LESSON ART HISTORY

Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

 Discuss the three periods of the Philippine Pre-Historic Art.
 Differentiate installation from sculpture.

Philippine Pre-Historic Arts

Prehistoric (Stone Age) Art

-First known period of pre historic human culture, during which

work was done with stone tools.
-the period began with the earliest human development, about 2
million years ago.
-it is divided into three periods:

1. Paleolithic - Old Stone Age

2. Mesolithic - Middle Stone Age
3. Neolithic - New Stone Age

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Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)

-the longest phase of human history

-its most outstanding feature was the development of the human species—
Homo sapiens
-paleolithic people were generally

 nomadic hunters and gatherers

 who sheltered in caves used fire and fashioned stone tools
 their cultures are identified by distinctive stone-tool industries
 by the upper paleolithic there is evidence of communal hunting,
constructed shelters, and belief systems centering on magic and
supernatural
 rock carving and paintings reached their peak in the Magdalenian
culture of Cro-Magnon man


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Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)

 -began in the end of the last glacial era, over 10,000 year ago
 -cultures included gradual domestication of plants and animals
 -formation of settled communities
 -use of the bow and development of delicate stone microliths and
pottery

Neolithic (New Stone Age)

 the time periods and cultural content of the Neolithic period, or New
Stone Age, vary with geographical location
 -the earliest known Neolithic culture developed from the Natufian in
Southwestern Asia between 9000 and 7000 BCE
 -In Southeast Asia a distinct type of Neolithic culture cultivated rice
before 2000 BCE

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 -by 1500 BCE Neolithic cultures existed in Mesoanmerica that led to
the Aztec and Inca Civilization
 -people lived in settled villages, cultivated grains and domesticated
animals
 developed pottery, spinning, and weaving, and evolved into the urban
civilizations of the Bronze Age
 New World peoples independently domesticated plants and animals

Cave Painting

Egyptian Art

Ancient Egyptian art - refers art produced in ancient Egypt between the 31st century
BC and the 4th century AD. It includes paintings, sculptures, drawings on papyrus, faience,
jewelry, ivories, architecture, and other art media. It is also very conservative: the art style
changed very little over time. Much of the surviving art comes from tombs and monuments,
giving more insight into the ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs.

The ancient Egyptian language had no word for "art". Artworks served an essentially
functional purpose that was bound with religion and ideology. To render a subject in art was
to give it permanence. Hence, ancient Egyptian art portrayed an idealized, unrealistic view of
the world. There was no significant tradition of individual artistic expression since art served
a wider and cosmic purpose of maintaining order.

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Greek Art

Greek art began in the Cycladic and Minoan civilization, and gave birth to Western
classical art in the subsequent Geometric, Archaic and Classical periods (with further
developments during the Hellenistic Period). It absorbed influences of Eastern civilizations, of
Roman art and its patrons, and the new religion of Orthodox Christianity in the Byzantine era
and absorbed Italian and European ideas during the period of Romanticism (with the
invigoration of the Greek Revolution), until the Modernist and Postmodernist. Greek art has
mainly five forms: architecture, sculpture, painting, pottery and jewelry making.

Major Period of Greek Art

1.Geometric art - a phase of Greek art, characterized largely by geometric motifs in
vase painting, that flourished towards the end of the Greek Dark Ages,
circa 900 BC – 700 BC. Its center was in Athens, and from there the style
spread among the trading cities of the Aegean.
2..Classical art - corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries BC (the most
common dates being the fall of the last Athenian tyrant in 510 BC and the
death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC).
3.Archaic art - in history and archaeology, the earliest phases of a culture; the term is
most frequently used by art historians to denote the period of artistic
development in Greece from about 650 to 480 bc, the date of the Persian
sack of Athens.

4.Hellenistic Art - was an era in Ancient Greece that lasted from 323 BCE to 31 CE.
During this period, sculptors pursued and perfected naturalism—an
artistic interest that Greek artists had been developing over hundreds of
years. ... At this time, sculptors adapted Classical techniques to render
realistic figures.

Ancient Greek art- stands out among that of other ancient cultures for its development of
naturalistic but idealized depictions of the human body, in which largely
nude male figures were generally the focus of innovation.
- emphasized the importance and accomplishments of human beings. Even
though much of Greek art was meant to honor the gods, those very gods

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were created in the image of humans. Much artwork was government
sponsored and intended for public display.

