HAZARDOUS AREA

CLASSIFICATIONS
14 May 2003

Feriansyah A
Premier Oil Natuna Sea Ltd.
HSE Manager
HAZARDOUS// CLASSIFIED AREAS
DEFINITIONS
DEFINISI DAERAH BERBAHAYA

A area shall
An h ll be
b deemed
d d to
t beb a
hazardous area, where:
where:
Hazardous area is an area in which
an explosive gas atmosphere is
present, or likely to be present.
present.
WHY DO WE NEED TO CLASSIFY AREAS?
AREAS?

H
Hazardous
d A
Area Cl ifi ti
Classification i a method
is th d off analyzing
l i and
d
classifying the environment where explosive gas atmospheres may
occur to allow the proper selection of electrical apparatus to be
installed in that environment.
environment.
Background

• 1923 - Hazardous locations first appear in the NEC

• 1935 - Classes added to the concept

• 1947 - Divisions added

• RP 500 and NFPA 497 primary sources of guidance for Area

Classification

• NEC provided guidance for equipment selection and installation

methods

• API RP 505
Methods of Classifying Hazardous Area

• API 500 – American Petroleum Institute - using Divisions Method

only for Petroleum Industries

• NEC, European Standards, API 505 - using Zoning Method for

general industries including Petroleum: Class I is for Flammable/
Explosive/ gas Mixtures, Class II is for Combustible Dusts, Class III
is for fibers

• Oil & Gas Industries usually API-

API RP500 to identify Hazardous
Area Classification on all of its installations
AREA CLASSIFICATIONS
API RP 500 - Classification of API 505 – NEC (National Electrical
location for electrical Installation at Codes), article 505 - with a scope limited
Petroleum Facilities to the Petroleum Facilities, NFPA 497
Class I Flammable, gases, vapors or
Class I : A location which flammable li id
liquids
gasses or vapors are, or may be
present in the air quantities Class II Combustible dusts
sufficient to produce explosive or Class III Ignitable fibers and flyings
iignitable
it bl mixtures
mixtures.
i t .
Class II liquids:
liquids: liquids having Flash
Point (FP) above 37 37..8º C or 100
100ºº F
and
d below
b l 60ºº C or 140
60 140ºº F
Class IIIA liquids:
liquids: liquids having
Flash Point (FP) at or above 60º 60º C
or 140
140ºº F and below 93
93ºº C or 200
200ºº F
Class IIIB liquids:
liquids: liquids having
Flash Point (FP) at or above 93º
93º C
or 200
200ºº F
CLASS I, DIVISION 1 - API 500

• Flammable gas or vapor concentration is likely to exist in the air under

normal operating conditions
• Flammable atmospheric concentration is likely to occur frequently
because of routine maintenance, or operations
• The area below the surrounding elevation or grade is such that
flammable liquids or vapors may accumulate therein
CLASS I, DIVISION 1 - API 500

Typical
yp c areas
e s

„ Inadequately ventilated pump rooms for flammable gas or for

volatile, flammable liquids
„ Venting
„ Oily waste water sewer / basins
CLASS I, DIVISION 2 - API 500

• Flammable gas or vapor concentration is likely to exist in the air

only under abnormal operating conditions
• Vapours or gases will normally be confined within closed
containers or closed systems from which they can escape only
during abnormal conditions such as accidental release/ leak
• Locations adjacent to Division 1 areas
• ignitable concentrations of gases or vapors are normally
prevented by positive mechanical ventilation
CLASS I, DIVISION 2 - API 500

Typical areas

„ Areas where the piping system is without valves, fittings, flanges

„ Areas where p permanent ignition
g sources area p
present, for example
p
flare pits, tips,
CLASS I, ZONE 0

A Class II, Zone 0 location is location where ignitable

concentrations of flammable gases, vapors or liquids;
are present continuously; or are present for long periods or time.
CLASS II, ZONE 1

A Class I, Zone 1 location is location where ignitable concentrations

of flammable gases, vapors or liquids:
• are likely to exist under normal operating conditions;
• may exist frequently because of repair or maintenance operations
• adjacent to a Zone 0 location
CLASS I, ZONE 2

