Cell structure
Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus Cell membrane
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
1. Cell Membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm with organelles
Cytoplasm
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The plasma membrane
• Surrounds outside of all cells
• Living layer: it has systems for signaling
between the interior of the cell and the
external environment
• Composed of:
+ Double layer of phospholipids
+ Protein
+ Carbohydrates and lipids
Plasma Membrane structure
Phospholipids
• Heads contain glycerol & phosphate and are hydrophilic
(attract water)
• Tails are made of fatty acids and are hydrophobic (repel
water)
• Make up a bilayer where tails point inward toward each
other
Outside
of cell Carbohydrate
Proteins chains
Cell
membrane
Inside Protein
of cell Lipid bilayer
channel
(cytoplasm)
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Cell membrane Proteins
• Proteins help move large molecules or aid in cell
recognition
• Peripheral proteins are attached on the surface
(inner or outer)
• Integral proteins are embedded completely through
the membrane
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Cell membrane of plant
Cell membrane
• Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
• Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell
shape
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Cell wall
Cell wall
• Found outside of the cell membrane
• Nonliving layer
• Important functions in a cell include protection,
structure, and support
• Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria
Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus Cell membrane
Contain 3 basic cell structures:
1. Cell Membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm with organelles
Cytoplasm
Protoplasm vs cytoplasm vs cytosol?
Protoplasm: Everything included in the cell membrane
divided into nucleoplasm vs cytoplasm
Cytoplasm: Everything included the cell membrane except the nucleus
Contains cytosol and organelles
Cytosol: Area of cytoplasm that is not held by organelles
(cytoplasm minus the organelles)
Nucleus Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
The nucleus
1. The largest organelle in the cell and is bounded by an envelope consisting of a double
membrane.
2. Genetic material is concentrated in one part of the nucleus.
3. Nuclear pores: regulate the entry and exit of materials
4. Nucleolus: ribosome biogenesis
The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope,
which consists of an inner membrane and an outer
membrane. The membranes are separated by a lumen
that is continuous with the lumen of the endoplasmic
reticulum.
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Inside the Nucleus
The genetic material (DNA) is found
DNA is spread out and appears as DNA is condensed & wrapped around
chromatin in non-dividing cells proteins forming as chromosomes
in dividing cells
The nucleus Highlight the functions of the nucleus.
It is responsible for storing the cell’s hereditary material or the
DNA.
It is responsible for coordinating many of the important cellular
activities such as protein synthesis, cell division, growth and a
host of other important functions.
Nucleus Cell membrane
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Made of proteins and rRNA
“Protein factories” for cell
(Join amino acids to make proteins through protein synthesis)
They are floating in the cytosol (make proteins that will be used inside)
or on ER (will be used inside and export)
Ribosomes
They are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
In eukaryotes: the 60-S (large) and 40-S (small) subunits 80S
In Prokaryotes: 50-S and 30-S subunits 70S
Nucleus Cell membrane
Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
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Cytoskeleton
• Helps cells maintain cell shape
• Intracellular transport (the movement
of vesicles and organelles within the cell) –
extracellular transport
• Made of proteins
+ Microfilaments are threadlike and made of actin
+ Microtubules are tube-like & made of tubulin
+ Intermediate filament
Motor proteins and the cytoskeleton
Motor proteins that attach to receptors on vesicles
can “walk” the vesicles along microtubules or, in
some cases, along microfilaments.
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Cilia and flagella
Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or in small particles
across the cell surface
Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells
(Eukaryotic cells)
Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells
(Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells)
Cilia Moving Away Dust
Particles from the Lungs
Nucleus Cell membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Network of hollow membrane tubules
Connects to nuclear envelope and cell membrane
Functions in synthesis of cell products and Transport
Two kinds of ER ---rough and Smooth
Rough (ER)
It is a series of connected flattened sacs having several
ribosomes on its outer surface
Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of
cell
Rough ER is prominent in cells where protein synthesis
happens (such as hepatocytes)
Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER
surface. They are then threaded into the
interior of the Rough ER to be modified
and transported
Smooth (ER)
Has a tubular form
The smooth ER stores and releases calcium ions. These are quite important for the nervous
system and muscular systems.
