 MATTER- all things non or living that has mass and occupy

space.
 ATOM- smallest amount of matter.
- atom of different types is called an element.
 ELEMENT- a substance consisting of atoms which all have the
same number of protons and has the same atomic number.
 a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
components by non-nuclear chemical reaction.
 MOLECULE-atoms combine together forming molecules.
 -Two or more atoms held together by chemical force.
 COMPOUND-is a molecule that contains at least two different
elements.
 PARTICLE-A minute portion of matter.
 Composite particle- subatomic particle that are made of
smaller elementary particle ex. Quarks
 Elementary particles ex. Protons, neutrons and electrons
ATOMIC THEORY
AND MODEL
OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the ideas of the
Ancient Greeks on the atom
and elements.
2. Cite the contributions of J.J.
Thomson, Ernest Rutherford,
Henry Moseley, and Niels Bohr
to the understanding of the
structure of the atom
3. Describe the nuclear model of
the atom and the location of its
major components (protons,
neutrons, and electrons).
ATOMIC MODEL
 This model of the atom may look familiar to you.
This is the Bohr model. In this model, the nucleus
is orbited by electrons, which are in different
energy levels.

What is a model?
 A model uses familiar ideas to explain
familiar facts observed in nature.
 A model can be changed as new
information is collected.
Atomic Structure
Atoms have 2 regions
 1) Nucleus: the center of the atom that contains
most of the mass of the atom.
 2) Electron cloud: surrounds the nucleus &
takes up most of the space of the atom.

Nucleus
Electron
Cloud
What’s in the Nucleus?
In the nucleus we find:
Protons: positively charged
subatomic particles
Neutrons: neutrally charged
subatomic particles

What’s in the Electron Cloud?

In the electron cloud we find:
Electrons: the subatomic particle
with a negative charge and relatively
no mass
The atomic model has changed
throughout the centuries, starting
in 400 BC, when it looked like a
billiard ball.
Who are these men?

In this lesson, we’ll learn

about the men whose
quests for knowledge about
the fundamental nature of
the universe helped define
our views.
Democritus
Greek philosopher Democritus
who began the search for
description of matter more than
2400 years ago after his teacher
Leucippus of Miletus, originated
the atom concept.
He asked: could matter be divided
into smaller and smaller pieces
forever, or was there a limit to the
number of times a piece of matter
could be divided?
Democritus Atomic Theory
His theory:
 1. All matter is composed of atoms,
which are bits of matter too small to
be seen. These atoms CANNOT be
further split into smaller portions.
 Matter could not be divided into smaller
and smaller pieces forever, eventually
the smallest possible piece would be
obtained.
 This would be indivisible.
 He named the smallest piece of matter
“atomos”, meaning “not to be cut”.
Democritus Atomic Theory
 2. There is a void, which is empty
space between atoms.
 Atoms were infinite in number, always moving
and capable of joining together.
 3. Atoms are completely solid.
 To Democritus, atoms were small, hard particles
that were all made of the same material but were
different shapes and sizes.
 4. Atoms are homogeneous, with
no internal structure.
Democritus Atomic Model
This theory was ignored and
forgotten for more than 2000
years!
ARISTOTLE AND PLATO
The eminent philosophers of
the time, Aristotle and Plato,
had a more respected, (and
ultimately wrong) theory.
Aristotle favoured the earth,
fire, air and water approach to
the nature of matter. Their
ideas held sway because of
their eminence as
philosophers.
The atomos idea was buried
approximately 2000 years.
Early Models of
the Atom
John Dalton’s Atomic Theory
In 1803, John Dalton published generalization about the atom:

1. Elements are composed of minute, discrete, indivisible,

particles called atoms, which maintain their identity in all
physical and chemical changes.
2. Atoms of the same element are identical in physical and
chemical properties, and have the same mass. Atoms of
different elements differ in physical and chemical properties and
have different masses.
3. The chemical combination between two or more elements
consists of the union of the atom of these elements in simple
numerical ratios to form the smallest possible unit particles of a
compound.
4. Atoms of the same element can unite in more than one ratio to
form more than one compound.
Revision on Dalton’s theory
Dalton's atomic theory makes the following assumptions:
1. Atoms are indestructible and unchangeable. Atoms of an
element cannot be created, destroyed, broken into smaller parts or
transformed into atoms of another element. In which atoms
maintain their identity in all physical and chemical changes.
With the discovery of subatomic particles like electron,
protons and neutron after Dalton's time, it became
apparent that atoms could be broken into smaller parts.
The postulate is still useful in explaining the law of
conservation of mass in chemistry. A slightly more
restrictive wording is "Atoms cannot be created,
destroyed, or transformed into other atoms in a
chemical and physical change“.
Revision on Dalton’s theory
2. All of the atoms of one element have the same
properties such as mass and size. These properties
are different from the properties of other element.
Isotopes-We now know that atoms of the same element
sometimes have slightly different masses, but always
have identical nuclear charge. In modern atomic theory,
the postulate has been amended to read: "Elements
are characterized by the nuclear charge of their
atoms".
Law of conservation of mass- “The total mass of the
product is equal to the mass of the of the reactant.”
Law of Conservation of Mass

