Energy efficient retrofit methods at the building envelopes of

the school buildings

Bahar Basarir1 and Berrin Sahin Diri1 and Cüneyt Diri1
1
Department of Architecture,
Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul, Findikli, 34427,
Turkey

Email: [email protected] ; [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract:
Nowadays, lots of buildings are designed according to basis of sustainability. However,
large portion of the building stock was built before the introduction of sustainability
basis. These buildings, which were designed according to the traditional approaches, are
the primary consumers of energy and resources. Although, energy efficient new
construction applications represent a significant step for the sustainability, existing
buildings must be subjected to a process of retrofit to create the intended ecological
impact.

Building envelope is the most effective predictor of the energy which is used for
heating, cooling, lighting and ventilation of the buildings. Because of being in direct
interaction with the external environment conditions, building envelope is defined as the
interface of energy loses. For reducing the energy use in buildings, the energy
requirements of buildings must be minimized, the efficiency of energy use must be
increased and systems must be set up which support the use of sustainable energy
sources. In this context, energy efficient retrofit of building envelope can be
implemented with the improvement of optical and thermo physical properties of the
envelope or the addition of active system elements which can be integrated into the
envelope, such as photovoltaic panels.

In this paper, critical role of building envelope in the overall performance of the
building is emphasized and the building envelope is evaluated as an energy efficient
design parameter in the school buildings. Retrofit options are determined for the energy
efficient retrofit of the school buildings. Performance of the each option is evaluated
and compared with each other. Consequently the most effective, cost and energy
efficient retrofit method is determined for the school buildings that are mostly used at
the heating period of the year in Turkey.

Keywords:
Building envelope, energy efficiency, heating energy, retrofit, school building

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1 Introduction
The oil crisis of the 1970s increased the efforts that aimed to reduce energy dependence
on other countries and as a natural result of this; the need for efficient use of energy has
emerged. In this process, supporting the policies, which support efficient use of energy,
use of renewable energy sources and extending the life of existing resources, have
become one of the basic strategies for many countries.

Generally energy efficiency means, efficient use of energy that is required for
production without compromising product quality. For existing buildings, energy
efficiency can be defined as, efficient use of energy which is necessary for the heating,
cooling, ventilation, lighting and hot water requirements of the building, without
compromising user comfort.

40% of total energy consumption and 30% of CO2 emissions in the world is due to
buildings we live in (Ozdil, 2010). In Turkey, 36% of the total energy is consumed for
heating, cooling and lighting of the buildings. Turkey, imports 80 percent of the
consumed energy by 2008 and 28.3 million TOE (equivalent tones of oil) of annual
energy consumed in buildings cost more than 14 billion $ (Unlu, 2009).

Energy efficiency in buildings is a serious problem for an important part of energy is

spent in buildings in order to ensure the comfort requirements. Tearing down all the old
inefficient buildings and replacing them with new high performance ones is not
affordable or practical. The rate of this type of reconstruction is not more than 1.5% per
year. In this context, reducing energy consumption in existing buildings, which
significantly increase energy expenditure and environmental pollution due to not
observing energy conservation limit values of the current standards and regulations, has
become a necessity.

Buildings can be upgraded to energy efficient systems by making the necessary

arrangements according to their existing performance. With energy efficient retrofitting,
buildings are able to obtain comfort conditions by minimum energy. They will also be
an economic product by the decrease of energy consumption for heating, cooling,
ventilation, lighting and hot water.

2 Energy Efficient Retrofit of School Buildings

Energy efficient retrofit means ensuring the protection and maintenance of the cities and
their components with innovative technologies and systems with the aim of reducing
carbon emissions and energy consumption associated with the built environment.

According to statistics from the Ministry of Education in 2009, there are total of 59
thousand 539 school buildings in Turkey. Only last year about 23 million K-12 students
studied and more than 800 thousand of teachers worked in these schools. These
statistics show that almost 1/4 of Turkey's population spends majority of their time in
school buildings. In this context, school buildings have great importance of being high-
performance buildings.