Characteristics:
*a conception of something in its absolute perfection
* one that is regarded as a standard or model of perfection or excellence
*An ultimate objective of endeavour, or goal

Roman Art

The art of Ancient Rome and its Empire includes architecture, painting, sculpture and
mosaic work. Luxury objects in metal-work, gem engraving, ivory carvings, and glass are
sometimes considered to be minor forms of Roman art, although they were not considered as
such at the time.
Sculpture - was perhaps considered as the highest form of art by Romans, but figure
painting was also highly regarded. A very large body of sculpture has survived from
about the 1st century BC onward, though very little from before, but very little painting
remains, and probably nothing that a contemporary would have considered to be of
the highest quality.

Ancient Roman pottery was not a luxury product, but a vast production of "fine wares"
in terra sigillata were decorated with reliefs that reflected the latest taste, and provided a
large group in society with stylish objects at what was evidently an affordable price. Roman
coins were an important means of propaganda, and have survived in enormous numbers.

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Characteristics of Roman Art
*art style was built on a foundation of Greek with element of Egyptians
and Persians
*known for their architecture and engineering rather than art such as
painting, pottery and sculpture
*strong desire for realism

Medieval Art / Movement

The medieval art of the Western world covers a vast scope of time and place, over
1000 years of art in Europe, and at times the Middle East and North Africa. It includes major
art movements and periods, national and regional art, genres, revivals, the artists' crafts, and
the artists themselves.

Medieval art—which includes a wide variety of art and architecture—refers to a period also
known as the Middle Ages, which roughly spanned from the fall of the Roman Empire
in 476 A.D. to the early stages of the Renaissance in the 14th century. Work produced
during this era emerged from the artistic heritage of the Roman Empire and the
iconographic style of the early Christian church, fused with the “barbarian” culture of
Northern Europe.

characteristics of medieval art

*subject mostly religious
*Figures look flat and stiff with little real movement

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*important figures are large
* fully clothed draped in deeply carved, stiff looking clothes
*faces are solemn with little emotion
*paintings used vibrant colors
*backgrounds a single color, often gold, no interest in creating a realistic
Space

Chinese Art / Movement

Chinese art - visual art that, whether ancient or modern, originated in or is practiced in
China or by Chinese artists. The Chinese art in the Republic of China (Taiwan)
and that of overseas Chinese
- can also be considered part of Chinese art where it is based in or draws on Chinese
heritage and Chinese culture.
-Early "Stone Age art" dates back to 10,000 BC, mostly consisting of simple pottery and
sculptures. After this early period Chinese art, like Chinese history, is typically
classified by the succession of ruling dynasties of Chinese emperors, most of which
lasted several hundred years.

Much of the best work in ceramics, textiles, carved lacquer, and other techniques was
produced over a long period by the various Imperial factories or workshops.

Xu Beihong: Father of Modern Chinese Painting Retrospective Held at National Art

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Gallery of China. The National Art Gallery of China (NAMOC) is hosting a major
exhibition featuring renowned Chinese painter Xu Beihong, the first such large-scale
exhibition of his works in 10 years

What are the characteristics of Chinese art?

The character of Chinese painting, like that of Chinese calligraphy, is closely bound up
with the nature of the medium. The basic material is ink, formed into a short stick of
hardened pine soot and glue, which is rubbed to the required consistency on an inkstone
with a little water.

Renaissance Art / Movement

The word Renaissance means “rebirth”, and the Renaissance in Europe, which
lasted from the 14th to 17th century, was a time of great growth for all kinds of learning,
culture, and art. During the Renaissance, painting became the most popular art form. In the
visual arts, portable easel paintings became popular due to wider patronage. Although many
subjects remained religious because they were commissioned by the Catholic Church, figures
from classical mythology made their appearance. Wealthy families also commissioned
portraits of themselves and family members. Linear and aerial perspective were used to create
space. Portraiture, nature study, Greco-Roman architecture and mythology and traditional
Christian subject matter were often mixed.

