Social Work 3104- ProjDev

Discussion 1
Project/Program Development and Management, at its core, is concerned with creating an environment
where people can work together to achieve a mutual objective, in order to deliver successful projects on
time and on budget.
Historical Backdrop
 Marshall Plan (ERP – European Recovery Program) – American initiative in 1940’s to rebuild war-
ravaged Europe (WWII)
 Donors give aid primarily because it is in their political, strategic and economic self-interest.
However, some development assistance may be motivated by moral and humanitarian
considerations.
 Bilateral and multilateral organizations and NGO’s provide assistance to developing countries.
A project - package of investments, policy measures, and institutional and other actions designed to
achieve a specific objective (or set of objectives) within a designated period.
 Projects are the principal vehicle for transforming programs/plans into action.
 Projects are crucial to accelerate economic and social development.
Significance of Project
 Hirschman (1967): Projects are “privileged particles of development”.
 Gittinger (1982): Projects are “the cutting edge of development”.
 Many textbooks on the subject of Project Analysis: Boardman et.al. (1996), Gittinger
(1982), Irwin (1978), Milward (1971), Turvey (1971), Peters (1968), etc.
Many countries, despite five decades of development, lack the capacity to prepare, analyze and
implement projects.
Project Concept
 A project is an activity for which money will be spent in expectations of returns and which
logically lends itself to planning, financing and implementation as a unit.
 A project is an investment activity in which financial resources are expended to create capital
assets that produce benefits over an extended period of time.
 Projects are crucial for economic and social development. It is the operational element of a
national plan or program of development.
Distinguishing Features of Projects
 A project is an undertaking an observer can draw a boundary around – a specific geographic
area or area of concentration.
 Projects have a time sequence of investment, production and/or economic and social benefits.
 Projects will have a special clientele whom the project is intended to reach and whose economic
and social life will be impacted upon.
 Projects have a starting (inception) and finishing (completion) time.
 Projects have a partial or wholly independent administrative structure/set of
accounts/monitoring and reporting system.
 Comprised of several distinct stages
 The idea of a cycle underscores the point that the stages are closely linked and follow a logical
progression, with the later stages providing the basis for the renewal of the cycle.
 The principal stages of the cycle are: identification, design, preparation, appraisal,
implementation, and evaluation.
 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
 Is the most critical phase of the project cycle.
 A wrong assessment of the project situation will lead to inappropriate project
intervention.
 PROJECT PLANNING
 Involves two stages – project design and feasibility study.
 Project design involves the formulation of project objectives based on the Situational
Analysis.
 PROJECT APPRAISAL
 Involves the evaluation of the project of the funding agency.
 It tries to determine if the project plan meets its development requirements.
 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
 Is the stage where the contents of the project plan is undertaken.
 PROJECT OPERATION
 Marks the full transfer of the operation of the project to the beneficiaries.
 MONITORING
 Involves measuring the progress, accomplishments, deviations of the project which
serves as a reference for adjusting and controlling the project.
 EVALUATION
 Involves the measurement of the effects or impact of the project.
Types of Development Projects
 Projects in Different sectors:
 Multi-sectoral
 sub-regional / regional in nature
 LGU, Municipal or barangay
 Agriculture, water source/water supply, irrigation, watershade management, forestry, fisheries
 Physical infrastructure: road, power, bridges
 Social infrastructure: Education, Health, Social protection, water sanitation
 Industrial projects
 Integrated agricultural/rural development projects
 Integrated social sector projects
 Public and Private sector projects
 Investment projects and technical assistance
 Livelihood/micro-finance projects
 Vocational/technical skills training
 Production center
 Mini-agri business
Stages of Project Development
 Pre-investment Phase
 Project identification
 Project preparation
 Project approval and financing
 Investment Phase
 Detailed engineering/design
 Project implementation
 Post-investment Phase
 Project operation
 Ex-post evaluation
Nature of Project Development
 Circular in concept
 Iterative as a process – phases continually interface back and forth
 Sequential flow of stages is indicative, not rigid
 It is a continuous and dynamic process with a great deal of overlap, interaction and feedback
among the phases.
 Many activities are interrelated and cannot be confined to one particular phase.
Discussion 2
What is a Project?
A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.
.... But with a lasting
Outcome
Projects – “One of a kind” temporary endeavor to produce a unique product or service and accomplish
specific objectives with a limited, pre-determined timeframe & budget. [NOTE: Projects are common to
all sectors and service delivery enterprises – NOT only engineering / infrastructure civil works.]
Project Management – systematic processes to manage a project at different phases in life cycle; an
application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.
Project Managers – Individuals specifically designated to coordinate the implementation team and
manage & monitor the project process at various phases.
Project Success depends on:
 Meeting or exceeding the needs & expectations of stakeholders (i.e. customers / clients / target
beneficiaries)
 Being on time and within budget
Portfolio Management (PMI)
What is a “PORTFOLIO”?
- A portfolio is a collection of projects and/or programs and other work that are grouped
together to facilitate the effective management of that work to meet strategic business objectives. The
components of a portfolio are quantifiable (i.e., they can be measured, ranked and prioritized).

