State, Nation, and Globalization

BULABOS

Defining State

 A political structure of an organized community which is internationally recognized as an

independent state.
 It has a population, common language, defined territory, and an established government.
 It is related to but it is not synonymous to government and country.
 In a broader sense, it consists of the agreements on how disputes are settled in the form of laws.
 An organization with legal purpose; to impose law and order to ensure the welfare and safety of
its citizens.
 Since the state primarily focuses on the law and order, it is embodied by the police, armed
forces, workers, and government officials.
 Public service is one of the most defining features of a state.
 Represented by symbols, i.e. flag, national anthem, national animal, etc.

Elements of a State

1. Population – refers to the people that compose the state.

o A state is a human political, institution. There should be a population to begin with in order
to have some rules, and others to be ruled.
2. Territory – Refers to the place where the people are located, including the land, natural resources,
and air space located within it.
o This also refers to the geographic region of the state. Any interference with rights or
ownership may lead to conflict or war.
3. Government – The system that administers or controls the state; instrument through which the will
of the state is made known and implemented.
o Government is an institution that governs and enacts the will of the state.
4. Sovereignty- refers to the ability of the state to govern itself without outside influence or
interference.
o A state is sovereign when it is able to conduct its state functions and affairs without the
interference of outside parties or forces.
 Two Aspects of Sovereignty
a) Internal Sovereignty – refers to the ability of the state to govern and control
its people and territory. It has authority to enact laws and exercise power on
its citizens and territory.
b) External Sovereignty- refers to the freedom of the state from external
influences and foreign interventions. That is why as state can enforce laws
on their territory without needing the approval of other states. Basically,
this means that the state is independent of other states.
Sovereignty and Legitimacy - The state’s sovereignty and legitimacy is closely related to legitimacy.

 The state attains legitimacy if it is recognized and respected by the people.

o We can see this in the government’s actions and the citizen’s reaction to it.
 When majority of the population recognizes the government and subsumes under its laws then the
state is considered legitimate.
o However, when there is a huge portion of the population who oppose the government then
instability can ensue
o There may come a time when this portion will move the power revolt against the
government and assert their own independence.
 The state’s legitimacy is also internationally recognized by other states or community of nations.
o This means that all states participating in regional and international relations are on equal
footing when they relate to each other.

Sovereignty of the State

 A sovereign state should be able to freely purse its goals and interest as well as uphold its objectives
independently.
o Undue influence and intervention from other states cannot be forced onto a sovereign
state.
 A sovereign state is considered a unified, coherent, and organized entity that is able to exercise
legitimate power for the welfare of its citizens.
o If the country experiences political upheavals, or if the government is considered illegitimate
by the international community, the sovereignty of the state is questionable.
o This may affect its standing in international affairs.

Classification of States According to Legitimacy of its Exercise of Power

1.) De Jure State – a state that has legitimacy but cannot exercise sovereignty

o It is the legal and legitimate government so recognized by other states but is withheld from
exercising sovereignty due to various reasons.

2.) De Facto State – a state that has no legitimacy but has sovereignty.

o For example, if a group overthrows the established government, and forms their own
government, they might have sovereignty and can exercise power over the people.
However, if other nations refuse to accept their existence, then they are considered as a de
facto state.

A state can be a member of international organizations and institutions.

o Examples are: United Nations (UN), General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT), World
Trade Organization (WTO).

This also means that a sovereign state must abide by laws, policies or regulations imposed by
international agreements or conventions.

o An example of this is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by all members of
UN in 1948.
o This defines the standards on the recognition of human rights for all states.
o Members of the United Nations will need to abide and comply to the principles
defined on the declaration.