A Class I, Zone 2 location is location where :

• Flammable gas or vapor concentration is likely to exist in the air
only under abnormal operating conditions
• volatile flammable liquids or flammable gases or vapor exist, but
are normally confined within closed containers and adequately
ventilated;
• ignitable concentrations of gases, vapors or liquids are normally
prevented by positive mechanical ventilation.
• adjacent to a Zone 1 location
CLASS I DIVISION/ ZONE AREA
CALSSIFICATION COMPARISON
API RP 500 API RP 505/ NEC/ European Std.
Division 1: Zone 0:
Where ignitable concentrations of Where ignitable concentrations of
flammable gases, vapors or liquids can flammable gases, vapors or liquids can
exist all of the time or some of the time exist all of the time or for long periods of
under normal operating conditions time under normal operating conditions
Zone 1:
Where ignitable concentrations of
flammable gases vapors or liquids can exist
some of the time under normal operating
conditions
Division 2: Zone 2:
Where ignitable concentrations of Where ignitable concentrations of
flammable gases, vapors or liquids are not flammable gases, vapors or liquids are not
likely to exist under normal operating likely to exist under normal operating
conditions conditions
HAZARDOUS AREA CLASSIFICATIONS SYMBOLS

API 500 API 505 SYMBOLS

CLASS I,, ZONE 0

CLASS I, DIVISION 1 CLASS I, ZONE 1

CLASS I, DIVISION 2 CLASS I, ZONE 2

CONDITION AFFECTING EXTENT OF
HAZARDOUS AREAS

„ Ventilations
„ Enclosure
„ Distance
EXTENT OF HAZARDOUS
AREA CLASSIFICATIONS
SELECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN
HAZARDOUS AREAS
Ex

EXPLOSION-PROTECTION
EXPLOSION-
EQUIPMENT
What is Explosion Protected Equipment?

Fuel Oxygen

Heat/ Sparks

Equipment which is constructed in such way that one of the 3 elements of fire triangle
is removed, such that the possibility of of explosion is eliminated
Fuel oxygen
Ex ’p’
Ex ’d’
Ex ’o’
Ex ’q’
q
Ex‘m’
Ex ‘v’

Ex ’n’
Ex ’e’
Ex ‘i’

Heat/ Sparks
EXPLOSION--PROTECTION METHODS /
EXPLOSION
EQUIPMENT

Popular types

„ Flameproof
l f (EX d)
„ Increased Safety (Ex e )
„ Non--Sparking (Ex n )
Non
„ Pressurization (Ex p )
„ Intrinsically Safe (Ex i )
OTHER TYPES OF EXPLOSION PROTECTION
Un Popular types

„ Powder filled Ex ‘q’ type

„ Oilil iimmersed
d Ex
E ‘‘o’’ type
„ Special Ex ‘s’ type
„ Encapsulated Ex ‘m’ type
„ Ventilated Ex ‘v’ type
EXPLOSIONPROOF EQUIPMENT

Equipment that has an enclosure capable of :

• withstanding an explosion of specified gas or vapor that
is expected to occur within the enclosure
• preventing the ignition of specified gas or vapor
surrounding the enclosure due to sparks, flashes or
explosion of the gas or vapor within the enclosure, and
• operating at an external temperatures that will not ignite
a specified gas or vapor surrounding the enclosure
WITHSTANDING THE PRESSURE OF AN
EXPLOSION

The ability of an enclosure to withstand an explosion without rupture or

permanent distortion is dependent upon:

•the
th strength
t th off the
th enclosure
l material
t i l
•securement means, such as bolts, nuts

The strength
g of the enclosure material and securement means is determined byy
the following requirements :

•type of metal or metal alloy (zinc & magnesium are not allowed)
•type of plastic (including resistance to chemical atmospheres)
•casting / molding design
•hydrostatic pressure testing
EX ‘d’ Type FLAMEPROOF
EQUIPMENT

