NCM108 Module1 Topic A 1stsem20-21

PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO

COLLEGE OF HEALTH ALLIED SCIENCES

VISION

A premier educational institution of higher learning, developing globally competitive and

value-laden professionals and leaders are instrumental to community development and
nation building.
MISSION
As an institution of higher learning, PnC-CHAS is committed to equip the learners with

knowledge, skills, and values that will enable them to achieve their professional goals,
provide leadership, and service for national development.
COURSE TITLE: HEALTH CARE ETHICS

COURSE CODE: NCM 108
PRE-REQUISITE: ETHICS, NCM 103
PROFESSOR: DR. MA. VIRGINIA BAUTISTA CAMARINTA
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this course, the students should be able to:

1. Apply knowledge of physical, social, natural and health sciences and humanities in
the practice of nursing;
2. Provide safe, appropriate and holistic care to individuals, families, population, group
and community utilizing nursing process guided by ethico – moral principles;
3. Demonstrate a sense of professional and moral values in the practice of nursing;
4. Practice nursing in accordance with existing laws, legal, ethical, and moral principles;
5. Communicate effectively in speaking, writing, and presenting using culturally
appropriate language;
6. Document to include reporting up-to-date client care accurately and
comprehensively;
7. Work effectively in collaboration with inter-, intra-, and multi-disciplinary and multi-
cultural teams in nursing care;
8. Practice beginning management and leadership skills in the delivery of client care
and in health program development using ethical-decision making skills;
9. Observe ethical principles and considerations in the conduct of research;
10. Engage in professional and advocacy activities addressing ethico-moral issues of
nursing;
11. Apply ethico-moral culture and values appropriate for the health needs of Filipinos;
12. Apply appropriate technology in the delivery of health care; and
13. Demonstrate a sense of professional and moral values in the practice of nursing.
1
Module 1: THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH CARE ETHICS
Overview:
This module provides the learners with understanding of the theory as its nature and
principles in making ethical decisions that form a sound judgement towards the fulfillment of
absolute patient care with fairness and worth of the person’s dignity. Nurses are expected to
adhere to the code of conduct in the provision of care as well as their personal and
professional life.
Module Objectives:
At the end of module 1, the student should be able to:

1. define a theory as a basis for understanding the nature of human’s rationality;
2. identify several ethical theories; and
3. learn the ethical principles and its application in various health care situations;
Module Coverage:
A. Ethical Theories
B. Virtue Ethics
C. Ethical Principles
D. Other Relevant Ethical Principles
E. Principles of Bioethics
F. Bio Ethics and its Application in Various Health Care Situations
TOPIC A
Topic Title: Ethical Theories
Introduction:
This topic will focus on the different ethical theories and application to daily life.
Topic Objectives:
At the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

1. Differentiate the different ethical theories;
2. Apply the different ethical theories in daily life; and
3. identify which ethical theories can be more of help to their profession.
To understand the nature of a theory and principle, let us first define a
Principle – it is comprehensive and fundamental law, a doctrine, and refers to a code of

conduct.
2
Theory – a scientifically acceptable general principle offered to explain a certain
phenomenon.
What is Ethics?
- Came from the Greek word” ETHOS ”which means moral duty.
- Refers to the standard to examine and understand moral life.
- Ethical Theories, principles and codes of conduct serve as guides to human conduct
provided by ethical systems.
- Ethics is the study of how human beings treat each other and the natural
environment; it is the systematic examination of the attitudes and behaviors of
people.
- Ethics is about carefully studying the values that actually do guide our attitudes and
behaviours in given contexts, and it is about exploring what values ought to guide our
attitudes and behaviours.
- Morals, are specific ways of behaviour or accomplishing ethical practices.
o Morality is derived from the Greek word “ MORALIS” which refers to social
consensus about moral conduct for human beings and society.
- Ethics is a crucial branch in health allied guiding good nursing practice. It deals with
the moral dilemmas arising due to conflicts in duties/obligations and the faced
consequences.
What is Health Ethics?
Health ethics is the branch of ethics that deals with ethical issues in health, health care,
medicine and science.
It involves discussions about treatment choices and care options that individuals, families,
and health care providers must face.
It requires a critical reflection upon the relationships between health care professionals and
those they serve, as well as the programmes, systems, and structures developed to improve
the health of a population.
Health ethics involves deliberating about the allocation of resources, and reflecting on the
complex moral choices arising from ongoing health care restructuring and advancing
technology.
It also entails a critical, political, and ethical analysis of the definition and the determinants of
health.
Ethical Theories:
DEONTOLOGICAL Approach – outcomes/ consequences may not justify the means to

achieve; more on patient-centered approach; duties and obligations are of prime importance.
3
deontology is ethics of duty where the morality of an action depends on the nature of the
action, i.e., harm is unacceptable irrespective of its consequences. This concept was
introduced by a philosopher, Immanuel Kant and hence widely referred as Kantian
deontology. The decisions of deontology may be appropriate for an individual but does not
necessarily produce a good outcome for the society.
UTILITARIAN Approach - decisions are chosen based on the greatest amount of benefit
obtained for the greatest number of individuals. This is also known as the consequentialist
approach since the outcomes determine the morality of the intervention. This approach could
lead to harm to some individuals while the net outcome is maximum benefit. This approach
is usually guided by the calculated benefits or harms for an action or intervention based on
evidence.
There are two variants of utilitarianism:
1. Act utilitarianism - deals with decisions undertaken for each individual case analyzing the
benefits and harms promoting overall better consequences. Every action/decision arrived for
each patient is confronted with the measurement of balance of the benefits and harms,
without examining the past experience or evidence. This method would lead to enormous
wastage of time and energy in decision-making and are prone to bias.
2. Rule utilitarianism - refers to no prediction or calculation of benefits or harms is performed.

These decisions are guided by preformed rules based on evidence and hence provide better
guidance than act utilitarianism in decision-making. According to rule utilitarianism, morally
right decision is an action complying moral codes/rules leading to better consequences.
TELEOLOGICAL APPROACH is a theory of morality that derives duty and moral obligation
from what is good and desirable as an end to be achieved. Also known as “consequential
ethics”
Expressed in the MAXIM “ the right thing to do is the good thing to do”
It is also termed as act UTILITARIANISM where the good resides in the promotion of
happiness or the greatest net act increase of pleasure over pain.
Learning Activities: Post summative assessment (20 points)
Module References:
Book Materials will be posted in the next set of Module
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4778182/

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PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO

COLLEGE OF HEALTH ALLIED SCIENCES

A premier educational institution of higher learning, developing globally competitive and

As an institution of higher learning, PnC-CHAS is committed to equip the learners with

COURSE TITLE: HEALTH CARE ETHICS

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:

At the end of module 1, the student should be able to:

Topic Title: Ethical Theories

At the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:

To understand the nature of a theory and principle, let us first define a

Principle – it is comprehensive and fundamental law, a doctrine, and refers to a code of

What is Health Ethics?

DEONTOLOGICAL Approach – outcomes/ consequences may not justify the means to

2. Rule utilitarianism - refers to no prediction or calculation of benefits or harms is performed.

Learning Activities: Post summative assessment (20 points)

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