WEEK 7: MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Anatomy and Physiology

[BS NURSING - BLK 11] 1ST SEMESTER

MUSCULAR TISSUE ● Elasticity - ability to return to an

- SKELETAL original length.
- CARDIAC
- SMOOTH SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS
skeletal striated voluntary
Fascial/ Fasicle Dense sheet or
cardiac striated involuntary broad band of
irregular connective
smooth Non striated involuntary tissue that
surrounds bundles
of muscle fibers.

Epimysium - Outermost
layer of
muscle tissue
- Separates
10-100 muscle
fibers intro
FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULAR TISSSUE bundles
● Producing body movements called
Example: walking, running fascicles.
● Stabilizing body positions
Perimysium Surrounds
Example: posture numerous bundles
● Moving substances within the body of fasicicles.
Example: heart muscle pumping blood and
moving substances in the digestive tract. Endomysium Separates individual
● Generating heat muscle fibers from
one another.
Example: contracting muscle produces heat
and shivering increases heat production. Tendon Cord that attaches a
muscle to a bone.
PROPERTIES OF MUSCULAR TISSSUE
Aponeurosis Broad and flattened
These are the properties that enable muscle
tendon
to function and contribute to homeostasis.
● Excitability - ability to respond to
stimuli.
● Contractility - ability to contract when
stimulated.
● Extensibility - ability to stretch without
being damaged.
WEEK 7: MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Anatomy and Physiology
[BS NURSING - BLK 11] 1ST SEMESTER

- Myoglobin releases oxygen

when it is needed for ATP
production.
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
● Myofibrils - thread like structures
which have a contractile function.
● Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) -
membranous sacs which encircles
each myofibril
- Stores calcium ions (Ca++)
- Release of Ca++ that triggers
- SOMATIC motor neurons: neurons that muscle contraction.
stimulate skeletal muscle to contract. ● Filaments - function in the contractile
- Muscle growth occurs by hypertrophy process. There are two thin filaments
(e.g., abs) for every thick filament.
- Hypertrophy: enlargement of existing ● Sarcomeres - compartments of
muscle fibers. arranged filaments: the myosin and
- Testosterone and human growth actin and is the basic functional unit
hormone stimulate hypertrophy. of a myofibril.
- Satellite cells retain the capacity to
regenerate damaged muscle fibers. PARTS OF THE SARCOMERE

Parts of the Skeletal Muscle Tissue

● Sarcolemma - the plasma membrane
of a muscle cell.
● Transverse (T-Tubules) - tunnel in from
the plasma membrane
- Muscle action potentials travel
through the T-Tubules.

● Sarcoplasm - cytoplasm of muscle

fiber.
- Includes glycogen used for
synthesis of ATP and a
red-colored protein called
myoglobin which binds oxygen
molecules.
WEEK 7: MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Anatomy and Physiology
[BS NURSING - BLK 11] 1ST SEMESTER

- Creating phosphate and ATP provide

● Myofibrils are built from three kinds of enough energy for contraction for
proteins. about 15 seconds.