(US-- Explosion
(US Explosion--Proof, UK
UK-- Flame
Flame--Proof, GERMANY - Pressure
Pressure--Proof)

A type off protection

i i which
in hi h withstanding
ih di an internal
i l explosion
l i off a
flammable mixture of a specified gas or vapor mixture, relieve the internal
explosion/ pressure via enclosure flame paths such as lids and glands.
glands. Prevent
transmission of hot gasses and flame through joints or apertures in the
enclosure assembly such as would ignite the external explosive atmosphere
EXPLOSION PROOF

When an explosion occurs, the surrounding hazardous environment is not exposed to hot gases
or hot surfaces.
Only cooled gases
esc ape

Hot gases are c ooled as

they pass through threads Thread ed join
5 full threa ds
m inim um

Internal Hot flam ing

pressure gases

H t gases are cooled

Hot l d as t hey
h pass t hrough
h h t he
h t hreads
h d
Internal
pressure

Cooled
Hot flaming gas
gases

Hot gases are cooled as t hey pass across a m achined flanged j oint
Normal Clearance

Clearance during explosion

Effe ct of in t e r n a l e x plosion on cove r - t o- body j oin t

INTRINSICALLY
N N SAFE EQUIPMENT
QU N &
CIRCUITS (Ex ‘i’ )

A type of protection which any energy/ heat released by the electrical

equipment is incapable of causing ignition of a given explosive atmosphere.
atmosphere.
E ‘ia’
Ex ‘i ’ incapable
i bl off causing
i ignition
i i i in i normall operation,
i with
i h either
i h a single
i l
fault, or any combination of two faults applied
Ex ‘ib’ incapable of causing ignition in normal operation, with single fault
applied
INCREASED SAFETY EQUIPMENT (Ex
(E ‘e’)
‘ ’)

A type of protection which is designed and rated to prevent an

explosion and reduce the risk of both explosive/ flammable gas ingress
and an ignition source.
Generally there are 3 aspects that are covered by the additional safety
measures:
• Parts that may cause sparks in normal use
• Creepage and clearance distance to prevent tracking
• Prevention of any part of the equipment, including internal
components, from exceeding the temperature rating equipment
PRESSURIZATION TYPE (Ex ‘p’ )

A type of protection by which the entry of surrounding atmosphere into the

enclosure of the electrical apparatus is prevented by continuous pressure
from a supply of uncontaminated air or other non flammable gas, maintaining
the internal pressure above the external atmospheric pressure
NON--SPARKING TYPE EQUIPMENT (Ex ‘n’ )
NON

A type of protection applied to electrical apparatus where the material

used in this type of equipment will not produce any sparks such that it
is not capable of igniting a surrounding atmosphere and a fault
capable of causing ignition is not likely to occur
POWDER FILLED TYPE EQUIPMENT ( Ex ‘q’)

A type of protection applied to electrical apparatus where

Equipment enclosure is filled with quartz /sand so that if any arc
occurring within the enclosure of electrical equipment it will not
i it the
ignite th surrounding
di atmosphere
t h
OIL IMMERSED TYPE EQUIPMENT (Ex ‘o’)

A type of protection applied to electrical apparatus where

Equipment enclosure is filled or immersed in oil in such a way that
an explosive atmosphere which, may be above the oil or outside
the enclosure cannot be ignited.
ignited.
Encapsulation Ex ‘m’

A type of protection applied to electrical apparatus where a

device is encased in molded resin, such a way that an
explosive atmosphere should not occur.
Hermetic Sealing Ex ‘h’

A type of protection applied to electrical apparatus where this

devices is constructed such that external atmosphere can not
gain access to the interior/ enclosure, in which a seal is made
by fusion eg. Soldering, brazing.
SPECIAL TYPE EQUIPMENT (Ex ‘s’)

This is a concept that has been adopted to permit the certification

of those types of equipment which by their nature,
nature do not comply
with the constructional or other requirements specified for
equipment with established types of protection but which,
nevertheless can be shown,
nevertheless, shown wherever necessary,
necessary by test to be
suitable for use in hazardous areas in prescribed zones
SELECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN
HAZARDOUS AREAS

How to select equipment for various areas/ locations?

