General
Concepts and
Historical
Events in
Science,
Technology and
Society
Objectives:
✣At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to:
⨳ Discuss how the ideas postulated by
Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud contributed
to the spark of scientific revolution; and
⨳ Analyze how scientific revolution is done in
various parts of the world like in Latin
America, East Asia, Middle East and Africa.
INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
✣Science is as old as the
world itself
✣Genesis of time, science
has existed
✣Interwoven with the
society
WHAT IS
SCIENCE?
Science as an idea
✣Ideas, theories, and all
available systematic
explanations and
observations about the
natural and physical world.
Science as an
intellectual activity
✣Systematic and practical
study of natural and
physical world
✣Systematic observation
and experimentation
Science as a body of
knowledge
✣Subject or discipline
✣Field of study
✣Deals with the process of
learning about natural and
physical world
✣School science
Science as a personal
and social activity
✣Both knowledge and
activities done by
human beings
✣Improve life
Europe
✣Idea of scientific revolution
started in early 16th century up
to 18th century
✣Invention of printing machine
✣Intellectual activities done in
various places of learning
✣Growing number of scholars in
various fields of human
interests
Scientific Revolution
✣Period of enlightenment when the
development in the fields of
mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology and chemistry transformed the
views of society about nature
✣ Golden age for people committed to scholarly
life in science but it was also a deeply trying
moment to some scientific individuals that led
to their painful death from religious
institutions who tried to preserve their faith,
SCIENTIFIC IDEAS
SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTIONS
HUMANS SOCIETY
SOME
INTELLECTUAL
S AND THEIR
REVOLUTIONA
RY IDEAS
Scientists
✣Driven by curiosity, critical
thinking and creativity to
explore the physical and natural
world
✣Passion to know and to discover
✣Science ideas, science
discoveries and technology
NICOLAUS
COPERNICUS
✣Renaissance
man
✣Ideas were an
example of
what is
presently called
as a thought
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
✣Strongly influenced by a book
entitled Epitome – 1496 by a
German author, Johannes
Mueller
✣Book contains Mueller’s
observations of the heavens
and some commentary on
earlier works especially that of
CHARLES
DARWIN
✣ Famous for his theory of
evolution
✣ Described Darwin as a
genius who came from
a line of intellectually
and gifted family
(Johnson, 2012)
✣ Developed his interest
in natural history during
his time as a student at
Shrewsbury School
CHARLES DARWIN
✣ According to Johnson, Darwin went to the best schools but was
observed to be a mediocre student.
✣ He struggled in his study in medicine and ministry
✣ Darwin’s life soon changed when one of his professors
recommended him to join a five-year voyage through the HMS
Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos.
✣ Published his book The Origin of Species in 1598
SIGMUND FREUD
✣ Famous figure in the
field of psychology
✣ Rosenfels (1980) also
described him as a
towering literary figure
and a very talented
communicator who did
his share to raise the
consciousness of the
civilized world in
psychology matters.
SIGMUND FREUD
⨳ Made a significant contribution in
scientific world through the
development of an important
observational method to gather
reliable data to study human’s
inner life which is method of
psychoanalysis.
⨳ Scientific way to study human
CRADLES OF
EARLY
SCIENCE
DEVELOPMENT OF
SCIENCE IN
MESOAMERICA
MESOAMERICA
⨳ Entire area of Central America from
Southern Mexico up to the border of
South America
⨳ Maya civilization – one of the famous
civilizations that lasted for
approximately 2,000 years. Known for
astronomy
⨳ Famous as one of the world’s
civilizations to use a writing system
known as Mayan hieroglyphics.
MAYANS
⨳ Understanding about celestial bodies was
advanced for their time, as evidenced by
their knowledge of predicting eclipse and
using astrological cycles in planting and
harvesting.
⨳ Developed technology for growing different
crops and building elaborate cities using
ordinary machineries and tools. Built
hydraulics system with waterways to supply
water to different communities.
⨳ Most scientifically advanced societies in
INCA CIVILIZATION
⨳ Made advanced scientific
ideas considering their
limitations as an old
civilization.
The following were scientific ideas and
tools that they developed to help them
in everyday life
1. Roads paved with stones;
2. Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and
other disasters;
3. Irrigation system and technique for storing water
for their crops to grow in all types of land;
4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious
festivals and prepare them for planting season;
5. The first suspension bridge;
6. Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records
that only experts can interpret; and
7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially
prized artistic achievements
AZTEC CIVILIZATION
1. Mandatory education – early
form of inclusive education
2. Chocolates – value cacao
beans and tribute to Gods
3. Antispasmodic medication –
prevent muscle spasms and
relax muscles, help during
surgery
AZTEC CIVILIZATION
4. Chinampa – agricultural
farming
5. Aztec calendar – plan
activities
6. Invention of the canoe –
light narrow boat used for
DEVELOPMENT OF
SCIENCE IN ASIA
INDIA
⨳ Known for manufacturing iron and
in metallurgical works
⨳ Iron steel is the best and held with
high regard in whole of Roman
Empire
⨳ Medicinal properties of plants
CHINA
⨳ Famous discoveries and
inventions – compass,
papermaking, gunpowder,
printing tools
⨳ Known in seismology – more
prepared in times of natural
calamities
MIDDLE EAST
COUNTRIES
⨳ Muslim chemists played an
important role in the
foundation of modern
chemistry
⨳ In the field of medicine, Ibn
Sina pioneered the science of
experimental medicine and
was the first physician to
DEVELOPMENT OF
SCIENCE IN AFRICA
AFRICA
⨳ Known as center of Alchemy, known as
the medieval forerunner of chemistry
⨳ Famous for astronomy
⨳ Used three types of calendars: lunar,
solar and stellar or combination of
three
⨳ Invented metal tools used in homes,
agriculture and building magnificent
architectures
REFERENCES
⨳ Bose, M. (1998). Late Classical India. A.
Mukherjee & Co.
⨳ Davies, E. (1995). Inventions. London:
Dorling Kindersley
⨳ Serafica, Pawilen, et.al (2017) Science,
Technology and Society: First Edition
Thanks!
Any questions?