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In many European countries, educational buildings such as schools share many similar
design, operation and maintenance features. Unfortunately they also often share the
characteristic of high energy consumption resulting with the need of energy efficient
retrofit. Despite the climatic differences throughout Europe, all school buildings are
designed primarily to comply with winter conditions. In this context one of the most
logical solutions to reduce building energy consumption is improving the thermal
properties of existing building envelope.

International Energy Agency’s Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community

Systems Programme is also making studies about energy efficient retrofitting in
educational buildings. In accordance with these studies a software tool (the Energy
Concept Adviser) has been developed, providing advice on energy-efficient retrofit
measures, for use of administrative decision makers (Barton et al., 2007).

The development of an ‘energy concept adviser’ for using during the planning and
implementation phases of a project would help decision makers not only to optimize the
energy saving measures to be applied, but also to avoid exaggerated expectations. The
adviser should be applicable throughout the entire project to ensure that the calculated
energy savings and cost both meet expectations (Barton et al., 2007).

3 Energy Efficient Retrofit Methods at the Building Envelopes

Heat losses in buildings may vary according to the architecture and state of the building
project. Generally, heat losses of a multi-storey building is based on 40% of exterior
walls, 30% of windows, 7% of the roof, 6% of basement slab and 17% of air leaks. For
single storey buildings heat losses are based on 25% of exterior walls, 20% of windows,
22% of the roof, 20% of basement slab and 13% of air leaks (Kocu et al., 2010).

In many of the retrofit projects, energy efficient retrofit strategies are not applied due to
a lack of knowledge about the amount of investment required and the efficiency of the
potential energy saving strategies. Improvement of building envelope energy
performance is often provided by an optimization process which depends on the correct
choice of the retrofitting strategies. For many cases, improving thermal properties of
building envelope to reduce energy consumption is the most logical solution. Even
though, there are different aspects related to the energy performances of building
envelope components and the technologies for their improvement, architects and
engineers must know all of them to achieve good results in this area and clearly define
the most appropriate retrofitting strategies.

For a building to be retrofitted, interventions usually involve; roof, windows, walls and
over cladding systems. The following sections intend to make an overview of the all
energy efficient retrofit technologies of building envelope by classifying them according
to the applied envelope component.

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3.1 Second Shell

Energy efficient retrofitting cannot be successful without insulating the building shell
and re-designing it according to the current needs. In this context, the second shell
system is much more beyond than covering the shell with a layer of insulation and
acquisition of new image by coating the corrupted exterior facade. The second shell
system must be designed to contain new service demands that come with the
technological innovations; cover pipe, cable and other installation elements and benefit
from renewable energy sources as well as the implementation of the necessary
insulating layers (Zerofootprint, 2011).
3.2 Roof

The roof is required to provide a thermal resistance which prevents a certain level of
heat transfer and desired level of interior space temperature. Preventing heat loss and
gain at the roof is important in terms of the amount of energy, expending in building
heating and cooling. Energy efficient retrofit methods that are applied to the roofs are
specified in Table 1.

Table 1. Energy efficient retrofit methods applied to the roof components of buildings.

RETROFIT METHOD
Insulation Application
Green Roof Application
Dark Colors at the Cold Climate Zones
Painting the Roof
Light Colors at the Warm Climate Zones
Photovoltaic Panels
Use of Renewable Energy Sources by Roof
Integrated Systems. Thin-film Photovoltaic Roofing Materials
Solar Collectors

One of the energy efficient retrofit methods applied to the roofs is application of thermal
insulation. Thermal insulation materials are specific products with high heat resistance
which are designed to provide only the minimum insulation thickness and used to
reduce heat losses and gains. Low heat transmission coefficient (λ) is the main feature
of thermal insulation materials. Commonly used thermal insulation materials for wall,
floor and roof insulation are; glass wool, mineral wool, EPS, XPS and polyurethane
(Isik, 2007). Insulating materials in a roof can be applied over the slab or between roof
rafters.