Defining Nation

 Nation refers to a large group of people who share common characteristics such as language,
traditions and ethnicity, and share a history and culture (even if the group does not have a country
of its own.
 Nations emerged as a social construct, based on the concepts of identity and ethnicity
o It is primarily based on the concept of identity and ethnicity, according to the historian
Benedict Anderson.
 Nations can be thought of as “Imagined Communities” that see themselves as one due to notions of
unity.
o Nations often ignore political boundaries. For example, in the Philippines many communities
come together to form large ethnolinguistic groups such as Tagalog, Ilocano, Hiligaynon,
Visayan, Maranao, Tausug
o A Filipino usually identifies him or herself based on ethnicity, and he/she feels a sense of
belongingness to this group through long years of shared experience, thoughts, aspirations,
and struggles, we have now identified ourselves as a nation of Filipinos

Defining Nation-State

 A nations state is the idea of having a sovereign state with a homogenous population of people who
share the same ethnicity, history, traditions, and culture.
o This is quite hard to attain. For example, in the Philippine itself. Even though if we think of
ourselves as a nation of Filipinos, ethnic background is still quite strong. A person still feels
strongly and deeply connected towards their ethnicity. However, it is not entirely
impossible.
 A state may emerge from a nation, if a nation can define the elements that makes up a state.
o One of the ways to unify various ethnic tribes onto a single nation is creating a commonality
among them.
o For example, in the Philippines, ethnic tribes have their own dialects. However, in the year
1937, President Manuel L. Quezon decided to create a national language to be used by all
the citizens. This created better communication among the citizens which resulted to
greater bonds.
o Another example, when the Sultanate of Sulu unified the different sub-groups in the Sulu
Archipelago, they are now known as Tausug.

Rise of Nation-State

Russia

 Khanate of the Golden Horde (Mongols)

o If we recall Mongol history, Genghis Khan controlled most of Asia. When he died, his empire
breaks up into four pieces, and one of those was the Khanate of the Golden Horde, and that
is where Russia develops out of Ivan the III
 Ivan III (Ivan the Great)
o He was the first Czar or King of what becomes Russia. He kicks the Mongol’s out and
establishes Russia, but in the study world history we focus more on Ivan IV
 Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)
o He is identified as the creator of Russia in world history because he created this idea of
absolute rule, where the czar has absolute power over Russian territory, and is the most
important figure in Russia.

Spain

During this time period the Kingdom of Spain developed as well in this time period

 Moors controlled Iberian Peninsula 700s- 1100s

o Prior knowledge here, the Moors were Spanish Muslims, controlled the Iberian Peninsula.
Including Portugal
 King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile -1469
o With the development of Spain, history largely associates it with Ferdinand and Isabella.
They ruled in 1469 until the 1500s. During their rule they started a campaign called
Reconquista
 Reconquista – kicking out of the Moors
o Aims to end religious toleration of Jews and Muslims and force everyone to convert to
Catholicism.
o If one refused to convert into Catholicism, they will use the inquisition or the church court to
go after the one who refused to be converted.
 Ferdinand and Isabella were also responsible for sending Columbus to conquer Aztec and Inca.

England

 Settled by Angles, Saxons

o Angles and Saxons were one of those Germanic tribes that started to settle England, after
Rome falls.
 William I (The Conqueror)
o He was the duke of Normandy (Northern France)
o He claimed England & invades in 1066 with the Battle of Hastings. He wins that battle and
becomes the new king of England.

Advances in England

As William I ruled England, there were a lot of legal advancements and changes:

 Feudal System
 Common Law
o Which is the court procedures still used today, rules for trial, clear verdicts.
o Common law is the foundation for pretty much every other modern-law system today.
 Magna Carta
o One of the most important documents developed in this period is the Magna Carta created
in 1215. It was signed by King John I. He was forced to sign the Magna Carta after he fought
with his vassals and his lords for power in England.
o Why is it so important? It is the 1 st document in history that limits the authority of a
monarch.
o It says the king cannot collect taxes w/o legislative consent. If you think about it that is what
we have today, Congress and other authorities cannot just tax people without the president
signing that bill into law.
o It also guarantees the right to trial by jury. If someone commits a crime they have a right to
be but in front of their peers who decides whether guilty or not guilty.
o This is called due process of law.

France

 Develops as a patchwork of Feudal manors (Small Kingdoms)

o This split and fracturing after Charlemagne’s Carolingian Empire dies.
o Following the death of Louis the Pious (Charlemagne's son), the surviving adult Carolingians
fought a three-year civil war ending only in the Treaty of Verdun, which divided the territory
into three separate regions and began the breakup of the empire
 987 – Hugh Caper established a new dynasty.
o He will expand France and create the increase the power of the king to make coins, so the
king has control of most of the finance of France and the ability to wage war.

Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

England and France are going to get embroiled in a huge conflict that is known as the Hundred Years
War, but if you look at the date of the Hundred Years War 1337 -1453, you will notice that it is not a
hundred years, it is actually 114 years. It last so long, historians just called it the hundred years war.

What Happened?

 England vs France
 England claimed land in France
o They invade to reassert that land territory
 Series of conflicts
o and it’s not a continued war. Unlike world war II that lasted for 6 continuous years.
 English “winning” the war because of the longbow
o England is winning most of the war by mid 1400s. They control most of Northern France.
 Tide turns with Joan of Arc
o 1412-1431
o Mission from God to “save France”
o Led a French army to victory at Orleans
o Unfortunately, the English caught her when she was trialed as a heretic and burned but she
does help a rallying cry for the people of France to defeat the English and kick them out.
Thus, ending the hundred years’ war

Rise of the Modern State

 began in 1680’s which brought to an end the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch and
the German phase of the Thirty Years' War that ended to the…
 Treaty of Westphalia- As a result of the Treaty of Westphalia, the Netherlands gained independence
from Spain, Sweden gained control of the Baltic and France was acknowledged as the preeminent
Western power. The power of the Holy Roman Emperor was broken and the German states were
again able to determine the religion of their lands

Effects of the Rise of Nation State

1. Separation of state and church.

2. Increased liberty (i.e. education)

3. Increased of nationalism (i.e. Japan)

Whereas, Nation-State comes in by having:

 1 state
 1 ruler
 1 religion

SOTTO

Nation-State in Decline

MAIN REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF THE NATION STATE SYSTEM 

U.R. Ghai in his “International Politics: Theory and Practice” has listed following factors giving
“setbacks for the traditional state centric international system:

 Increased Interdependence
 Nationalistic Universalism
 Trends towards International (regional) Integration
 The Nuclear Age and its Impact
 Limitations on National Power
 The Erosion of the Concept of Sovereign Equality of the Nation-states
 Rise of several powerful Non-State Actors

(1) Increased Interdependence:

The foreign aid and investment slows economic growth, perpetuates a dual economy for the elite
and the poor, and increases income differences between the poor and the elite. In the global
power structure weker countries are economically reliant on stronger countries, allowing the
stronger countries to exercise significant control over the weaker countries' economic and
political behaviour.

(2) Nationalistic Universalism:

Nationalism is a form of universalism when it makes universal claims about how the world
should be organised, but it is particularistic with regard to individual nations. The nation-state
finds it essential to formulate the goals of its national interests in such a way as can help the
achievement of universally recognized objectives of international relations. The universalistic
principles bring nationalism into conflict with competing forms of universalism, the
particularistic principles bring specific nationalist movements into conflict with rival
nationalisms.

(3) Trends towards International (regional) Integration:

International (Regional) integration is the process by which two or more nation-states agree to
co-operate and work closely together to achieve peace, stability and wealth. The cons involved in
creating regional agreements include: Trade diversion, employment shifts and reduction, loss of
national sovereignty, limited fiscal capabilities, cultural centralization, creation of trading blocs. 

(4) The Nuclear Age and its Impact:

The emergence of nuclear weapons has seriously affected the nation-state. A modern nation-state
finds itself incapable of providing security to its people from a possible nuclear war. The non-
nuclear states today find themselves defenseless against the threats of a nuclear war. The nuclear
powers have the means, rather the overkill capacity, and yet they find it difficult to use it to
secure their desired goals.

(5) Limitations on National Power:

Rise of World Public Opinion, codification of International Law and its increased role; a strong
movement in favour of disarmament and arms control etc. have been a source of big limitation
on the national power of a state in the contemporary era of international relations. The nation-
state finds it very difficult, if not impossible, to achieve its desired goals of national interests by
the use of force/war in international relations.