Renaissance art - the painting, sculpture and decorative arts of the period of European history,
emerging as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400, in parallel with developments which
occurred in philosophy, literature, music, science and technology. Renaissance
(meaning "rebirth") art, perceived as the noblest of ancient traditions, took as its

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foundation the art of Classical antiquity, but transformed that tradition by absorbing
recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by applying contemporary
scientific knowledge. Renaissance art, with Renaissance humanist philosophy, spread
throughout Europe, affecting both artists and their patrons with the development of
new techniques and new artistic sensibilities. Renaissance art marks the transition of
Europe from the medieval period to the Early Modern age.
Giotto di Bondone - the Father of Renaissance Painting. Giotto painted in the early 14th
century, much before other Renaissance painters.

characteristics of Renaissance art

(1) A reverent revival of Classical Greek/Roman art forms and styles;
(2) A faith in the nobility of Man (Humanism);
(3) The mastery of illusionistic painting techniques, maximizing 'depth' in a picture,
including: linear perspective, foreshortening and, later, quadratura;
(4) The naturalistic realism of its faces

Mannerism Period

Mannerism - also known as Late Renaissance, is a style in European art that emerged in
the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, spreading by about
1530 and lasting until about the end of the 16th century in Italy, when the
Baroque style largely replaced it.

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-is regarded as a bridge between the High Renaissance and the Baroque period,
which adopted the subset's ornate aesthetic and adapted it as extravagance.

Rosso Fiorentino - who had been a fellow pupil of Pontormo in the studio of Andrea del
Sarto, in 1530 brought Florentine Mannerism to Fontainebleau, where he
became one of the founders of French 16th-century Mannerism, popularly
known as the School of Fontainebleau.

Characteristics of Mannerism?
*hyper-idealization, distorted human forms
*staged, awkward movement; exaggerated poses;
*crowded, unorganized compositions; nervous, erratic line;
*sour color palettes, and ambiguous space

Baroque Period

Baroque - a period of artistic style that started around 1600 in Rome , Italy, and spread
throughout the majority of Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. In informal
usage, the word baroque describes something that is elaborate and highly detailed.

Michelangelo Merisi Caravaggio - known simply as Caravaggio, has sometimes been dubbed
"the father of Baroque painting" because of his pioneering approach.

Characteristics of Baroque Art

*sought to overwhelm the viewer
*Emphasized grandeur
Emotion
Movement
Spacious and unity surrounding a theme
Energy
Used strong contrast of light and shadow to enhance dramatic effects

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Rococo Art Movement

Rococo art - less commonly Roccoco or Late Baroque

- is an exceptionally ornamental and theatrical style of architecture, art and
decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel
colors, sculpted molding, and trompe l'oeil frescoes to create surprise
- was an artistic period that emerged in France and spread thrartisticoughout the
world in the late 17th and early 18th century
- The word is a derivative of the French term rocaille, which means “rock and shell
garden ornamentation”

Jean Antoine Watteau (French, 1684–1721)- The “Father of Rococo painting “who invented
a new genre called fêtes galantes, which were scenes of courtship parties.

What is the difference between Baroque and Rococo art?

Rococo developed out of Baroque. Both styles feature elaborate ornament and
decoration, and both were used in large structures with a social or cultural status. ...
Baroque architecture is serious, dramatic, and heavy. On the other hand, Rococo is light,
airy, and decorative.

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Neo-Classicism Art / Movement

Neoclassicism - a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature,
theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of
classical Neoclassical Period - considered a period of enlightenment. A movement
away from the renaissance.
-The movement started in Europe in the 1700's and spread into the colonies.
-The focus of this was on government, ethics and science

This differs from the previous period which focused on religion, imagination and
emotions. Neoclassicism a revival of the classical style but with a new perspective.

Characteristics of Neoclassical art :

*more clean style
*sculpted forms
* a shallow depth of background

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*a more realistic approach.

Robert Adam (1728 – 1792 )

- was one of the most celebrated architects of his day. As one of the most influential
of the architects at the time, it was he who introduced the Neo-Classical style to
Britain in the late 1750's
- He combined a brilliant talent as an architectural decorator with active self-
promotion. From 1773 he published his designs and those of his brother James in
four volumes, which remained the leading British design for more than two
decades.

Romanticism Art / Movement

Romanticism - the style that followed the French Revolution. The artists accepted the
progressive social and economic gain that were the consequence of the political and
industrial revolution. There were increased freedom of individual expression, growth
of self-government, and rise of nationalism.
Romanticism artists - created new forms, expressed personal experience and intimate
emotions, particularly love, strife, and suffering; described the beauty of nature,
including wild woods, streams, mountains, walks, and adventures in the woods,
storms, and changing seasons.

The interest in social issues made the painters include as legitimate subject the
hitherto neglected common people. Emotion took precedence over reason resulting
in emotional instability, feelings of melancholy, despair, fatalism, and desolation. The
subject matter also include dramatic moments, shipwrecks, madness, wild animals,
and nationalistic symbols.