International studies demonstrate that green roof system is one of the building
technologies that adapts to the climate change. Green roof systems are passive cooling
techniques in warm air conditions that stop incoming solar radiation from reaching the
building structure below and provide an additional thermal insulation layer with soil in
the cold air conditions. Lui and Minor (2005) made a study comparing the thermal
performance of a green roof system with 75-100 mm of lightweight growing medium
and a reference roof of the same type (steel deck with thermal insulation below) without
greening, in Toronto, Canada. According to the measurements, they found that heat gain
was reduced by an average of 70-90% in summer and heat loss by 10-30% in winter, by
the green roof systems (Castleton et al., 2010).

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The analysis in high-rise buildings that have small roof area to total facade area ratio,
shows that instead of green roof applications, painting the roof with light colors in warm
climates and dark colors in cold climates is more effective in terms of energy and cost
efficiency (Klerks, 2010).

Using renewable energy sources with the roof-integrated systems can also increase the
energy efficiency of existing buildings. Specifically efficiency of photovoltaic (PV)
panels (solar cells), which are designed for electrical energy production from solar
energy, is increased and their costs are reduced.

Photovoltaic panels can be placed directly on the roof surface or used such as roofing
material and provide protection from weather conditions. Thin-film photovoltaic roofing
materials are durable materials, obtained with coating several of base materials by
amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenyum (CIS), or similar thin films and they can
be used instead of roof tiles.
In roof-top mono and poly-crystalline photovoltaic panel systems, which can be easily
applied to the existing buildings, single or poly-crystalline photovoltaic roof panels are
prepared according to the position of the roof and they can be placed directly on the roof
tiles or asphalt (Türe, 2008).
Pre-heating of domestic hot water or a part of space heating loads can be obtained with
the placement of solar collectors if reconstruction is applied to structure and slope of the
roof through the retrofitting operation.
3.3 Windows
Windows, which should be transparent because of their functions to provide sufficient
lighting to indoor volumes and visually link the internal and external environment, are
at least insulated building envelope component. Windows U-value is, typically 4-10
times higher than other thermal elements of the building envelope (Barton et al., 2007).
Therefore, a large proportion of heat loss occurs through windows. Replacement of
frames and glasses of windows with energy-efficient types is very important in terms of
increasing the energy efficiency of existing buildings.

Performance indicators used to assess the performance of windows are; level of thermal
protection, solar control, solar heat gain and solar control while ensuring the adequacy
of daylight (Aycam et al., 1999). Depending on the climatic characteristics of the
building location, expectations from the above-mentioned features of the windows can
be changed. Even so, research and development into window design has concentrated
on new super insulated glazing, improved insulation of frame construction, and
increased solar energy gain (g-value) (Barton et al., 2007).

There are three basic approaches which are applied to the window glass production to
ensure high energy performance. The first one is changing the physical properties or the
chemical structure of glass material. An example of this is colored glass. The second
approach is coating the surface of the glass material with a reflective film to reduce
glare and solar heat gains. In recent years, low-emittance coating was developed to
provide both cooling and heating. The third approach is creating spaces between the
glass layers whose properties can be controlled. These windows consist of two or more
layers and the space between them is filled with low-conductivity gas. In double-layer

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applications, window performance increases 11% by the argon gas usage and 22% by
krypton gas usage (Esin, 2007).

Table 2. Energy efficient retrofit methods applied to the window components.

APPLICATION RETROFIT METHOD

REGION
Renovation of the Seal
Renovation of the Frame Aluminum
FRAME

Wood
Vinyl (PVC)
Fiberglass
Low-E Glass Application
Film Coating
WINDOW

Colored Glass Application Green Blue-

Green
Smoke-colored Azurlite
GLASS

Bronze Evergreen
Blue
Multi Layered Glass Application Double Layered Glass
Triple Layered Glass
Filling Gas Between the Layers of Glass as Argon
a Insulation Material Krypton
Integrated Concentrating Dynamic Solar Systems Application

10-30% of the total window area is created by the frame, therefore the frame material
and design is also effective in window system performance. The main frame types used
in the market are, wood, vinyl (PVC) and aluminum. Among these frames, aluminum
frames are the most disadvantaged type of frame in terms of heat losses and gains
because of the higher heat transfer coefficient than the other frame materials (U alum. =
10, 80 W/m²K) (Aycam et al., 1999). Coefficient thermal conductivity (U timber = 2.27
W/m²K) of the timber frame is lower than aluminum frames (Esin, 2007). Window
system's heat loss can be reduced by this positive feature of the timber frame.

