Design Concept of Building Services (17CV743)

MODULE – 5

ENGINEERING SERVICES AND BUILDING MANTAINANCE

5 (A) ENGINEERING SERVICES

5.1 ENGINEERING SERVICES IN A BUILDING AS A SYSTEM

Building services engineering is a professional engineering discipline that strives to achieve a safe
and comfortable indoor environment whilst minimizing the environmental impact of a building.

Building services engineering encompasses much more than just MEP or HVAC), but also the
following:

Mechanical services:
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems are a big part of mechanical
engineering for building systems and the one that affects energy usage the most. People typically
forget the importance of the “Ventilation” side of the HVAC system. If you don’t have proper
ventilation, CO2 and other pollutant levels can get too high and cause illness. The State Board of
Health can actually fine a building owner for not providing proper ventilation
 Energy supply – gas, electricity and renewable sources
 Escalators and lifts
 Heating including low-energy (low-temperature) solutions
 Ventilation. This includes clean-room solutions (e.g. hospitals, labs) and industrial
ventilation (factory spaces and processes)
 Air conditioning and other applications of refrigeration

Electrical services:
Everyone thinks of the obvious here: lights. But electrical engineering also includes life safety
systems such as fire alarm systems. Power distribution is also a key element of electrical engineering
in buildings. This is becoming more and more important, especially in older buildings that do not
have enough power to support the technology necessary in modern buildings.
 Low voltage (LV) systems, distribution boards and switchgear
 Communication lines, telephones and IT networks (ICT)
 Building automation
 Lightning protection
 Fire detection and protection
 Security and alarm systems

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Public health services (Plumbing services):

This is more than just your sinks and toilets. Besides everything else you would find in a
restroom, plumbing engineers also design domestic hot water heating systems, water softening
systems, storm piping systems for roof drainage, and fire protection and sprinkler systems. Plumbing
engineers typically work closely with civil and mechanical engineers.
 Plumbing solutions for water supply, both potable cold water and DHW (domestic hot
water),
 Drainage of waste water (sewage) from inside a building and drainage/treatment of
external surface runoff around a building. Increasing use of grey-water recycling and
solutions to delay runoff (e.g. green roofs and infiltration beds)
 Solutions for hygiene and sanitation, including cleaning, indoor air quality, and health
technology (e.g. isolation wards)
Energy:
Energy engineering deals with aspects such as energy efficiency, and the use of alternative energy
such as solar photovoltaics. As utility costs are increasing, energy engineering is gaining more and
more importance. Indiana has traditionally had one of the lowest electrical rates nationally, but the
low cost of coal-generated electricity is increasing as environmental regulations impact energy
production. The resulting cost increases place even more importance on the energy performance of
buildings.
Structural:
There is more involved here than the columns, trusses, beams, and footers that get installed in
the building to ensure its stability. They also work with the owner and other engineers to figure out
how to provide pathways through the building to route all of the various systems, and to plan for
future expansion of the building. One example of planning for the future might be installing
additional structure in a roof system to accommodate a future solar panel installation when funds are
available.
Other:
 Building-integrated features such as passive cooling
 Natural lighting and artificial lighting, and building facades
 Building physics, especially related to heat and moisture transfer, etc.
 Design of com
 Integrating, restoring and designing new building services for architectural
conservation projects
 petition and Olympic swimming pools
 Design of pumping stations as well as pump houses

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5.2 Lifts and Escalators

These are the means of mechanical transportation of goods and people in and around a building.
These are energy-using services so this needs designer’s attention at an early stage of building design.
The choice on kind of mechanical transportation used and their installation depends mainly upon
following factors.

 Building size and type (type affects peaks to be handled)

 Each car’s capacity
 Car speed
 Maximum acceptable waiting time
 Mode of control/operation
Here we will discuss about the kinds of mechanical transportations popularly used and their choice
depending upon the given factors.
1) Lifts
These are the system used for vertical movement inside a building and comprises of one or more cars
(sheet metal boxes with sliding doors), suspended in a structural ‘sling’ of metals channels, that can be
moved up and down the storeys of the building by some driving and controlling mechanism.