Selection Criteria
• Gas Grouping (based on ignition energy)
• Temperature Classification
• Classified Zones/ Division
Definition : MESG

MESG (Maximum Experimental Safe GAP)

The maximum clearance between two parallel metal surfaces that has
been found, under specified test conditions, to prevent an explosion in
a test chamber from being propagated to a secondary chamber
containing
g the same g
gas or vapor
p at the same concentration.
MESG (Maximum
(Ma im m Experimental
E perimental Safe GAP)
diagram

MESG (Maximum Experimental Safe GAP)

Hot Gas

explosion
Definition : MIC Ratio

MIC (Minimum Igniting Current) Ratio

The ratio of the minimum current required to ignite the ignitable
mixture of a gas or vapor,
vapor divided by the minimum current required
to ignite methane gas.

The MIC ratio is based upon the use of methane gas as a base for
comparison to the other gases in question
CLASS I, DIVISION 1 & 2
GROUPS

g GROUP A
- Acetylene
A t l

g GROUP B

gMESG ≤ 0.45 mm or
- Gases or vapors having

gMIC Ratio ≤ 0.40

Examples are:
hydrogen, fuel and combustible process gases containing more
than 30 p
percent hydrogen
y g by y volume,, butadiene,, ethylene
y oxide,,
propylene oxide, and acrolein
CLASS I, DIVISION 1 & 2 GROUPS (cont.)

g GROUP C

g0 45 mm < MESG ≤ 0.75

g0.45
Gases or vapors having:

g0.40 < MIC Ratio ≤ 0.80

0 75 mm or

Examples are:
ethyl ether and ethylene
ethylene.

g GROUP D

g0.75 mm < MESG

Gases or vapors
p having:
g

g 0.80 < MIC Ratio

Examples are:
acetone, ammonia, benzene, butane, cyclopropane,
ethanol, gasoline, hexane, methanol, methane, naphtha,
and propane
CLASS II, ZONE 0,
0 1 AND 2 GROUPS

g GROUP II C
Atmospheres containing acetylene, hydrogen, or gases
or vapors having:

g MESG ≤ 0.50 mm
g MIC Ratio ≤ 0.45
CLASS I, ZONE 0, 1 AND 2 GROUPS (cont.)

g GROUP II B
Atmospheres containing ethylene or acetaldehyde, or gases or

g 0.50 mm < MESG ≤ 0.90 mm

vapors having:

g 0.45 MIC Ratio ≤ 0.80

g GROUP II A
Atmospheres containing acetone, ammonia, ethyl, alcohol,

g 0.90 mm < MESG

gasoline, methane , propane or gases or vapors having:

g 0.80 < MIC Ratio

CLASS I DIVISION / ZONE
GAS GROUP COMPARISON

API 500 API 505

API RP 500 API RP 505/ NEC/ European Std.
Division 1 and 2 Zone 0, 1 and 2
A (acetylene) II C (acetylene & hydrogen, Butadiene,
B (Hydrogen, Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide, t ye eO
Ethylene Oxide,
de, Propylene
opy e e O
Oxide,
de, and
a d
Propylene Oxide, and acrolein) acrolein)
C (Ethyl Ether and Ethylene) II B (Ethyl Ether and Ethylene)
D (Acetone, Ammonia, Benzene, Butane, II A (Acetone, Ammonia, Benzene, Butane,
Cyclopropane, Ethanol, Gasoline, Cyclopropane, Ethanol)
Hexane Methanol,
Hexane, Methanol Methane,Naphta
Methane Naphta and
Propane)
TEMPERATURE CLASS COMPARISON

API RP 500 API RP 505/ NEC/ European Std.