Portfolio, Programs, Projects

The practice of Project Management (PM) is evolving, leading to two relatively infant PM-related
practices – PPgM (Project Program Management) and PPM (Project Portfolio Management).
The drivers of adding a layer management for a group of related/unrelated projects.
Management of “shared resources”
Strategic alignment of projects with the organization’s business objectives (from
initiation/planning to feedback).

Project Project
Program Portfolio
Management Management
Program Management (PMI)

Project
Management
What is a “PROGRAM”?
A program is a group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control
not available from managing them individually. Programs may include elements of related work (e.g.,
ongoing operations) outside the scope of the discrete projects in a program.
Project Development Cycle
Project Identification
Purposes
 To establish the basic desirability of a project
 To identify the high priority projects that fall within the responsibility of the public
 Sources
o Development plans of the national, regional or local government, NGAs or GOCCs
o Interest groups or beneficiaries
o International funding agencies
 Basic Results
o Existing or potential needs are determined
o Ideas for overcoming these existing or potential deficiencies are established.
o Initial technical, environmental and economic considerations of projects are identified
o Alternative ways to accomplish desired objectives are examined
 Basic Results
o Initial assessment of costs, timeframe and scope of the project is made
o Human and non-human resources to create and support the facilities/services are
identified
o Initial project design is selected
PROJECT PREPARATION
Purposes
 To refine the elements described in the project identification phase
 Make the project ready for the appraisal stage
Elements
 These depend on the nature of the project, but in general the following are considered:
Description of the project objectives
Setting of timetable for the different phases of the development cycle
Basic Results
 Detailed plans required to support the facility are prepared
 Possible technical packages to be considered are identified
 More realistic assessment of costs, time schedule and operational requirements
 Areas where high risk and uncertainty exists are identified
 Human and other resources required for the project are more firmly identified.
 Necessary support systems are determined
 Documents required to support the project are identified & initially prepared
Summary of Expected Results
o Project preparation must cover the full range of market, technical, institutional, financial and
economic issues the relevant to achieving the project objectives (e.g., government policies and
procedures, technical and institutional alternatives)
 Areas of Viability
o Market Aspect
o Technical Aspect
o Financial Aspect
o Operational Aspect
o Economic Aspect
PROJECT APPROVAL & FINANCING NEGOTIATIONS
Purposes
 To determine if project meets the financial, economic & social criteria set by government for
investment expenditures
 To finalize the project financing
 To draft the detailed loan document
Basic Result
 Provisional decision to approve or disapprove the project is made
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
Purpose
Resources are allocated & coordinated to make the project operational
PROJECT OPERATION
Essential Concern
The skills, plans, & controlling organization are available & ready to avoid excessive start
up costs.
PROJECT EVALUATION
TWO TYPES OF EVALUATION
On going evaluation
Conducted within project life as early warning system that may lead o adjustments in
project design.
Ex-post evaluation
Done after project life to determine impact.
Evaluation
If ONGOING: Evaluation focuses on whether the organization is implementing right policies,
programs and/or projects – i.e. As currently constituted, are they likely to meet their intended
target beneficiaries needs [outcomes and impacts] when fully implemented?
If COMPLETED: To what extent have the Policies, Programs and/or Projects are already met the
needs of their intended target beneficiaries; and what are the prospects for the long term?
EX-POST EVALUATION
Purpose
 Project’s performance is assessed as to its overall contribution to the country’s development.
 Elements of success and of failure are analyzed, so that....
 On going projects may be modified and subsequent projects can be improved.
Basic Result
 New policies, better management practices and improved procedures are adopted to improve
future project performance.
Entity that may be interested to conduct
o Project management
o Sponsoring government department or agency
o Operating agency
o Controlling agency
o Government planning organization
o External aid agency
Evaluation: Helps Managers Learn from Experience and Determine Future Needs
Were the project’s objectives achieved?
Did the benefits derived from the project justify the cost?
Is there a need for another, similar, follow-on project?
If another similar project is desired, should the mix, or levels of inputs – i.e. funds, people,
equipment, supplies, etc., -- be the same or different?
Can delivery approaches, tactics or processes be improved?
Were the Indicators appropriate?
Were the Target levels adequate?
Discussion 3
TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS
 Tool – hand instrument that aid in accomplishing a task.
 Analysis – an examination/assessment of a thing to determine its part or elements.
 A statement showing the result of such examination/assessment
 The breaking up of a problem situation or collection of data so as to explore the content,
to examine its various aspect, issues relationship involved in order to gain insight and
understanding of the problem.
 ASSESSMENT – the process of individualizing the situation the worker in dealing with through