Fig 5.1 Simple lift system

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In a simple installation, the lift shaft is of concrete or masonry forming the part of service core.
Desirably the motor room is directly over the shaft. Safety overruns are kept above the top landing level
and in the basement pit. The counterweight balances the car weight and ensures that the hoist rope’s
friction grips the driving sheaves, and also this reduces motor power consumption. The motor power is
used to overcome friction, acceleration, inertia and the unbalanced load during lifting. The compensating
cables are there to offset the weight of the hoist cables, transferring to the counterweight side as the car
rises, keeping the load on the sheaves balanced. Slower lifts may be driven by an AC motor but variable
voltage DC motors give a better, smoother performance for high speed lifts.
A lift motor room has following features:
 A concrete machine base incorporating a vibration isolating cork slab to separate it’s upper and
lower parts.
 Motor and brake equipment bolted to the upper, vibration-isolated, concrete slab.
 Flexible armoured electric cable connection to the motor.
 The lift motor main isolator switch close to the plant room door.
 An access hatch into the lift shaft.
 The electric control panel
 A lifting beam built into the structure.
 Adequate artificial illumination
 Natural ventilation
 13 A power point
 Locked door
 Light colour walls and ceilings
The size, location and number of cars are selected regarding following factors.
a. Building size and type
Passenger lifts are provided for building of over three storeys, or less if wheelchair movement is
required. The minimum standard of service is one lift for each four storeys and with a maximum walking
distance of 45m between workstation and lift lobby.

The peak demand of lift service is assessed from the building size, shape, height and population. Up to
25% of the population will require transportation during a 5min peak period. Congestion at peak travel
times is minimized by arranging the lift lobbies in a cul-de sac of, say, two lift doors on either side of a
walkway, rather than in a line of four doors along one wall.
b. Car’s capacity
The lift’s carrying capacity is determined by the demand at peak times. Two lifts of 680 kg
carrying capacity (10 people) provide a better service than one 1360 kg, 20 person lift. The large single
lift would run only partly loaded during the major part of the day with a resulting decrease in efficiency
and increased running cost. But additional capital cost for two lifts should be lower than the advantages
of using it.

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c. Car speed
It is determined by travel distance and standard of service. Buildings having more than 15 storeys
may have high-speed lifts that do not stop at the first 10 storeys.
Car speed for various travel distances can be listed as
Floors Car speed m/s
4 0.75
9 2
15 3
Over 15 5-7

Car speed is chosen so that the driving motor can be run at full speed for much of the running time to
maximize the efficiency of power consumption.
The overall speed of operation is determined by the acceleration time, braking time; maximum car speed;
speed of door opening; degree of advanced door opening; floor-levelling accuracy required; switch
timing and variation of car performance with car load.
d. Control mechanism
The automatic control system should function in an upward collecting and downward collection
mode, computer controls are used to optimize the overall performance of the installation by causing the
nearest car to stop, and to minimize electricity consumption.

2) Classifications of lifts
A) Platform Lift: Platform lifts can take a number of different forms, but they are usually used
in low-rise buildings where they will only travel a few floors at most. This means they tend to
move more slowly than passenger lifts and are often used for disabled access in buildings where
most people will take the stairs.
B) Passengers Lifts: Passenger lifts are designed to carry people and can come in a variety
of forms. As these lifts carry passengers, they should meet specific requirements and standards to
ensure that they are safe. They can come in a range of sizes, transporting different numbers of
passengers. These lifts can be customised with different designs, both inside and outside of the
cabin, so they can fit in with the design and style of the space around it. These lifts appear in a
variety of settings, from shopping centres to private residences. They also tend to travel faster
than other lift types as they are often used in high-rise buildings where passengers may be
travelling through multiple floors.
C) Glass Lifts: Glass lifts are a type of passenger lift that have glass walls and doors. They can be
used in any situation that a regular passenger lift would be used in, but they can offer a stylish
alternative. They are often chosen for their aesthetics and can provide a way of maintaining
the style of a building whilst providing a means of transportation.

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D) Service Lifts: Service lifts tend to not be designed to carry passengers, but usually carry goods of
some description. This also means that these lifts may not have to meet the
same level of standards required of passenger lifts.