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Contractile Proteins that generate force
protein during contraction. ❖ Series of ATP producing reactions
that do not require oxygen.
Regulatory Protein responsible for ❖ Glucose is used in this production of
protein switching the contraction on ATP when the supply of creatine
and off.
phosphate is depleted.
Structural - aligns the thick and ❖ Anaerobic respiration can provide
protein thin filaments enough energy for 30-40 seconds of
properly. muscle activity.
- provide elasticity and ❖ It produces lower level of ATP energy
extensibility. (36-2 molecules)
- links the myofibrils to
❖ If sufficient oxygen is present, pyruvic
the sarcolemma.
acid formed by glycosis enters aerobic
respiration pathways producing a
● Curare - plant poison used by south large amount of ATP.
american indians on arrows and ❖ If oxygen levels are low, anaerobic
blowgun darts. reactions convert pyruvic acid to
- Causes muscle paralysis by lactic acid which is carried away by
blocking ACh receptors the blood.
inhibiting Na++ (sodium ions) NOTES:
channels. ➔ When we do intense workouts, it
- It is used during a surgery to might cause our body to lack oxygen.
relax the skeletal muscles. ➔ When oxygen level is low, lactic acid is
- It was used for anesthesia. formed in our body.
➔ Lactic acid causes our body to have
● Anticholinesterase - drugs that muscle fatigue or damage our muscle
prolong the existence of acetylcholine tissues.
in our body. ➔ This explains why our body is suffering
- Antidote for curare poisoning as from pain after doing an intense
it terminates the effects of workout.
curare after surgery.
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
MUSCLE METABOLISM/ Production of ATP ❖ Production of ATP that requires
CREATE PHOSPHATE - excess ATP is used to oxygen to produce.
synthesize creatine phosphate.
WEEK 7: MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Anatomy and Physiology
[BS NURSING - BLK 11] 1ST SEMESTER

❖ Muscle tissue has two sources of ● The nutrient and oxygen availability
oxygen: from hemoglobin and ● The size of the motor unit
myoglobin. Motor Units - Consists of a motor neuron and
❖ Supplies ATP for prolonged activity. the muscle fibers it stimulates.
❖ It provides more than 90% of the
needed ATP in activities lasting more Motor Neuron - makes contact with about
than 10 minutes. 150 muscle fibers.
❖ It produces higher level of ATP
energy (36-38 molecules) CONTROL of precise movements consist of
many small motor units:
MUSCLE FATIGUE ● Muscles that control voice production
Inability of muscle to maintain force of have 2 - 3 muscle fibers per motor
contraction after prolonged activity unit
● Inadequate release of calcium ions ● Muscles controlling eye movements
from the SR. have 10 - 20 muscle fibers per motor
● Depletion of creatine phosphate unit
Insufficient oxygen. ● Muscles in the arm and the leg have
● Depletion of glycogen and other 2000 - 3000 muscle fibers per motor
nutrients. unit
● Buildup of lactic acid and ADP NOTE: The total strength of a contraction
● Failure of the motor neuron to release depends on the size of the motor units and
enough acetylcholine. the number that are activated.
Oxygen Debt - added oxygen that is taken
into the body after exercise. TWITCH CONTRACTION
➢ This added oxygen is used to restore - The brief contraction of the muscle
muscle cells to the resting level in fibers in a motor unit in response to an
three ways: action potential Twitches last from 20
- 1) to convert lactic acid into to 200 msec L
glycogen LATENT PERIOD (2 msec)
- 2) to synthesize creatine - A brief delay between the stimulus
phosphate and ATP and muscular contraction
- 3) to replace the oxygen - The action potential sweeps over the
removed from myoglobin sarcolemma and Ca++ is released from
the SR
MAXIMUM TENSION is dependent on: CONTRACTION PERIOD (10–100 msec)
● The rate at which nerve impulses - Ca++ binds to troponin
arrive - Myosin-binding sites on actin are
● The amount of stretch before exposed
contraction - Cross-bridges form
WEEK 7: MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Anatomy and Physiology
[BS NURSING - BLK 11] 1ST SEMESTER

RELAXATION PERIOD (10–100 msec)

- Ca++ is transported into the SR
- Myosin-binding sites are covered by
tropomyosin
- Myosin heads detach from actin
Muscle fibers that move the eyes have
contraction periods lasting 10 msec
Muscle fibers that move the legs have
contraction periods lasting 100 msec

REFRACTORY PERIOD
- When a muscle fiber contracts, it
temporarily cannot respond to
another action potential
- Skeletal muscle has a refractory period
of 5 milliseconds
- Cardiac muscle has a refractory period
of 300 milliseconds

Muscle Tone - small amount of tension in

the muscle due to weak contractions of
motor units.
- Muscle tone keeps skeletal muscles
firm.
- Keep the head from slumping forward
on the chest.