DIVISION 1 and 2 ZONE 0, 1 and 2
T1 (≤ 4500 C) T1 (≤ 4500 C)
T2 (≤ 3000 C) T2 (≤ 3000 C)

(≤ 280 C, ≤ 2600, ≤ 2300 , ≤ 2150)

T2A,B,C,D -
0

T3 ((≤ 2000 C) T3 ((≤ 2000 C)

(≤ 1800 C, ≤ 650, ≤ 1600)

T3A,B,C -

T4 (≤ 1350 C) T4 (≤ 1350 C)
T4A (≤ 1200 C) -
T5 (≤ 1000 C) T5 (≤ 1000 C)
T6 (≤ 850 C) T6 (≤ 850 C)
CLASS I DIVISION I GROUP CD T3

CLASS I ZONE I GROUP IIA T3

RECOMMENDED PROTECTION METHODS FOR
CLASS I, DIVISION 1

Motors- Ex d, Ex p
Motors-
Transformers & Capacitors - Ex d
Control & Instrument Transformers - Ex i
Lighting Fitting - Ex d
Switch Gear & Control Gear - Ex d
Communication/ Telephone equipment/Meters - Ex i
Portable Hand Lamps-
Lamps- Ex i
RECOMMENDED PROTECTION METHODS FOR
CLASS I, DIVISION 2

Motors- Ex d, Ex p, Ex n, Ex e,
Motors-
Transformers & Capacitors - Ex d, Ex p (auxiliary devices to be
located
l d iin pressurized
i d room/hermetically
/h i ll sealed
l d / iintrinsically
i i ll safe)
f )
Control & Instrument Transformers - Ex i
Lighting Fitting - Ex d, Ex e, Ex n
Switch Gear & Control Gear - Ex d, Ex o, Ex
Communication/ Telephone equipment/Meters - Ex i
Portable Hand Lamps
Lamps-- Ex i
RECOMMENDED PROTECTION METHODS
FOR ZONE O

No electrical equipment should be allowed. When this is not

practicable, Ex ‘ia’ apparatus or circuits to be used
CLASS I, ZONE O AND 1 PROTECTION TECHNIQUES

Area Protection Techniques

Zone 0 Intrinsically Safe (2 fault)
fault), ‘ia’
ia
Class I, Division 1 Intrinsically Safe (2 fault)
Zone 1 Encapsulated, ‘m’
Flameproof,
a ep oo , ‘d’d
Increased Safety, ‘e’
Intrinsically Safe (1 fault), ‘1b’
Oil Immersed, ‘o’
Powder Filled, ‘q’
‘ ’
Purged / pressurized, ‘p’
Any Class I, Zone 0 technique
Any Class II, Division1 technique
CLASS II, ZONE 2 PROTECTION TECHNIQUES

Area Protection Techniquesq

Zone 2 Energy Limited ‘nC’ (‘nL’ in EN50021)
Hermetically Sealed, ‘nC’
Nonincendive, ‘nC’
N – Sparking,
Non S ki ‘‘nA’
A’
Pressurization ‘nZ’ (‘nP’ in EN50021)
Restricted Breathing, ‘nR’
Sealed Device
Device, ‘nC’
nC
Any Class I, Zone 0 or 1 technique
Any Class I, Division1 or 2 technique
Electrical Equipment Maintenance

„ Purpose :
Reduce hazard to life and property that can result from
failure
f il or malfunction
lf i off industrial-
industrial
i d i l-type electrical
l i l
system and equipment
Fundamentals of Electrical Equipment Maintenance

„ Design to accommodate maintenance

„ S h d li maintenance
Scheduling i
„ Personnel and equipment safety
„ The protective scheme
„ Acceptance testing
General attention

„ Enclosure :
Make sure the continuation of function where it shall prevent exposure of
live parts and operating mechanism and protect the equipment from
exposure to moisture and air contaminants outside the enclosure
„ Security :
Inspect all doors and access panels to ensure that all hardware is in place
and in ggood condition.
„ Leakage :
Identify of any evidence of leakage and caulk any leaking seems
„ Moisture :
Accumulation mayy occur even though g panel
p are watertight.
g The source of
moisture is condensation due to surface temp drop below the air dew point.
„ Heating :
If space heaters are provided,
provided make sure that they are in good condition and
operating properly.
„ Insulation :
Insulation deterioration will be accumulated during the operating which
detract from its voltage withstanding capability.
„ Electrical distress :
Areass in which
w c electrical
c c distress
d s ss iss more likelyy to occur
cc :
• Boundaries between two adjoining insulators
• Boundaries between an insulating member and the grounded metal
structure
• Taped or compounded splices or junctions
• Phase to phase or phase to ground bridging path across insulating
surface.
• Hidden surface such as bus-
bus-bar support
Thermal damage :
Even slightly over design levels for prolonged periods, can significantly
shorten
h the
h electrical
l i l liflife.