E) Dumb waiters: Dumb waiters are often used in a kitchen setting, in restaurants, bars, hotels, etc.
These small lifts are used to transport food from the kitchen to a serving area.. They can also be
used in other settings such as hospitals or offices.
F) Trolley lifts: Trolley lifts are designed to transport larger goods on trolleys and roll cages. They
are often found within a shop setting or any other environment where you may need to take
deliveries and transport them between floors.
G) Stair lifts: Stair lifts are most commonly used in the home and provide an easy way for
individuals to move up and down stairs. This usually involves them sitting in a motorised seat
which takes them from one level to another. This, however, is not suitable for individuals who
are confined to a wheelchair.
H) Step lifts: Step lifts can be rather simple lifts as they usually provide access when a few steps are
present. This can be one or two steps or a small incline inside or outside of a building.
The step lift can take many forms and may be as simple as a small platform or can be something
more complex.
I) Passenger lift: Disabled access lifts can also take the form of passenger lifts, providing an
enclosed space for the passenger.

2. Escalator
Escalators are needed where large numbers of people are to be moved through a limited no of floors.
They are used to provide mechanical transportation for large number of passengers from surges at
discharge times from offices, railways underground stations, airport terminals and departmental stores.
Specifications

 Capacity is principally governed by the tread width, which are from 0.6 to 1.05m, allowing
standing and passing room.

 The angle of inclination is normally 30o, but 35o can be used for vertical rise of less than 6m.

 Speed is less significant; since a queue of people can only transfer to an escalator at a given rate
of 0.5m/s. Speeds of up to 0.75m/s are permissible as this is the maximum safe entry and exit
velocity.

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Fig 5.2 Simple Escalator system

1) Classifications of Escalators

 PARALLEL ESCALATORS • Parallel up and down escalators "side by side or separated by a

distance", seen often in metro stations and multilevel motion picture theatres. Parallel: This type
of escalator goes up and down simultaneously.
1) Speed: 0.5m/s
2) Inclination: 30, 35
3) Step width: 800 / 1000
4) Power: 50 Hz / 3p
5) Handrails: Rubber /Stainless steel
6) Step: stainless steel
7) Landing plate: anti skid stainless steel.
8) Operation: Emergency stop button/ Key switch / Inspection operation.
9) Illumination: lighting under upper and lower landing steps.
10) Indicator: Failure indicator on control cabinet.

 CRISSCROSS ESCALATORS • Crisscross minimizes structural space requirements by

"stacking" escalators that go in one direction, frequently used in department stores or shopping
centres. They stack the escalators that go in single direction and reduces structural space
requirement.
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1) Step width: 600 / 800 / 1000

2) Power: 300V / 50 Hz / 3p
3) Handrails: Rubber /Stainless steel.
4) Step: stainless steel.
5) Landing plate: anti skid stainless steel.
6) Operation: Emergency stop button / Key switch / Inspection operation.
7) Illumination: lighting under upper and lower landing steps.
8) Indicator: Failure indicator on control cabinet.

 MULTIPLE PARALLEL ESCALATORS • Multiple parallel two or more escalators together

that travel in one direction next to one or two escalators in the same bank that travel in the other
direction. Escalators are required to have moving handrails that keep pace with the movement of
the steps. The direction of movement (up or down) can be permanently the same, or be
controlled by personnel according to the time of day, or automatically.
1) Speed: 0.5m/s
2) Inclinations: 30, 35
3) Step widths: 800 / 1000
4) Power: 50 Hz / 3p
5) Handrails: Rubber /Stainless steel
6) Step: stainless steel
7) Landing plate: anti skid stainless steel
8) Operation: Emergency stop button/ Key switch / Inspection operation.
9) Illumination: lighting under upper and lower landing steps.
10) Indicator: Failure indicator on control cabinet.

 SPIRAL TYPE ESCALATORS: These are used to enhance the architectural beauty and to
save the space.
1) Inclined Angle : 30
2) Number of Persons : 6300 per hour
3) Rated Speed (mtrs./sec.) :25 m/ min.
4) Vertical Rise ( m ) : 3500 ~ 6600.