(6) The Erosion of the Concept of Sovereign Equality of the Nation-states:

The erosion of the concept of sovereign equality of the nation states, create an imbalance of
power among different nations with different economic strengths. Through various economic
imbalances, these situations may lead to diminished roles for some states and exalted roles for
others. Most of the smaller states are either totally or partially dependent upon the rich,
developed and powerful nations.

(7) Rise of several powerful Non-State Actors:

The rise of several powerful non-state actors like the Multinational Corporations, has still
adversely affected the nation-state system.
Sometimes Non-State Actors act as official representatives of designated groups in a country. As
a result, a Non-State Actor can sometimes be very influential, in some respects even more
powerful than a state itself. These are not formally associated with the governments of the states
whose people/companies join hands to establish them.

OTHER PERSPECTIVE ABOUT GLOBALIZATION AND THE DECLINE OF STATE

SYSTEM
(International Politics by Rumki Basu)

 Some liberal scholars argue that the state’s power is declining and the power of the
markets is ascending: 

1. Susan Strange (1966) – She argues that the states –were once the masters of the markets;
now, it is the markets which – on many crucial issues – are the masters of the
governments of the states.

2. Kesselman (2007) –believe that the technological changes and liberalization of

international trade, production and finance have dealt a decisive blow to the formerly
unchallenged positions of the state. Also, the state is losing its sovereign power in key
domains: military affairs, control over the mastic economic and social matters, and so
on , in the wake of globalization . 
 The Neo-realist scholars reject these arguments and claim that the state is still continues
to be a primary actor in international politics.

 For Realists, there is no threat to the state and the state system will continue to be
relevant.

TAMAYO

Nation-State in Globalizing World

Globalization creates a sense of interdependence among nations, which could create an

imbalance of power among nations of different economic strengths. The role of the nation-state
in a global world is largely a regulatory one as the chief factor in global interdependence.

The role of the nation-state in globalization is a complex one in part due to the varying
definitions and shifting concepts of globalization. While it has been defined in many ways,
globalization is generally recognized as the fading or complete disappearance of economic,
social, and cultural borders between nation-states. Some scholars have theorized that nation-
states, which are inherently divided by physical and economic boundaries, will be less relevant in
a globalized world.

The role of the nation-state in a global world is largely a regulatory one as the chief factor in
global interdependence. While the domestic role of the nation-state remains largely unchanged,
states that were previously isolated are now forced to engage with one another to set
international commerce policies. Through various economic imbalances, these interactions may
lead to diminished roles for some states and exalted roles for others.

Globalization and the Nation State

 Globalization – refers to the gradual process of political economic and cultural integration
brought about by increased exchange of products, ideas, and technology, throughout the
world.
 It has been going on since ancient times: from great empires to global empires during the age
of colonialism and imperialism.
o This process has been believed to be ongoing since then. From the conquest of
superpowers accumulating nations and integrating them into empires.
o For example, the Roman Empire and the Persian Empire. And to the emergence of
global empires as the age of colonialism and imperialism arrived. Such as the
establishment of British Colonies and the establishment of Imperial Japan
o During the 20th Century globalization advanced further due to political movements
across the world.
During the 1920’s – European nations and the rest of the world wanted to promote peace and
security. Hence the creation or rise of supranational organizations, spearheaded by Western
Countries.

Rise of Supranational Organizations

1. League of Nations
2. United Nations
3. ASEAN
4. European Union
5. International Criminal Court

Aspects of Globalization

Cultural Political

Economic

Political – this aspect of globalization includes the political cooperation and dialogue among
nations. This is also concerned with military matters and global security threats. Security threats
such as terrorism have reached a global scope which affects several state throughout the world.
There are also threats that operate in multiple countries and defy borders, such as: human
trafficking, illegal drug trade, organized crime and syndicate human organ buying and selling,
which sometimes involves kidnapping unsuspecting citizens or taking advantage of the poor by
taking their organs then paying them a small sum of money. Military and armed conflicts is also
a concern since its effects can be regional or even international. All of these needs higher
authorities to be addressed properly and effectively. Institutions such as UN Security Council is
formed to primarily maintain global peace and security. Also, the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), composed of European nations and the United States was established to
defend against communism during the cold war. Currently, NATO focuses on security concerns
in Europe.
Economic – this aspect of globalization involves economic integration, treaties, and international
policies among nations. This aspect is evident due to growing trade and financial relations
among countries, and the reduction and removal of trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas. Free
trade, regional trade blocks, and common markets are promoted to offer a wider scope and reach
for local, regional, and international businesses. Examples of these initiatives are the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which established the North American Trade Block,
and Free Trade Area that includes Canada, United States, and Mexico. Another would be the
Asia Pacific Economic Corporation (APEC), a regional trade forum participated by 21 countries
located in the Pacific Rim.