Synthesis of lipids, including oils, steroids, and new membrane phospholipids
Destroys toxic substances
Nucleus Cell membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Golgi body
Cytoplasm
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Golgi Body
CIS
• Stacks of flattened sacs
• Have a receiving side (cis face) and a shipping side (trans
face)
- > Receive proteins made by ER by cis face, trans face secretes the
materials into vesicles, which then fuse with the cell membrane for
release from the cell TRANS
In the plant cells, complex polysaccharides of the cell wall
are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus.
Transport
vesicle
Transport of proteins between membrane-bounded compartments occur when
vesicles containing the proteins bud from one compartment and subsequently
fuse with another compartment
Nucleus Cell membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Lysosome
Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Golgi body
Cytoplasm
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Lysosome
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for
cells
• Lyse and release enzymes to break down and recycle cell
parts
Little Enzyme Packages
Peroxisome -Another Enzyme Package
• Small vesicles found around the cell
•Contains digestive enzymes (enzymes that require oxygen (oxidative enzymes))
Absorb nutrients that the cell has acquired,
digesting fatty acids, digest alcohol, cholesterol
synthesis and the digestion of amino acids
Review: relationships among organelles of the endomembrane system.
The red arrows show some of the migration pathways for membranes and the materials they enclose
Nucleus Cell membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Lysosome
Ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Golgi body
Cytoplasm Mitochondria
Mitochondria are energy factories
Key concept
All living cells have a means of converting energy supplied by the environment into the common
intermediate of ATP
Structure:
• rod-shaped structure,
• a double-membraned bound, outer membrane smooth,
inner membrane folded to form a structure called
cristae.
• The fluid contained in the mitochondria is called
the matrix: contains a mixture of enzymes and proteins.
It also comprises ribosomes, inorganic ions, mitochondrial
DNA, nucleotide cofactors, and organic molecules.
Mitochondria are energy factories
Functions
The most important function: converts energy stored in food into usable energy for work – cellular
respiration/ (burning glucose)/ power house of the cell/ (Generate cellular energy (ATP))
Others:
Regulates the metabolic activity of the cell
Promotes the growth of new cells and cell multiplication
Helps in detoxifying ammonia in the liver cells
Plays an important role in apoptosis or programmed cell death
Is the Mitochondria genome still functional?
Mitochondria are special because they have their own ribosomes and DNA
floating in the matrix
Have been conserved across evolution
Retains similarity to its prokaryotic ancestor
Can you guess the origin of Mitochondria?
Mitochondria are thought to have originated from an ancient symbiosis that resulted
when a nucleated cell engulfed an aerobic prokaryote
Enveloped organelles could have evolved when one cell ingested another.
Interesting Fact ---
• Mitochondria come from
cytoplasm in the EGG cell during
fertilization
Therefore …
• You inherit your mitochondria
from your mother!
Chloroplasts: power plant cells
Chloroplasts work to convert the light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be
used by cells - photosynthesis
Found in plant cells and some protists such as algae
• Outer membrane smooth
• Inner membrane modified into sacs called Thylakoids
• Thylakoids in stacks called Grana and interconnected
• Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids
Photosynthesis
The endosymbiont theory of the origins of
mitochondria and chloroplasts in
eukaryotic cells.
The proposed ancestors of mitochondria
were oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic
prokaryotes, while the proposed ancestors of
chloroplasts were photosynthetic
prokaryotes. The large arrows represent
change over evolutionary time; the small
arrows inside the cells show the process of
the endosymbiont becoming an organelle,
also over long periods of time.
Vacuoles
Fluid filled sacks for storage
Small or absent in animal cells
Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole
Functions of Vacuole:
Vacuole helps in storage of salts, minerals, pigments and proteins within the cell.
It isolates metabolic waste that might be harmful to the cell.
It maintains turgor pressure.