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Jean Jacques- Russeau ean- wrote his most notable works during the Enlightenment period,
but it would be his influence on the next era of artful thinkers which would earn him
the title ‘the Father of Romanticism’.

Characteristics of Romanticism
* interest in the common man and childhood
* Strong senses, emotions and feelings
* awe of nature
* celebration of the individual

Realism Movement

Realism - an artistic movement that emerged in France in the 1840s, around the 1848
Revolution.
-was primarily concerned with how things appeared to the eye, rather than
containing ideal representations of the world.
-sometimes called naturalism, in the arts is generally the attempt to represent
subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding fiction and
supernatural.
-rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward
appearance.

Realists- rejected Romanticism, which had dominated French literature and art since the 19th
century.

Realism - revolted against the exotic subject matter and the exaggerated emotionalism and drama of
the Romantic movement. Instead, it sought to portray real and typical contemporary

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people and situations with truth and accuracy, and not avoiding unpleasant or sordid
aspects of life.
-depicted everyday subjects and situations in contemporary settings, and attempted
to depict individuals of all social classes in a similar manner.

Henrik Ibsen – the “Father of Realism”

Gustave Courbet – he led the realism art movement

Impressionism Movement

Impressionism - a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet

visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of
light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of
time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of
human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles.
- originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions
brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s.
-perhaps the most important movement in the whole of modern painting.

Claude Monet – The “Father of Impressionism”

-it is a name that has become nearly synonymous with the term
impressionism. One of the world's most celebrated and well-known painters,
it was his work, Impressionism, Sunrise, that gave a name to that first
distinctly modern art movement, Impressionism

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-perhaps the most famous of the Impressionist painters, while the movement
takes its mane from one of his paintings, he was not the first to paint in a style
that would become known as impressionism
Characteristics of Impressionism
 The use of pure color  Painting outside on location
 Brushhwork showed  Use of color in shadows
 Instantaneous affect  The subject matter was
 Sense of spontaneity everyday scenes
 They painted on a white  Composition
canvas  Portable paintings
 Understanding of optical
sciences

Post-Impressionism Movement

Post-Impressionism - a predominantly French art movement that developed roughly

between 1886 and 1905, which was from the last Impressionist exhibition up
to the birth of Fauvism. The movement emerged as a reaction against
Impressionism and its concern for the naturalistic depiction of light and color.
Paul Cézanne - known as father of Post-impressionism

What are the characteristics of Post Impressionism art?

* they continued using vivid colours,
* often thick application of paint, and real-life subject matter, but were more inclined
to emphasize geometric forms, distort form for expressive effect,
* use unnatural or arbitrary colour.

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Symbolism Art Movement

Symbolism - a late 19th century movement whose artists communicated ideas through
symbols instead of bluntly depicting reality.
-created as a reaction to art movements that depicted the natural world realistically,
such as Impressionism, Realism, and Naturalism.
- first appeared as a literary movement that opposed rationalism and materialism
That dominated Western culture in the late 19th century. The beginnings of the
movement can be traced back to 1886 when writer Jean Moreas published his
famous Symbolist Manifesto.
Jean Moreas –created symbolism which is initially developed as a French literary movement
in the 1880’s gaining popular credence with the publication in 1886.

Symbols have three main characteristics that distinguish them from simple signs:
* symbols may have more than one meaning
* symbols are intimately linked with what they represent
* symbols evoke more than one kind of response from us

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Art Nouveau Movement

Art Nouveau - an international style of art, architecture and applied art, especially the
decorative arts, known in different languages by different names: Jugendstil in
German, Stile Liberty in Itaan, Modernismo catalán in Spanish, etc.
-In English it is also known as the Modern Style
-One major objective of Art Nouveau was to break down the traditional distinction
between fine arts (especially painting and sculpture) and applied arts
-most widely used in interior design, graphic arts, furniture, glass art, textiles,
ceramics, jewellery and metal work

Alphonse Mucha – not just as the father of Art Nouveau, but also Mucha's Moravian roots,
his family, his photography and his devotion to the Slave people.

