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Now, let us proceed to the review of related literature, which this chapter consist of the

review of related and studies from local and foreign literature to expand the topic and those

included in this chapter helps in familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the

present study.
For Online Learning
In the study of Ferri, Grifoni, and Guzzo (2020), as cited by Clark, and Mayer (2016)
online learning is defined as instruction delivered through a digital technology specifically
designed to help students learn. Several benefits of online learning have been discussed in the
literature, including Studying from anywhere, at any time, the potential to save a significant
amount of money, no commuting on crowded buses or local trains, the freedom to select, and the
ability to save time. Thus, online learning is becoming increasingly crucial for education during
this time of global health crises, as it allows students to stay in touch with classmates and
teachers while still following classes from a distance.
For Reading Comprehension
Reading is a necessary part of life. The main reason we read is to grasp what the material
is about, which is why we read with comprehension (Lastrella, 2010). In addition, Resurrection
(2010), stated reading is the primary tool for learning, since it enhances the ability to reason,
analyze, assess, and evaluate what has been read, as well as solve problems. Furthermore,
reading is a crucial tool for learning the curriculum's subject matter, and the ability to read is
essential for leading a successful life. Asserted by Middleton (2011), an essential component of
reading skills is comprehension. When it comes to comprehending texts, the latter is interactive,
requiring readers to be able to use several abilities and processes. These procedures are intricate
and have numerous components. Several cognitive models have been created to support the
many skill processes that are thought to influence comprehension.
For Lived experiences of students in an online learning modality
In the study of Coiro (2014), a seventh-grader student was asked about the challenges she
experienced in being an online reader wherein she explained it in this way: “Well, I’d say -
concentration…immunity to the rest of the sites once you click on one. And being a good internet
searcher - meaning when you know exactly what to click on without having to think twice about
it, and when you click on it, it’s reliable….I’d say it’s about 25% luck, 74% skill, and 1% wit - I
really can’t understand it all myself but …they mold right into a perfect circle and it works
correctly!”.
In summary, the ideas she presented conveys that an effective online reader understands
what the researchers suggest concerning online reading comprehension and that they should
acquire skills and practices needed to attain better comprehension such as; efficiently identifying
details, classifying relevant and credible online sources, and being optimistic towards online
reading which means being strategic when having a hard time in finding and reading information
from the internet.

Next, let us proceed to the method, which this chapter consists of the philosophical
underpinning, research design, participants and setting, data collection, data analysis,
establishing trustworthiness, and ethical considerations.
For Philosophical Underpinning
The researchers’ foundation of this study will be from an ontological perspective,
wanting to discover the nature of reality for lived experiences of Grade 7 students in English
reading comprehension in an online learning setup. In this perspective, the reality is depicted as
it happens for the people who are describing it, and themes develop as a result of comprehensive
interviews
For Data Collection
Data will be gathered through conducting interviews specifically for the researchers to
obtain factual and accurate information coming from the participants of the study. As Smith et.
al., (2009) mentioned from the study of Gilroy (2013), conducting interviews contribute to
facilitating interaction towards participants with their full consent to share their own insights, at
their own pace. Hence, in gathering data, the interviewer actively listens while the participant
talks. With that being said, this paper will utilize semi-structured interviews. In that way, the
researchers are able to probe follow-up questions for additional details throughout the interview.
This type of interview claims to be effective in gathering data from participants since it can result
in having in-depth responses from the chosen participants.

In addition, the researchers will employ the utilization of the purposive sampling
technique on choosing the participants of the study. Additionally, samples will be chosen on
purpose (rather than through probability approaches) since they can provide a research study
insight into a particular experience, specifically, the lived experiences of Grade 7 students in
English reading comprehension in online learning (Smith, 2009). The researchers decided to
conduct the study through this technique since it is appropriate to use importantly in meeting the
goals of the study which entails the lived experiences of grade 7 students in reading
comprehension in an online class.
Importantly, before analyzing the data, the researchers will interview participants without
having a specific number in mind, therefore the researchers will interview until the data gathered
will meet the saturation point. Moreover, the saturation in this paper refers to the researchers’
assurance that there will be no emerging data to be provided, additionally, researchers will resort
to a conclusion that the data are sufficient in achieving the objective of the study.
For Ethical Considerations
Before conducting the research, the researchers ensure that the paper will seek approval
from the Institutional Review Board-Review Ethics Committee of Holy Angel University,
Angeles City. Subsequently, after receiving permission, the study will be conducted with the
participant’s full consent and voluntary participation. Moreover, the explanation of the primary
objectives of the study will be included before the interview proper. The rights of the participants
in terms of research undertakings which include beneficence and non-maleficence will be further
elaborated to the participants. In addition, the parental consent will also cover the mentioned
ethical considerations before involving the minors who will participate in the study. Primarily,
the purpose of informed consent is to give the participants authority to fully partake in the study,
and that they agree to establish the connection between them and the researchers. Through the
whole research process, the safety of the participants will be the utmost concern of the
researchers. Upon assessing the participants, the researchers will ensure that they will not be
subjected to any harm including mental, physical, and emotional. Moreover, the research will be
conducted accordingly if full consent was provided by the participant and that their privacy is
significant. In addition, the participants will not be coerced to participate in the study. Other than
that, misleading information will be avoided including the biased presentation of the gathered
data. The researchers will ensure that the research design is aligned with the research questions
to be included in the data collection process. With that, the conclusions will be correlated to the
objectives and results of this paper. Lastly, communications and relations related to the study
will be transparent and should abide by the code of honesty. Additionally, the researchers do
hereby pledge that the gathered information will remain confidential at all times, and thus its
specific purpose is to fulfill the objectives of the study only. Finally, the storage of the data
gathered will be disposed of ethically after three (3) years.

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Now, let us proceed to the review of related literature, which this chapter consist of the

For Online Learning

online learning is defined as instruction delivered through a digital technology specifically

teachers while still following classes from a distance.

For Reading Comprehension

many skill processes that are thought to influence comprehension.

For Lived experiences of students in an online learning modality

from the internet.

establishing trustworthiness, and ethical considerations.

For Philosophical Underpinning

The researchers’ foundation of this study will be from an ontological perspective,

For Data Collection

in having in-depth responses from the chosen participants.

comprehension in an online class.

For Ethical Considerations

gathered will be disposed of ethically after three (3) years.

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