the identification and analysis of the relevant factors in a particular situation.
Situational Analysis
 Assessment of the situation to determine the negative nor positive condition of people lives.
 Determine problems and needs and potentials of the people, which will help them in systematic
identification of potential projects which can help solve their problems and meet their needs.
Why Social Analysis?
1. Start from where the people are from the information and study what they already have
 Primary
 Secondary data
2. If they themselves plan the gathering of data needed for development, this will give them the
chance to discover their hidden potentials doing research.
3. It will deeper their knowledge about their existing condition in their community experimental
learning.
4. The analysis of gathered data and information by the people can provide them opportunity to
fully understand their community.
Steps in Social Analysis
1. Researching what data are to be gathered
2. Planning / Gathering Data
3. Actual gathering of data
4. Preparing report based on the gathered data
- Consolidation of data
- Data Analysis
STEPS IN PROBLEM ANALYSIS
 1. List all the problem
2. Prioritize list based on a criteria
3. Focus on the top priority problem
4. Make a cause and effect analysis of the problem
5. Quantity contribution of each cause to the main problem
6. Select a few key causes that has significant bearing on the main problem
STEPS IN DATA ANALYSIS
 1. Determine the priority area for local action
2. Identify the measures to be undertaken to effectively address the people basic needs and
problems
3. Make statistical – summaries / data categorization as basis to investigate the major needs or
problems
4. Workshop – cluster the group to analyze the data, draw conclusion and recommendations 
COMMUNITY PROFILE
 The data presenting the situation Socio-Economic Demography of the Community to include:
 Geographical Location
 Population
 Resources (Natural, Manpower, Financial)
 Source of Livelihood
 Cultural / Traditional Practice
 Facilities
 GO & NGO, PO’s providing services
 Means of Transportation and Communication
 The data serve as basis for identifying potential resources, problems and needs of the
community for planning, targeting and budgeting purposes.
MBN – Minimum Basic Needs Approach
 Is a strategy of prioritizing primary requirements for survival. Security and enabling needs of the
family and community
 It is a way of using basic needs as basis for situational analysis, planning, implementation and
evaluation.
 The MBN approach to improve quality of life was adopted as a strategy for convergence in the
Social Reform Agenda (SRA)
 MBN composed of 33 indicators.
SWI – Social Welfare Indicator
 An assessment tool consisting of a set of conditions and situations and resource utilization that
measures client’s level of functioning using inner and external resources including full use of
opportunities available in the community to improve his/her situation or resolve problems.
SWI 3 levels
 Level I. Survival – condition or situation in the household lack inner and external resources, has
dysfunctional pattern of resources utilization.
 Level II. Subsistence – lack of inner and external resources has dysfunctional pattern of
resources utilizable and sometimes able to resolve problem.
 Level III. Self-Sufficiency – set conditions demonstrate the capacity of the household / client to
function adequately and make use of opportunities available in the full community in meeting
their needs and attaining or quality of life.
 A PROBLEM TREE ANALYSIS is a pictorial representation of a PROBLEM, its causes and its
consequences.
 This analysis tool helps the project team get a quick glance of how a range of complex issues
contribute toward a problem and how this problem branches out into a set of consequences.
 A tool to analyse and determine the identified problem of the community, its causes and effect.
 The method to analyze the problem looking into its root causes or underlying problems and its
effects.
OBJECTIVE TREE (Solution Tree)
 A tool to analyse and determine the possible objectives translated into intervention/solution to
the identified root causes of the problems:
 Higher order objectives
 Core objectives
 Subsidiary objectives
 The basis of objective tree is problem tree
 Tree serve as guide in identifying possible intervention in terms of projects and programs.
SWOT ANALYSIS
 Help groups analyze a problem situation by guiding into the subject matter that will lead to the
setting of objectives and providing general guidelines as to what levels of achievement can be
set
 Internal and External Environment Assessment
 Note: Convert Threats into Opportunities
 To determine the strength/capacity opportunities of the community that would
contribute/facilitate in achieving the goal.
 Using SWOT Analysis: To identify the weakness/threats that would hinder the project
inflammation (risk assumption)
Project Feasibility Study
 A study that is intended to determine which projects are viable and more responsive to the
realities in the community.
 At this stage, in the planning and management of development projects, the people are involve
in the study, during the participatory. Situational analysis, to identify the problem and needs and
the viable projects to fulfil their needs.
 1. If the people in the community themselves prepare the project feasibility studies, they are
able to relate their studies to their lives.
 2. If the people are involved, they can feel that they are indeed valued and appreciated.
 3. This will give them the opportunity to learn directly the technical know-how involved in
preparing feasibility studies.
 4. While studying, the projects are directly preparing themselves for its actual implementation.
 5. This opportunity enhances collective decision-making and accountability.