Cultural – this aspect of globalization promotes cultural exchange among various nations. One
of the example of this is the student exchange programs across different countries which sends
student representatives to other countries to learn and exchange not just knowledge, but also
culture to other nationalities. Technology has played a vital role in rapid spread of knowledge,
ideas and content that expose different communities to other culture and communities. People are
now more educated about other cultures, race, and nations that racist stereotypes and
misconceptions are slowly diminishing. Although national pride is still very strong, cultural
globalization allowed the people to become more open to diversity and more understanding of
other people’s culture and lives. Globalization has made way for more opportunities for nations
to grown and coexist with each other.
PARRA

Regionalism

Regionalism refers to formal economic cooperation and economic arrangements of a group of

countries aimed at facilitating or enhancing regional integration.

“Regionalism is an approach to study the behaviour that emphasizes the geographical region as
the unit of analysis, stressing the relationship between man and his immediate physical
environment. Economic social and cultural organisations are analyzed in terms of their
interrelationships and functions within the geographic region” -W.P. Scott.

Regionalism has many faces. It may reveal itself as structures (e.g., city-county consolidations),
programs and policies (e.g., regional fair-share housing policy), partnerships and agreements
(e.g., interlocal compact), processes and practices (e.g., regional forums), or simply as cultural
expressions (e.g., regional norms, regional logos). 

OLD REGIONALISM VS. NEW REGIONALISM

1. Whereas the old regionalism was formed in a bipolar Cold War context, the new is taking
shape in a multipolar world order. The new regionalism and multipolarity are, in fact, two sides
of the same coin. The decline of US hegemony and the breakdown of the Communist subsystem
created a room-for-manoeuvre, in which the new regionalism could develop. It would never have
been compatible with the Cold War system, since the "quasi-regions" of that system tended to
reproduce bipolarity within themselves. This old pattern of hegemonic regionalism was of course
most evident in Europe before 1989, but at the height of the Cold War discernible in all world
regions. There are still remnants of it here in East Asia.

2. Whereas the old regionalism was created "from above" (often through superpower
intervention), the new is a more spontaneous process from within the regions, where the
constituent states now experience the need for cooperation in order to tackle new global
challenges. Regionalism is thus one way of coping with global transformation, since most states
lack the capacity and the means to manage such a task on the "national" level.

3. Whereas the old regionalism was inward oriented and protectionist in economic terms, the
new is often described as "open", and thus compatible with an interdependent world economy.
However, the idea of a certain degree of preferential treatment of countries within the region is
implied in the idea of open regionalism. How this somewhat contradictory balance between the
principle of multilateralism and the more particularistic regionalist concerns shall be maintained
remains somewhat unclear. I would myself rather stress the ambiguity between "opened" and
"closed" regionalism.

4. Whereas the old regionalism was specific with regard to its objectives (some organizations
being security oriented, others economically oriented), the new is a more comprehensive,
multidimensional process. This process includes not only trade and economic development, but
also environment, social policy and security, just to mention some imperatives pushing countries
and communities towards cooperation within new types of regionalist frameworks.

5. Whereas the old regionalism was concerned only with relations between nation states, the new
forms part of a global structural transformation in which non-state actors (many different types
of institutions, organizations and movements) are also active and operating at several levels of
the global system.