Basis for detecting heat damage :

Discoloration
Crazing, cracking, flaking of varnish coating
Embrittlerment of tape and cable insulation
Delamination
Generalized carbonization
Melting, oozing or exuding of substances from within an insulating
assemblyy
Suggestion for Inclusion in a Walk-
Walk-Through Inspection

„ Flexible Cords :
Check condition for badly worn, improper type, current carrying capacity
too small.
„ Plugs
g and Connectors :
Check for stray strands and loose terminal.
„ Receptacle Outlets :
Ch k fforr continuity
Check ntin it off grounding
r ndin connection.
nn ti n
„ Portable Equipment :
Check for equipment name plate according to the Area classification.
„ Lighting
g g Fixtures :
Check for no fixtures should be located close to highly combustible material.
„ Equipment Grounding :
Check for broken or loose connection at conduit bonding or equipment
grounding.
„ Switchgear rooms and MCC rooms :
Ch k to see that
Check h they
h are clean
l andd used
d ffor no other
h purpose, ffree off
storage of any kind ( combustible material ), ventilation should be in working
condition and unobstructed.
„ E l
Enclosures off El
Electrical
i l parts :
Check to see that covers secured in place.
„ Hazardous ( classified ) Location Equipment :
All bolts should be in place and tight. Permanent marking should not be
obstructed by paint. No modification is permitted w/o re-
re-certification.
„ Emergency Equipment :
- Exit lights should all be functioning properly.
- Emergency lights should all be in working condition. Periodic test is
recommended.
- Emergency power supply should have periodic check and running test.
- Alarm system
system, such as for fire
fire, intrusion,
intrusion smoke detection sprinkler and
fire pump also receive periodic tests.
Only cooled gases
esc ape

Hot gases are c ooled as

they pass through threads Thread ed join
5 full threa ds
m inim um

Internal Hot flam ing

pressure gases

H t gases are cooled

Hot l d as t hey
h pass t hrough
h h t he
h t hreads
h d
Internal
pressure

Cooled
Hot flaming gas
gases

Hot gases are cooled as t hey pass across a m achined flanged j oint
Normal Clearance

Clearanc e during explosion

Effect of int ernal explosion on cover- t o- body j oint

Se a lin g fit t in g
Hazardous area

Push
station
button
Com bination
Unions
switc h and
c ontroller
Motor
Switc
it h

Flexible
coupling Junc tion
box
Conclusion

„ Maintenance :
Proper maintenance will result in electrical apparatus function as expected.
„ Modification of Certified apparatus :
Modification should not be done to certified “Hazardous
Hazardous classified
classified”
apparatus unless it is approved by authorized re-
re-certification body.
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN
HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOS AND DON'TS OF HAZARDOUS AREA EQUIPMENT

Dos

• Disconnect electrical supply before opening or working on a non-

intrinsically safe enclosure. As matter of safer general practice, all circuits,
including IS, be isolated before any work can proceed in the field unless
under hot work permit . Electrical isolation procedures must be employed.
• Check that threaded covers,
covers flat joints,
joints rotating shafts,
shafts bearings and
operating shafts are well lubricated and without corrosion. At detailed
inspection periods all joints should be cleaned of old grease, mating
surfaces inspected and the appropriate fresh grease applied. It is
recommended practice to use graphite or silicone based lubricants and
avoid the use of metallic based greases such as copper or molybdenum
based compounds.
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN
HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOS AND DON'TS OF HAZARDOUS AREA EQUIPMENT (Cont.)