Windows with vinyl, also known as PVC (polyvinyl chloride) frames, have good
insulation values. Insulation value increases through the small cavities within the vinyl
frame. Thermal properties are not much different from timber frame depending on the
frame structure. Thermal performance of the standard vinyl frames can be increased by
isolating the frame cavities; this type of frame is called the insulated vinyl frame.

Fiber-glass frame is another type of frame that is not in common use as the above-
mentioned frame types. These frameworks which are made of glass fiber or spun glass
are durable and vacuolar such as the vinyl frames. They have superior thermal
performance than the timber, vinyl and insulated vinyl frames when filling out the
cavities with insulation. These high-performance frames are usually used with the high-
performance glasses (Esin, 2007).

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Nowadays, it is possible to translate solar energy to electric energy through the
concentrated integrated solar systems that can be placed to the window openings. These
systems aim to benefit from solar energy to reduce total energy consumption of the
buildings with the combination of energy production and high-quality heat-trapping
properties of the photovoltaic cells in order to reduce cooling and lighting loads. The
solar energy utilization rate which is 40% at the standard PV panels is increased up to
80% by this system (Guiney et al., 2008; Wang, 2010).

3.4 Walls

The most effective way to reduce the amount of energy, consumed for heating or
cooling of the building, is renovation of exterior walls to prevent heat losses. Energy
efficient retrofit methods applied to the walls are specified in Table 3.
Table 3. Energy efficient retrofit methods applied to the walls.

RETROFIT METHOD
Exterior of the Exterior Wall
Insulation Application
Interior of the Exterior Wall
Use of Solar Shading Elements
Transparent Insulation Application
Photovoltaic Panel Application

Heat flow occurs at the exterior walls as heat loss or gain, as a result of interaction with
the external atmospheric conditions such as ambient temperature, solar radiation, and
wind speed. Reducing the heat flow on a wall can be achieved only by increasing the
thermal resistance when constant surface area and constant temperature differences are
considered (Isik, 2007). Increasing the thermal resistance of an existing building is
provided by reducing the coefficient of thermal conductivity. The most effective method
for this is the application of thermal insulation. 30-60% of heat loss occurs at
uninsulated buildings, depending on the location and quality of the building (Unlu,
2009).
Commonly used thermal insulation materials for wall, floor and roof insulation are;
glass wool, mineral wool, EPS, XPS and polyurethane. Insulation can be made on inside
or outside of the external wall and several thermal insulation materials and details can
be used for this. In any case, for the thermal insulation applications, outside of the
external wall should be preferred. Thus, heat storage capacity of the wall material is
used, and the risk of condensation at the inner surface and section of the wall, due to
exposing the heavy-mass to the high temperature will be eliminated. Furthermore, heat
bridges do not occur due to protecting the entire facade with insulating materials.
However, internal insulation should be used where heating in a short time is necessary
(www.izoder.org.tr, 2011).
Integration of shading elements to the walls is also an energy efficient retrofit method.
Unwanted heat gain is prevented and the load on the mechanical cooling system is
reduced through shading elements.
Nowadays, one of the most popular applications that aim passive heating from the sun is
the Transparent Insulation (TI). The most important feature of the transparent insulation

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is, as well as being the heat insulation, transmitting at least 40% of the sun rays to the
massive wall and giving an additional heat gain from solar energy at the heating periods
of the year (Yesildal et al, 2004). In case of retrofitting, TI should be applied on the
surface of the high density and uninsulated walls located on south of the buildings.
Apart from energy conservation, taking advantage of solar energy for heating spaces by
the application of transparent insulation is also important for economy and creation of a
clean and livable environment by less fossil fuel consumption (Ozbalta et al, 2003).