3H2 + N2 2NH3
ammonia
The atoms on the right all appear on the left

The total mass of substances present at the end of a chemical

process is the same as the mass of substances present before the
process took place.
Revision on Dalton’s theory
 3. Atoms of different element combine in
specific portion to form compounds.
 By suggesting that compounds contained
characteristic atom-to-atom ratios, Dalton effectively
explained the law of definite proportions.
 Law of Definite Proportion
 In the Constant Composition or law of definite
proportion we mean by that any sample of a
compound will invariably have the same proportions
by the mass of its constituents elements.
 A compound will be made up of the same elements in
the same proportion.
Revision on Dalton’s theory
4. Atoms of the same element can unite in
more than one ratio to form more than one
compound.
This is still true based on Multiple proportion.
If two elements combine to form more than one
compound between them, then the masses of one
element that combine with a mass of other
element are in fixed ratio of a small whole
number.
Modern ATOMIC
THEORY
Dalton’s atomic theory is based on
these postulates:
1. Elements are composed of small particles called atoms.
2. "Elements are characterized by the nuclear charge of their
atoms".
3. A chemical reaction results from the rearrangement of the
atoms of reacting substances, giving new combinations of
atoms. Atoms can neither be destroyed nor created in a
chemical reaction.
4. Compounds are composed of atoms of at least two different
elements, and the ratio of each element is an integer or simple
fraction. For example, carbon dioxide has 1 carbon atom and 2
oxygen atoms, and their ratio is 1 to 2.
John Dalton’s
Atomic Model

Tiny balls make up matter

All elements are made of

indivisible particles called atoms.
No subatomic Particle.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON
Discovery of Electron

In 1897, the English scientist Joseph John

Thomson provided the first hint that an
atom is made of even smaller particles.

 Thomson concluded that there is a

negative charged particle from within the
atom.
 This particle is smaller than an atom
hence, the atom was divisible!
 Thomson called the negatively charged
“corpuscles” today known as
electrons.
JJ THOMSON
Cathode Ray Experiment

Thomson concluded that cathode ray are made of negatively charged

particles. These particles are smaller than hydrogen atom. Atoms have tiny
negatively charged particles inside then called electrons.
JJ Thomson
Plum Pudding Model
He proposed a model of the atom that
is sometimes called the “Plum
Pudding” model.

Atoms were made from a positive

charged substance with negatively
charged scattered about, like raisins in
a pudding.
Ernest Rutherford
Discovery of Proton

Rutherford discovered proton

in his Gold Foil experiment.
Proton is a positively charged
subparticle found in the
nucleus of the atom.
Ernest Rutherford
Gold Foil Experiment
 Rutherford conducted his Gold
foil experiment where he
discovered proton.
 Rutherford fired a stream of
positive alpha particles at a
thin gold foil, almost all of the
alpha particles passed trough
the foil, while only few were
deflected and bounce back
because of protons in the gold
foil encountered by the same
positively charged particles. He
knew that positive charges repel
positive charges.
 Protons are positively charged
particles.
Ernest Rutherford
Atomic Model
 Ernest Rutherford concluded
that:
 Most of the atom is empty
space, that 99.97% of the mass
of an atom is concentrated in a
very tiny core which he called
the nucleus.
 There is something small and
hard inside the nucleus.
Whatever this is, is a positively
charged we know now as
protons.
 Negative electrons scattered
around the outside.
Neil Bohr Atomic Model
In 1983, the Danish scientist
Neil’s Bohr proposed an
improvement. In his model, he
placed each electron in a specific
energy level.
According to Bohr’s atomic
model, electrons move in definite
orbits around the nucleus, much
like planets circle the sun. these
orbits, or energy levels are located
at certain distances from the
nucleus.
Henry Moseley

Atomic numbers were not

arbitrarily assigned, but
rather, they have a definite
physical basis.
Each successive element
has a nuclear charge
exactly one unit greater
than its predecessor.
Sort chemical elements in
the periodic table in logical
order based in the number
of protons.
Henry Moseley Atomic Model
 Moseley used what was then brand-new technology in his
experiments. A device now called an electron gun had just
been developed.
 He used this to fire a stream of electrons (like machine gun
bullets) at samples of different elements. He found that the
elements gave off X-rays.
 Moseley measured the frequency of the X-rays given off by
different elements. Each element gave a different frequency
and he found that this frequency was mathematically related
to the position of the element in the Periodic Table – he could
actually measure atomic number.
 He analysed the data and found that elements in the periodic
table fit into increasing nuclear charge, which is the Atomic
number.
 The modern periodic law: “when elements are arranged in
order of increasing atomic model, their physical and chemical
properties show a periodic pattern”.
James Chadwick
Discovery of Neutrons
James Chadwick
discovered the third type
of subatomic particle he
called it neutron
Neutron is electrically
neutral particles having
mass slightly greater than
of protons.
James Chadwick
Discovery of Neutrons

 Neutron is electrically neutral particles

having mass slightly greater than of
protons.
END