STS REVIEWER

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION- the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when
developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy), and chemistry
transformed societal views about nature.
-began in Europe toward the end of the Renaissance period, and continued
through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the
ENLIGHTENMENT.
-the publication in 1543 OF NICOLAUS COPERNICUS ‘S DE
REVOLUTIONIST ORBIUM COELESTIUM (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is often
cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution.
The change to THE MEDIEVAL IDEA OF SCIENCE OCCURRED FOR FOUR REASONS:
1. Seventeenth century scientists and philosophers were able to collaborate with members of the
mathematical and astronomical communities to effect advances in all fields.
2. Scientists realized the inadequacy of medieval experimental methods for their work and so felt
the need to devise new methods (some of which we use today).
3. Academics had access to a legacy of European, Greek, and Middle Eastern scientific philosophy
that they could use as a starting point (either by disproving or building on the theorems).
4. Institutions (for example, the British Royal Society) helped validate science as a field by
providing an outlet for the publication of scientists’ work
SCIENCE is as old as the world itself. There is no individual that can exactly identify when and where
science began. From the genesis of time, science has existed. It is always interwoven with society. So,
how can science be defined?
1. Science as an idea.
2. Science as an intellectual Activity
3. Science as a body of knowledge
4. Science as a personal and social activity.
Scientist in all periods of time is driven by their curiosity, critical thinking, and creativity to explore the
physical and natural world. Their love for science is driven by their deep passion to know and to discover.
1. Creativity ----------------- science ideas
2. Curiosity-------------------science discoveries
3. Critical Thinking---------technology
THREE (3) NOTABLE SCIENTIST
1. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS-Polish Mikołaj Kopernik, German Nikolaus Kopernikus,
-born February 19, 1473, Toruń, Royal Prussia, Poland
-died May 24, 1543, Freudenberg, East Prussia now Frombork, Poland]),
-Polish astronomer who proposed that the planets have the Sun as the
fixed point to which their motions are to be referred; that Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the
Sun annually, also turns once daily on its own axis; and that very slow long-term changes in the direction
of this axis account for the precession of the equinoxes.
-This representation of the heavens is usually called THE
HELIOCENTRIC, or “SUN-CENTERED,” system—derived from the Greek HELIOS, MEANING
“SUN.”
-Copernicus’s theory HAD IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCES FOR
LATER THINKERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION, including such major figures as
GALILEO, KEPLER, DESCARTES, AND NEWTON. -
-Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between
1508 and 1514, and during those years he wrote a MANUSCRIPT usually called the
COMMENTARIOLUS (“LITTLE COMMENTARY”). However, the book that contains the final
version of his theory, DE REVOLUTIONIBUS ORBIUM COELESTIUM LIBRI VI (“SIX BOOKS
CONCERNING THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY ORBS”), did not appear in print until
1543, the year of his death.
2. CHARLES DARWIN- Charles Robert Darwin
-born February 12, 1809, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
-died April 19, 1882, Downe, Kent)
-English naturalist whose SCIENTIFIC THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY
NATURAL SELECTION became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies.
3. SIGMUND FREUD-born May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire now Příbor, Czech
Republic
-died September 23, 1939, London, England)
-Austrian neurologist and the FOUNDER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS. Freud’s
article on psychoanalysis appeared in the 13th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
Development of Science in Mesoamerica
-The Mesoamerican region was rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of European
colonizers.
-The Maya civilization, lasting for approximately 2,000 years, was known for their works in
astronomy, such as predicting eclipses and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting. They
also developed two complicated calendar systems, built hydraulics systems (supply water), and had
advanced knowledge in mathematics, including independently developing the concept of zero and
positional value.
-The Inca civilization had limited resources but made advances in science, such as developing roads,
stone buildings that could withstand disasters, and irrigation systems. They also invented the quipu,
a system of knotted ropes to keep records.
-The Aztec civilization made substantial contributions to science, technology, and society, including
mandatory education, chocolates, antispasmodic medication, chinampa, the invention of the canoe,
and the Aztec calendar.
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
GEOCENTRIC MODEL. In the geocentric model, the Sun and the other six visible objects in the sky
revolve around the Earth.