Integration of photovoltaic panels onto the facade of the building is one of the methods
used in retrofitting projects to take advantage from solar energy. Depending on the
structure of the solar cells, solar energy can be converted to electrical energy with a
yield of 5% to 20%.

4 Case Study: Ferikoy Private Armenian Elementary School

Private Ferikoy Armenian Elementary School which is chosen as sample building at this
study is located in Istanbul, representing Turkey's moderate-humid climate zone. The
school was built in 1950s and additional part and floor construction made in 1970’s, for
increasing the number of classrooms. Building has 20.05 m height and 671m² floor area.
It is used and heated to ensure indoor air comfort, minimum 8 hours during the day.
Entrance facade and the first floor plan of the building are shown at figure 1 and figure
2.

Figure 1. The entrance façade of the Private Ferikoy Armenian Elementary School.

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Figure 2. First floor plan of the Private Ferikoy Armenian Elementary School

In this study, changes in operating expenses and annual energy requirements will be put
forward as a result of energy efficient retrofit of reference school’s building envelope.
Insulation material application of all envelope and low-e coating of the existing
windows which are defined as the most common and effective methods by study of
International Energy Agency, ‘Retrofitting in Educational Buildings - Energy Concept
Adviser for Technical Retrofit Measures’ are chosen as retrofitting methods.

4.1 Annual Energy Needs Calculations of the Sample Building

The extruded polystyrene foam of 4 cm thick is decided to implement on the outer

surface of the selected school which has one and a half brick outer walling as heat
insulation material which is used commonly as a heat insulation material for cladding
facades. The same material is used on the roof. The building roof consists of two parts;
first part is the terrace roof which lays on part of the third storey, the second part is a
metal cladding roof located on fourth storey constructed in 1970 on some part of third
storey. About 10 years ago, wooden windows are replaced with double glazed PVC
windows. A film coating which has reflective and low-E properties is applied on
translucent shell surfaces of the building in order to increase the heat insulation of the
building during winter months.

The annual energy need of the building is accounted according to TS825. The building
is accepted to be in the area of buildings up to 10 storey height and on a flat terrain as
mentioned in the related standard 2.2.1.3.section on the fifth table. Building is in the
second degree day zone according to standards’ Appendix D *. According to the
Appendix B1** the internal ambient temperatures of all spaces in the building are
assumed as 20 ° C. According to Appendix B2 *** an average outdoor temperature is
considered for 12 months of a year. To find the annual energy needs of the building, the

* Degree day regions according to cities.

** Monthly average values of the internal temperatures used in calculations for buildings used for
different purposes.
*** As for the heat loss and condensation zones degree day monthly average outdoor temperature
values used in calculations.

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heat lost realized through transmission and ventilation over the full and transparent parts
of the building shell were calculated for 12 months of the year. Also according to the
values taken from Appendix C **** the heat and internal gains are calculated by means
of solar energy over the 12 months of the year.

The annual energy needs of the building in its current form and in heat insulation form
were calculated separately; respectively, 1.66 * 109 kJ (462,000 kWh) and 0.67 * 109
kJ (185,770 kWh). If we assume that 1m3 of natural gas gives approximately 9.6 kWh
of energy from the 75 cents (www.mubaizoyapi.com / cozum_platformu.html, 2011),
we can say that approximately 48,000 m3 natural gas will be used in its current form
and 19,000 m3 natural gas will be used in heat insulation form of the building. In its
current form, its cost will be 36,000 TL ( $ 20.000 ) and in heat-insulating state the gas
cost is calculated to be 14,000 TL ( $ 7.750).

