, for erecting the hair.

 Situations such as extreme emotions or extreme temperatures can activate its
involuntary contraction, resulting in hair erection or skin wrinkling.
Sebaceous gland
 Oil gland that is made of modified cuboidal epithelium.
 Occurs all over the body except in the palm and sole.
 Attached to each hair follicle, so that sebum can be secreted into the hair root and
diffuse upward.
 Sebum helps the skin and hair to be waterproof, and retards bacterial growth on skin
surface (due to its acidity).
Sudoriferous gland
 Sweat gland that secretes sweat to promote evaporation.
 Found all over the body except the lips, nipples, and external genitalia.
 Referred to as "tubular gland" where it is a long tubule coiled in the dermis layer, and
uses a long duct to release sweat onto skin surface through a pore.
Nails
 Scale like modification of epithelial cells in the epidermis.
 Made of keratin.
 Protect ends of fingers and toes and prevent over

sensitization of the never receptors in extremities.
 Growing cells are derived form a region at base of nail

called "lunula
Mammary gland
Mammary gland \ is a pair organ, which relates to the type of the apocrine glands of the skin. It mostly occurs
at the base on the large breast muscle (m. pectoralis major), partially on the front of ridge‐shaped muscle (m.
serratus anterior) and crossing the free edge of breast muscle, located at the level of the III to (VI) VII ribs,
and from all sides (except the nipple and aerola) is surrounded by fatty tissue. Between both mammary glands
there is a deepening called cavity (sinus mammarum).

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Anatomy Lab.(3) MLT . dept.

 Specialized cells called

 Made of adipose tissue and loose connective tissue.

 Also contains large blood vessels (arteries and veins).

Accessory structures of the skin

–made of keratinized cells.

–consists two regions: hair root (in the hair follicle,

–Hair pigment (melanin) is produced by melonocyets in

–Hair growth is affected by nutrition and hormones (i.e. testosterone).

Pili arrector muscle

 Attached to each hair follicle, for erecting the hair.

 Protect ends of fingers and toes and prevent over

 Growing cells are derived form a region at base of nail

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