HELIOCENTRIC MODEL. In the heliocentric (Sun-centered) model, the Earth is just one out of
many planets, all of which orbit the Sun in elliptical orbits.
The following intellectuals contributed to the gradual shift from geocentric to heliocentric thinking:
a. TYCHO BRAHE, Danish astronomer, observation of the star in the constellation Cassiopeia
b. JOHANNES KEPLER, German astronomer, stated that the planets move in elliptical orbits and the
sun at the center.
c. GALILEO GALILEI developed a telescope and observed Venus.
d. ISAAC NEWTON’S Law of gravitation
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
-began with Charles Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species”. This book introduced the “Theory of
Evolution” which emphasizes that organisms result from evolution or a change in the heritable
characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
-He proposed that organisms arise and evolve through the natural selection of slight inherited
variations that improve an individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
-Darwin's finches. A sketch of four species of finches observed by British naturalist Charles Darwin
made during his visit to the Galapagos Islands. Beak length and robustness varied between species,
which supported the idea that each species evolved to exploit different habitats and food sources.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
1. No Poverty
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Well-being
4. Quality Education
5. Gender Equality
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
10. Reduced Inequalities
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life On Land
16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
17. Partnerships for the Goals
PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (2017-2022)
a. Enhancing the social fabric (malasakit)
b. Inequality-reducing transformation (pagbabago)
c. Increasing growth potential (patuloy na pag-unlad)
d. Enabling and supportive economic environment
e. Foundations for sustainable development
HARMONIZED NATIONAL R&D AGENDA
The HNRDA is aligned with AmBisyon Natin 2040: matatag, maginhawa at panatag na buhay para
sa lahat. It has three pillars: Malasakit (enhancing the social fabric), Pagbabago (reducing
inequality) and Kaunlaran (increasing potential growth). AmBisyon Natin 2040 and the three pillars
form the foundation for more inclusive growth, a high-trust and resilient society and a globally
competitive knowledge economy.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND HUMAN FLOURISHING
HUMAN FLOURISHING involves the rational use of ONE’S INDIVIDUAL HUMAN
POTENTIALITIES, INCLUDING TALENTS, ABILITIES, AND VIRTUES in the pursuit of his
freely and rationally chosen values and goals. Science and Technology must be treated as part of
human life that needs reflective and meditative thinking. Human flourishing is defined as an effort to
ACHIEVE SELF-ACTUALIZATION AND FULFILLMENT within the context of a larger
community of individuals, each with the right to pursue his or her own such efforts. The nurse helps the
individual to reclaim or develop new pathways toward human flourishing.
SCIENCE AS METHOD AND RESULTS
When conducting research, scientists use the scientific method to collect measurable, empirical
evidence in an experiment related to a hypothesis (often in the form of an if/then statement), the results
aiming to support or contradict a theory.
The steps of the scientific method go something like this:
1. Make an observation or observations.
2. Ask questions about the observations and gather information.
3. Form a hypothesis — a tentative description of what's been observed and make predictions based
on that hypothesis.
4. Test the hypothesis and predictions in an experiment that can be reproduced.
5. Analyze the data and draw conclusions; accept or reject the hypothesis or modify the hypothesis
if necessary.
6. Reproduce the experiment until there are no discrepancies between observations and theory
VERIFICATION THEORY
-The verification theory of meaning states that the meaning of a sentence is the method of its
verification, and that a sentence has meaning only if it can be DETERMINED TO BE TRUE OR
FALSE.
FALSIFICATION THEORY
-Falsification is appealing because it tells a simple and optimistic story of scientific progress, that by
steadily eliminating false theories we can eventually arrive at true ones.
-is a method of testing scientific hypotheses by attempting to falsify them, rather than trying to
prove them true.
SCIENCE AS SOCIAL ENDEAVOR
-Science can't exist without interactions between people. There are some fields of science where you
can be successful with pure though. Ang science hindi kayang mabuhay kapag walang math.
SCIENCE AS A RESULT
-laging naghahanap ng result and naghahanap ng sagot
SCIENCE AS EDUCATION
- inaaral ang science and teaches people to think critically and logically about the world around
them. It helps us develop our observations, data collection, experimentation and analysis can be
applied to various fields and situations in life