4.2 Cost-Assessment

The building's thermal insulation and glass coating costs are as follows;

The square foot price of XPS thermal insulation material of 4 cm and the heat insulation
plaster will be implemented on outer walls of the building is considered to be 42,50 TL
($23,5). (www.msb.gov.tr/Anasayfa/html/duyuru/2011Fiyat_Birim_Listesi.pdf, 2011)
1700 m2 surface on the exterior of the building area is required to have insulation on and
the cost of heat insulation of outer walls was found to be 72.250 TL ($40.000) per
application.

The roof thermal insulation of the building is implemented to the surface of 250 m2 on
roof terrace, and the rest is implemented on the slab which is under the roof of metal
cladding and has a surface of 390 m2. The m2 cost of implementation of the 4cm
extruded polystyrene foam insulation on the slab is 16,00 TL ($8,90), the
implementation of same material on roof terrace is 95,00TL ($52,60) . Total cost of roof
insulation was found to be 30.000 TL ($16.620).

Because the double-glazing windows are on an existing structure located, the double –
glazing of windows must be taken from their place, brought to factory, glass coatings
must be implemented on and then taken back to its place. For this reason, removal and
installation costs of glazing are included in the coating costs. Glass surface of the school
is approximately 330 m2. A film coating implemented from inner side of glazing is
chosen. This film coating carries silver dusts inside, which feature reflective film
coating from outside, low-e film coating from inner side of the windows. Its per m2 cost
is $58 + $5 (labor), (the exchange rate is assumed to be 1.805 TL) was found to be
113.72 TL ($63). All the film coating of transparent surfaces is calculated to be 330 m2
x 113,72 TL= 37.526 TL ($20.790)

The total cost for the heat insulation layer on the façade, the roof surfaces and the films
on the windows of the school is calculated to be around approximately 140,000 TL
($77.560).

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**** All the calculations that will be used for degree day regions of average monthly values of solar
radiation intensity.

According to the values obtained from "4.1." section of the study, if a thermal insulation
is applied to the wall, terrace and glass of the building, an annual total gain of 29,000 m3
of natural gas is provided and its monetary value is 22.000 TL ($12.190). In this case, a
calculation is made to find when the costs of thermal insulation applied to the building
will be met with the annual yield held from insulation savings. The result is shown on
graphic, Table 4. 10% of the interest rate from Central Bank is used as discount rate in
calculations. The graphic tells us that the school management will meet insulation costs
in the 7th year by the savings provided with insulation.

Table 4. Annual cash inflows and outflows is transferred to the next year, until the cost of insulation met
fuel gains.

5 Conclusion and Evaluation

Recognizing the value of the energy and importance of environmental problems, Turkey
started to make the necessary studies for the efficient use of energy. 'TS 825 Thermal
Insulation Rules' standard has been made mandatory with the entry into force of
Buildings Thermal Insulation Directive in 2000 (Isik, 2007). Through the entry into
force of Building Energy Performance (BEP) Regulation in 2008, important obligations
in improving the energy efficiency of existing structures are imposed. For this reason,
studies which aim improving energy efficiency to ensure environmental and economic
sustainability of existing building stock come into prominence.

To demolish and reconstruct the elementary school buildings is a more common

practice in Turkey rather than energy efficient retrofitting. One of the main reasons of
this is the change of primary school education system from 5 years to 8 years in 1998
and existing buildings function became insufficient. Another important problem is
existing schools in the earthquake region don’t have sufficient seismic safety.

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In this study, we proposed energy efficient retrofit for a nearly 60 years old elementary
school building by improving the thermal properties of building envelope and as a result
of this study show that financial gain will take place in 8 years. If retrofit is applied,
annual fuel cost would be reduced approximately one-third of the current situation of
the building. It should not be underestimated that a building with better indoor air
conditions and low fuel consumption reduces carbon dioxide emissions and pollutes less
the environment.

After a proper study, the work that needs to be done is revealing economic and
environmental benefits obtained by the realization of retrofit approaches for each
component of the building envelope system and demonstrating the most useful retrofit
methods for final decision makers and users by evaluating the methods with each other.

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