Dos
• Check that all flame paths are clean and free from grit or foreign matter when
being closed.
• Ensure that all enclosures are properly reassembled and all bolts are in place
and tightened to the correct torque before connecting the supply. Use only
certified replacement parts designed for that equipment. Do not replace seals
(gasket or o-rings) with other than maker's approved parts.
• Check that all unused terminal screws are tightened.
• Check earthing in accordance with installation requirements
• Check all door, gland plate or cover fixing screws are intact and spare cable
entries are plugged with the correct type of plug.
• Check
Ch k th thatt manufacturer's
f t ' label
l b l iis securely
l fifixed
d tto th
the equipment
i t and
dddata
t iis
legible.
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN
HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOS AND DON'TS OF HAZARDOUS AREA EQUIPMENT (Cont.)

Dos
• Check that cable glands threads are tightly fixed to the equipment and cable
armouring is effectively retained by the cable gland armour clamping cones.
• Fit weatherproof
th f seals
l on cable
bl glands
l d whenh they
th enter t explosion
l i prooff (Ex)
(E )
Equipment
• Check that unused conductors of explosion proof (Ex) Equipment enclosures
are terminated in certified terminals. Ensure spare p conductors in an Ex'i'
enclosure are linked to earth.
• Replace faulty I.S. barriers with only the correct type.
• Check that the screw thread on the gland correctly matches that on the
enclosure as incorrect matching of threads can invalidate the flameproofing.
enclosure, flameproofing
• Flange faces to be smooth & original (to be careful while opening stuck
covers)
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN
HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOS AND DON'TS OF HAZARDOUS AREA EQUIPMENT (Cont.)

Don't's

• Do not short circuit the hazardous area circuit

• Do not make additional openings, add terminals or carry out other alterations
which mayy affect certification.
• Do not cover flame path or name plate with paint when painting.
• Do not use sharp objects such as screwdrivers to open an enclosure
since it may damage the flame path and render enclosure unsafe.
• Do not use uncertified test equipment in hazardous areas such as
multimeters and meggers to test equipment eg motors, even if disconnected
from the supply, without a hot work clearance.
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN
HAZARDOUS AREAS

DOS AND DON'TS OF HAZARDOUS AREA EQUIPMENT ((Cont.))

Don't's

• Do not try to repair faulty I.S Barriers. They only replaceable components on
some isolated types is the safe area side fuse. If replacing the fuse, the
correct type and rating must be used.
• Do not install more than one conductor in a terminal clamp of an Ex'e'
Ex e or 'n'
n
rated enclosure. Use certified cross connection inserts to link terminals.
• Any equipment which is originally flameproof may loose its integrity if not
maintained properly
• No site modification / alteration
“ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT USED IN HAZARDOUS ARAES ARE
SPECIAL AND THEY NEEDS TO BE TREATED SPECIAL”,
Any equipment which is originally Explosion proof (EX) may
loose its integrity if not maintained properly or modified
USEFUL REFERENCE BOOKS ON HAC

„ Classification of Hazardous Locations,I.Chem. E. Cox, A.W., Lees, F.P.

and Ang, M.L, 1990
„ IP Model Code of Safe Practice, 1990, Part 15, Area Classification Code
for Petroleum Installations
„ NFPA 69, 1992, Explosion Prevention Systems
„ ICI/RoSPA, 1972, ICI Electrical Installations Code
„ NFPA 325M, Properties of Flammable Liquids, gases and solids
„ Electrical Safety in Hazardous Locations,
Locations William Calder & Ernest C.
C
Magison
HAC--RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
HAC

„API RP 500/ 550

Area Classification of Petroleum Installations
„IEC 79-
79-10 :1995 -Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres,
Atmospheres part
10 Classification of hazardous areas
„IP Part 15, 1990-
1990- Area Classification Code for Petroleum Installations
„BS EN 60079
60079--10
10,, : 1996 -Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas
Atmospheres, part 10 Classification of hazardous areas
„BS 5345, 1983-
1983-Selection, installation and maintenance of electrical apparatus
for use in potentially explosive atmospheres (other than mining applications
or explosive manufacturing), part 2, Recommendations for particular
industrial situations