Main characteristics of Art Nouveau

 undulatingasymmetrical line
 often taking the form of flower stalks and buds, vine tendrils, insect wings,
and other delicate and sinuous natural objects
 the line may be elegant and graceful or infused with a powerfully rhythmic
and whip like force

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Fauvism Art / Movement

Fauvism - the style of les Fauves, a group of early 20th-century modern artists whose works
emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or
realistic values retained by Impressionism.
Henri Matisse – a French artist, considered the founding father of Fauvism
The characteristics of Fauvism include:

*A radical use of unnatural colors that separated color from its usual
representational and realistic role, giving new, emotional meaning to the
colors.
*Creating a strong, unified work that appears flat on the canvas.

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Expressionism Art / Movement

Expressionism - a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in

Germany at the beginning of the 20th century.
- typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective,
distorting it radicall for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas.
- developed as an avant-garde style before the First World War.
-It remained popular during the Weimar Republic, particularly in Berlin. The
style extended to a wide range of he arts, including expressionist
architecture, painting, literature, theatre, dance, film and music.
Expressionist artists - have sought to express the meaning[3] of emotional experience
rather than physical reality.

Edvard Munch – the founder of the Expressionist school of painting

-the “Father of Expressionism in Painting”

Characteristics of Expressionism

*What are the characteristics of Expressionism? Expressionist art tried to

convey emotion and meaning rather than reality
* Each artist had their own unique way of "expressing" their emotions in
Their art
*In order to express emotion, the subjects are often distorted or exaggerated.

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Cubism Art / Movement

Cubism -an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European

painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and
architecture
-has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century. The
term is broadly used in association with a wide variety of art produced in Paris
(Montmartre and Montparnasse) or near Paris during the 1910s and
throughout the 1920s.
-pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert
Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, and Fernand Léger

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) - a great and the most provocative painter of the 20th century
together with a talented French cubist Georges Braque, is regarded as one of the
main founders of cubism art movement. He left his traces almost in every trend
of modern art.

Main characteristics of Cubism:

* It had a multiple perspective to represent the totality of the objects in the same
Plane
*The color management was based on a palette of gray, green and brown colors
with little light
*The main interest of cubism was more focused on how to represent the coals

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Futurism Art / Movement

Futurism -was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th
century.
-It emphasised speed, technology, youth, violence, and objects such as the car, the
airplane, and the industrial city

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti - flawed “father of Futurism”

- an Italian poet, editor, art theorist, and founder of the Futurist movement. He was
associated with the utopian and Symbolist artistic and literary community Abbaye
de Créteil between 1907 and 1908

The key characteristics of Futurism Art

The characteristics of futurism are a focus on the technical progress of the

modern machine age, dynamism, speed, energy, vitality and change.

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Constructivism Art / Movement

Constructivism -an artistic and architectural philosophy that originated in Russia beginning
in 1915 by Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko.
-The movement rejected decorative stylization in favor of the industrial
assemblage of materials
Constructivist art - aimed to reflect modern industrial society and urban space

Jean Piaget - founder of constructivism

- widely recognized as the founding father of Constructivism with his notion that
learning is individually constructed however others such as Vygotsky have
played a key role in making this student-centred and active learning theory
influential today.

Four characteristics of constructivism

* sensitivity toward and attentiveness to the

learner's previous constructions;
* diagnostic teaching attempting to remedy
learner errors and misconceptions;
* attention to metacognition and strategic
self-regulation by learners;
* the use of multiple representations of
mathematical concepts

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Dadaism Art / Movement

Dada or Dadaism - an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century,
with early centers in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire ; New York
Dada began circa 1915, and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris.
-Developed in reaction to World War I, the Dada movement consisted of
artists who rejected the logic, reason, and aestheticism of modern capitalist
society, instead expressing nonsense, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois
protest in their works

Hugo Ball – the founder of Dadaism

Francis Picabia – the “Father of Dadaism”, 1922
-was a French painter and poet who was associated with Impressionism,
Cubism and Pointillism and Dadaism. He also experimented with publishing
and filmmaking, and his nearly 50-year career can be characterized by an
eclectic series of stylistic and media shifts.
-
Characteristics of Dada art

Regardless of medium, each representation of Dadaism was rife with mild

obscenities, humor, and nonsensical displays and other characteristics outlined below.

* Humor. Laughter is often one

of the first reactions to Dada
art and literature.
* Whimsy and Nonsense. ...
* Artistic Freedom. ...
* Emotional Reaction. ...
* Irrationalism. ...
* Spontaneity

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Activity No. 8 Dadaism Painting

1. Make a painting of Dadaism.

2. Attach it on your portfolio.
3. Describe your painting.

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