In sum, the new regionalism includes economic, political, social and cultural aspects, and goes
far beyond free trade. Rather, the political ambition of establishing regional coherence and
regional identity seems to be of primary importance. The new regionalism is linked to
globalization and can therefore not be understood merely from the point of view of the single
region. Rather it should be defined as a world order concept, since any particular process of
regionalization in any part of the world has systemic repercussions on other regions, thus shaping
the way in which the new world order is being organized. The new global power structure will
thus be defined by the world regions, but regions of different types.

TYPES OF REGIONALISM

1. Environmental regionalism: jointly manage air, water, land, energy, plant, wildlife and other
natural resources; preserve a special environmental resource;

2. Fiscal regionalism: merge services; share labor or capital equipment;

3. Economic regionalism: unify economic development strategies and practices; promote one-
stop shopping for prospective investors; collaborate on regional marketing
and promotion;

4. Political regionalism: boost political clout, particularly in relation to higher-level

governments; solidify a political base; dilute the power of a geographically concentrated
interest group or minority;

5. Equity regionalism: narrow intrametropolitan disparities by redistributing

resources; standardize service levels in education, housing and other issue areas;

6. Growth-based regionalism: manage the impacts of metropolitan growth; coordinate,

plan for and shape the nature and pace of growth;

7. Cultural regionalism: safeguard a threatened culture; build regional identity; bolster

or sustain a social movement by expanding the network of adherents; 

8. Ad hoc regionalism: undertake a time-bounded specific task, such as attracting a

new firm, raising funds or hosting a major event.

FOUR CHALLENGES FACED BY REGIONALISM

1. Philosophical Challenge. Regionalism faces the classic dilemma of a diverse and democratic
society: how to realize the common good while safeguarding individual freedoms. Especially in
a nation committed to and benefiting from diversity and self-determination, working toward
common regional goals—even identifying them—is a challenge. Suburban officials, the editor of
the metropolitan daily, residential developers, homeless single mothers, union members, post-
college job seekers, corporate CEOs, city taxpayers, farmers and other regional interest groups
neither experience similarly nor agree on the importance of regional problems and proposed
solutions. Tradeoffs between regional and local goals and values are inevitable. 

2. Political Challenge. Regionalism is infused with politics. Doing something regionally means
not doing it locally or nationally, a circumstance that creates winners and losers and, thereby,
conflict. A region typically lacks constituents more loyal to it than to their localities or other
communities of interest. Even among regionalists there is disagreement over core values and
strategies of regional action. Proponents differ, for example, over the relative importance of
regional purposes, such as a stronger economy or greater equity, and they also part ways over
whether incremental steps or bold actions make more sense when pursuing regional outcomes.

3. Governance Challenge. Even if a region does manage to determine common ground

and align on political approaches, most regions for example in United States lack a polity—a
multipurpose entity authorized and empowered to act on behalf of the metropolitan public good.
Unlike the counties, cities and towns that comprise them, regions have no chief executive, no
legislature, no constitution, no by-laws, no public hearings, no place for the buck to stop. Thus,
regions must typically identify issues, set a vision, seize opportunities, thwart crises, deliver
services, broker conflicts, and establish and achieve goals without any formal structure or
authority for doing so. 

4. Empirical Challenge. High hopes and bold claims notwithstanding, we don’t know very much
about the impacts of regionalism, and what we do know offers mixed reviews. Societies are
understandably cautious about abandoning the status quo for the unproven or insufficient
benefits of a new regionalist order. Until the impacts of regionalism are better known, the
appropriate regional path will remain uncertain.

IMPORTANCE OF REGIONALISM

1. Encourages municipalities to look beyond their boundaries and recognize that working
together towards the betterment of an entire area will ultimately prove beneficial to each locality
within it. 
2. Link the competitive strengths of its diverse economies in order to boost their productivity and
sustain the region’s exceptional growth;
3. Connect the region’s capital markets to enhance financial stability, reduce the cost of capital,
and improve opportunities for sharing risks; 
4. Cooperate in setting exchange rate and macroeconomic policies in order to minimize the
effects of global and regional shocks and to facilitate the resolution of global imbalances; 
5. Pool the region’s foreign exchange reserves to make more resources available for investment
and development;
6. Exercise leadership in global decision making to sustain the open global trade and financial
systems that have supported a half century of unparalleled economic development;
7. Build connected infrastructure and collaborate on inclusive development to reduce inequalities
within and across economies and thus to strengthen support for pro-growth policies; and
8. Create regional mechanisms to manage cross-border health, safety, and environmental issues
better.
9. Proven to be extremely effective in helping to secure markets and providing economic
strength through the creation of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs).

