Quiz: Write P if prokaryote, E
if eukaryote, and B if both
1.Cell wall has peptidoglycan.
2.Made up of cell membrane.
3.Contains organelles
4.Has a nucleoid region
5.Contains DNA
The Cell –
Biology 1
Theory, Structures, and
Functions
What is a cell?
• Cells are the • Why is it so small?
fundamental units of It is so small
life. because it needs to
consider the
surface-to-volume
ratio of cells.
Typical Animal Cell
• https://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_mo
del_js.htm
Cellular Organization
• PLASMA MEMBRANE
– Composition: phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins
– Exhibits fluid mosaic model
Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
(Fluid mosaic model)
Plasma membrane
• FUNCTIONS:
– Selective permeability
– Diffusion
– Osmosis
– Transport by carriers
– Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Cellular Organization
• NUCLEUS
– Stores genetic
information that
determines the
characteristics of the
cell
– Controls the
activities of the cells
Nucleus
Nuclear pores
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Structural feature of the
nucleus
• Chromatin – undergoes coiling forming
chromosomes; immersed in the nucleoplasm
• Nucleolus – contains the ribosomal units
which forms the subunits of ribosomes
• Nuclear envelope – a double membrane
with pore which is continuous with the ER
• Nuclear pore – permits the passage of
proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal units
out of the nucleus
Chromosome
• Contains the genetic
make-up of the
organism
• Formed by DNA
bounded to proteins
• Humans have 46
chromosomes in the
somatic cells and 23
c’somes in the sex cells
• Males: XY
• Females: XX
Nucleoplasm
• A semifluid medium of the nucleus
containing the chromatin
• Its pH is different from the cytoplasm.
Ribosomes
• Small organelles
where protein
synthesis take place
• Found in the
cytoplasm as
polyribosomes and
on ER as bounded
ribosomes
Endomembrane System
• Consists of the:
– nuclear envelope
– ER
– Golgi complex
– Lysosome
– vesicle
• Also known as
compartmentalization
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Series of saccules (flattened
vesicles) and tubules (membranous
channels) continuous with the outer
membrane of the nuclear envelope
• 2kinds
1. Rough ER
2. Smooth ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
• Bounded by ribosomes that faces the
cytoplasm
• Fxn: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• Synthesizes proteins and packages
them in vesicles which moves to the
golgi complex
Smooth ER
• Continuous with the RER and do not
have ribosomes
• Fxn: LIPID SYNTHESIS
DETOXIFICATION
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
HORMONE PRODUCTION
• Prevalent in the liver
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Complex
• Discovered by Camillo Golgi
• Stack of flattened and curved saccules
• Modifies lipids and proteins from the ER
• Involved in processing, packaging, and
secretion
• Forms the lysosomes
Golgi Complex
Lysosomes
• Specialized vesicle produced by the Golgi
complex and contains hydrolytic digestive
enzymes
• Breaks down worn out cell parts and
substances entering the cell at the
plasma membrane
• If this is inactive or missing it causes Tay-
Sachs disease
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
• Site of cellular
respiration or ATP
production for the
cell
Why is it the
powerhouse of the
cell?
Mitochondrion
Matrix
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
cristae
Cytoskeleton
• A network of microtubules and filaments
that gives cells their shape and gives
organelles the capacity to move about
the cell.
• Could be: microtubule (shape)
microfilaments(movement)
intermediate filaments
Centrosomes and
Centrioles
• Centrosome – means “cell center”
which has a small rod-like structures
called centrioles
• Centrioles – active in the process of cell
division, and in the formation of cilia,
and are self-duplicating organelles;
absent in plant cells
Cilia and Flagella
• Hair-like structures projecting from their
surfaces
• Cells with these projections are capable
of self-movement or moving material
along the surface of the cell
Difference of cilia and
flagella
characteristic Cilium Flagellum
Length Short Long
Number Numerous few
Movement Crawling Propelling
movement movement
Cilia
Flagella
Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous
Cell Wall
• Surrounds the cell
membrane
• Protects and
support the cell
• Present in:
– Plant cells
– Fungi
– bacteria
Plastids
• Organelles
found mostly
in plant cells
as chemical
factory of
pigments
• Chloroplast -
chlorophyll
Vacuoles
• Storage
organelle
of food,
ions,
water
END OF DISCUSSION
