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Art Integration Project Class 12 CBSE Physics

Light has a dual nature, behaving sometimes as a particle and sometimes as a wave. Several experiments established this, including: - Young's experiment which demonstrated light interference, requiring a wave nature - Photoelectric effect where light ejects electrons from metals, requiring quantized particle-like energy packets - Planck's resolution of the blackbody radiation problem by proposing quantized energy states for resonators, introducing the concept of the photon - Einstein's photoelectric equation relating the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons to the frequency of incident light, supporting light as a particle

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4K views

Art Integration Project Class 12 CBSE Physics

Light has a dual nature, behaving sometimes as a particle and sometimes as a wave. Several experiments established this, including: - Young's experiment which demonstrated light interference, requiring a wave nature - Photoelectric effect where light ejects electrons from metals, requiring quantized particle-like energy packets - Planck's resolution of the blackbody radiation problem by proposing quantized energy states for resonators, introducing the concept of the photon - Einstein's photoelectric equation relating the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons to the frequency of incident light, supporting light as a particle

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Dhanya mala V
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You are on page 1/ 15

ART

INTEGRATION
PROJECT

By

Sonalika Ghosh

Class 12 Physics
The Dual Nature of light

Light as a wave
Light as a particle
KEY POINTS
 INTRODUCTION
 CONTRIBUTION & HISTORY
 BY NEWTON (1680)
 BY HUYGENS (1690)
 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
 PLANK RESOLUTION
 EINSTEIN PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION
 THE COMPTON EFFECT
 CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
Dual nature of light means light has two
different nature, sometimes it behaves
like a particle sometimes it behaves like
a wave.
I discuss a few of the famous
experiments which establishes the nature
of light i.e. light is a wave or a particle.
CONTRIBUTIONS & HISTORY
NEWTON CORPUSCULAR THEORY :-
Newton’s corpuscular theory based on following points
i. Light consists of very tiny particles known as corpuscular.
ii. These corpuscles on emission from the source of light travel in straight
line with high velocity.
iii. When these particle enter the eyes, they produce image of the object
or sensation of vision.
iv. Corpuscles of different colours have different size.

Newton corpuscular theory


explain law of reflection &
refraction phenomena
YOUNG’S EXPERIMENT
The phenomenon of interference was first demonstrated by
Thomas Young in 1801 with a simple experiment.

This phenomenon
requires for its
explanation that
light must have a
wave nature.

Constructive Destructive
interference interference
In-phase Out of
phase
DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT
Augustin Fresnel used Huygens wave theory gave a explanation of the
phenomenon of diffraction of light (bending of light around sharp
obstacles).The effect is found to be significant when the dimension of the
diffracting element becomes comparable with the wavelength of light.
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

The phenomenon of emission of electrons


from the surface of a metal by the action of
a beam of electromagnetic radiation (light) is
known as photoelectric effect. The well-
known photosensitive metals are Na, K,Cs
etc. The phenomenon was discovered in 1887
by Hertz.

Main observed facts :-


i. The strength of photocurrents is directly proportional to the intensity of
incident light.
ii. For a given emitter light of frequency smaller than a critical frequency ν 0
(called threshold frequency) can not emit photoelectrons
iii. Photoemission is an instantaneous phenomenon.
iv. The maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons is a linear function of
the frequency but independent of the intensity of incident light.
PLANCK’S RESOLUTION
Planck hypothesized that the blackbody radiation was
produced by resonators.
• Resonators were submicroscopic charged oscillators.
The resonators could have discrete energies.
• En = nhf
• n is called the quantum number
• f is the frequency of vibration
• h is Planck’s constant
Key point is quantized energy states
EINSTEIN’S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION
According to Einstein light is not only emitted or absorbed inn quanta but also
propagates as quanta. The individual quantum is known as photon.
An electron absorbs the energy hν of a photon when it collides with a photon.
So the Einstein’s equation is -

Explanation of photoelectric effect on the basis of quantum theory :-

i. If the frequency ν of the incident light is such that < then < 0. This means that no
photoemission is possible in this case. So give the idea of threshold frequency ν 0.
ii. Increase in intensity of light means increase in the number of photons incident per unit
area per sec.
Each collision produces a photoelectron. So the photocurrent will increase with intensity at
a given
frequency.
iii. As is constant for a particular emitter, equation shows that K.E off photoelectrons
increases linearly with frequency. Since the energy of each photons remain same, for a
given frequency the maximum K.E of photoelectrons does not increase with intensity
for a given frequency.
iv. As the process is regarded as a collision between photon & electron, it should be an
instantaneous process.
COMPTON SCATTERING
CONCLUSION

The phenomenon of interference , diffraction and polarization of light are well


explained by considering the wave nature of light on the other hand , phenomena like
photoelectric effect , Compton effect , Raman effect etc. require particle nature of
light .
Bohr’s complementary principle states that the wave and particle description are
complementary ways.
According to uncertainty principle it is impossible to design an experiment which
will show both the particle and wave nature at the same time.
Thank You

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