MAGNAYE

Global Civil Society

Global Civil Society is the vast combination of groups operating across borders and beyond the
reach of governments. The global civil society does not bear political marks. So it mainly refers to the
politically independent and self-organized alliance.

 Global civil society serves to channel global public opinions and put policy ideas in to the
international agenda to influence global actions and enhance the accountability of international
decision-making processes in each nation-state.
 Global civil society bridged the gap between international actions and public opinions.
 Global civil society gives voice to the voiceless such as representation of minorities within states,
stateless groups and refugees, and people who are not protected by nation-states.
 Global civil society also protects and acknowledges the coexistence of equal, legitimate and diverse
rights among everyone on the planet.
 Global civil society finds avenues for action and change.

Civil Society Includes:

 Civil society organizations can include 
 Community groups
 Non-governmental organizations
 Labor unions
 Indigenous groups
 Charitable organizations
 Faith-based organizations
 Media operators
 Academia 
 Research centers 
 Religious institutions
 Professional associations & foundations
 Private companies 

Opportunities for Global Civil Society in Global Governance

 Although global civil society does have its limitations, it provides a feasible proposal of “good” global
governance, as Ramesh Thakur and Thomas Weiss defined,
 Also according to Robert Alan Dahl, 1999 “supporters of democracy should resist the argument that
a great decline in the capacity of national and subnational units to govern themselves is inevitable
because globalization is inevitable”.

SUSAYA

Global Governance

Global Governance brings together various actors to get together collective action at the level of
the planet and a continuous process of balancing different interests. The foundation for this is the
coordination of national policies and identification of shared norms and rules. 

The aim of global governance is to provide global public goods, particularly peace and security,
justice and mediation systems for conflict, functioning markets and unified standards for trade
and industry. Supports in working through the myriad of issues within the international system.

Forms and Formats of Global Governance

International agreements like the trade rules of the GATT and GATS embody one aspect of
global governance, and international organizations such as the World Trade Organization
(WTO), the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) comprise another, these are
the diverse forms in global governance.  In addition, loose groupings and informal assembly also
contribute to effective global governance.

The actors of global governance are as diverse as the forms and formats. Besides governments
and international institutions, relevant actors also include civil society and businesses. Their
participation ranges from simple consultation in the OECD to decision-making powers in
Internet governance.

Pieces of Global Governance

1. International Law

     There are 5 sources of international law: treaties or conventions, customary practices,

the writings of legal scholars, judicial decisions, and general principles.

2.International Norms or Soft Law

    Not a binding legal document, but rather the standards of behaviors, such as: some
human rights, labor rights, framework conventions on climate change and biodiversity.

3. International Organizations (IGOs)

 ·        Type
   Global: UN., WTO, WHO and more
   Regional: SEAN, EU, AU, SAARC and more
   General purpose: UN, OAS
   Specialized: WTO, WHO, ILO, Nato and more
    Functions:
 Informational – gather, analyze, disseminate data
 Forum – exchanges of views and decision-making
  Normative – defining standards of behavior
 Rule-creating – drafting treaties
 Rule-supervisory – monitoring compliance
 Operational – actions to achieve goal

4. NGOs

    Advocating a particular cause such as human rights, peace or environmental protection.

    Providing services such as disaster relief, humanitarian aid.

5. International Regimes

    Encompassing rules, norms and principles as well as the practices of actors that show
both how their expectations converge and their acceptance of and compliance with rules.

7. Ad hoc Arrangements
       G7
      G8
      G20
 ·    G77

8. Private Governance

     Private firms are attempting to establish enforceable intellectual property rules for
music, software, harmonization of labor standards, sanitation regulation.

Actors in Global Governance 

 States
  IGOs
 NGOs
 Experts
 Global Policy Networks
 Multinational Corporation