5.3 Hot and Cold water system

 Cold water supply – pipe work carrying water for domestic purposes including drinking,
washing and operation of sanitary appliances.
 Hot water supply – pipe work carrying heated water for domestic purposes including washing.
This guide excludes continuously circulated hot water systems.

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Cold and hot water may be conveyed to plumbing fixtures under the pressure of a water source, such
as a public water main, by pumps, or by gravity flow from elevated storage tanks.
The water-distribution system should be so laid out that, at each plumbing fixture requiring both hot and
cold water, the pressures at the outlets for both supplies should be nearly equal. This is especially
desirable where mixing valves may be installed, to prevent the supply at a higher pressure from forcing
its way into the lower-pressure supply when the valves are opened to mix hot and cold water. Pipe sizes
and types should be selected to balance loss of pressure head due to friction in the hot and cold-water
pipes, despite differences in pipe lengths and sudden large demands for water from either supply.

Fig 5.3 Hot and cold water system

1) Hot water systems

The hot water system is a perfect system for any household that require large amounts of high
pressure hot water. This system has a cylinder that can provide high pressure water at your hot tap
matching the mains pressure at your cold taps.
For anyone that goes to a hotel and thinks the shower has amazing pressure or the bath fills really
fast this is what you will get at home with your unvented system.
The cylinder in these systems vary in water capacity so it can accommodate any property size from
one bathroom up to as many bathrooms as you wish to have. An unvented cylinder has many advantages
over your open vented cylinder and combination boiler such as:
 High pressure instant hot water
 A storage of water therefore if a tap is ran elsewhere it won’t affect your supply or water temperature
 Highly efficient production of hot water
 Can work in association with solar panels and Geothermal heating
 Less mechanical parts on your boiler to breakdown.

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2) Cold water systems

Cold water storage cisterns are a very common component in a plumbing system. Typically these are
neglected for years and insulation will be falling off, lids become unsecure and pipework often isn’t
insulated. All of these issues can lead to further problems with your system:
 Dirt and debris getting into your cistern can lead to bacteria
 Lack of insulation causes excess water in the cistern and encourages bacteria growth
 Not insulating pipework can lead to frozen pipes causes bursts and leaks
 Faulty float vale leads to dripping water causing wastage and potentially increasing costs on your
water bill.

Fig 5.4 Hot and cold water system

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Fig 5.5 Hot and cold water system

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5.4 Waste Water system and Electrical:

5.4.1 Waste Water system: Wastewater is water that has been used and must be treated
before it is released into another body of water, so that it does not cause further pollution of water
sources. Wastewater comes from a variety of sources. Everything that you flush down your toilet or rinse
down the drain is wastewater. Rainwater and runoff, along with various pollutants, go down street
gutters and eventually end up at a wastewater treatment facility. Wastewater can also come from
agricultural and industrial sources. Some wastewaters are more difficult to treat than others; for example,
industrial wastewater can be difficult to treat, whereas domestic wastewater is relatively easy to treat
(though it is increasingly difficult to treat domestic waste, due to increased amounts of pharmaceuticals
and personal care products that are found in domestic wastewater.
 Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater or sewage and
convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle with acceptable impact on the
environment, or reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
 The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), also referred to as a
Water Resource Recovery Facility (WRRF) or a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in the case of
domestic wastewater. Pollutants in wastewater are removed, converted or broken down during the
treatment process.
 The treatment of wastewater is part of the overarching field of sanitation. Sanitation also includes
the management of human waste and solid waste as well as storm water (drainage) management.
 The main by-product from wastewater treatment plants is sewage sludge which is usually treated in
the same or another wastewater treatment plant. Biogas can be another by-product if anaerobic
treatment processes are used.
Processes
The processes involved in waste-water treatment include physical processes such as settlement or
flotation and biological processes such as aerated lagoons, activated sludge, or bio-films in trickling
filters. Other physical methods such as filtration through sieves may be used in specialised circumstances
such as de-watering waste-water sludge.
To be effective, sewage must be conveyed to a treatment plant by appropriate pipes and infrastructure,
and the process itself must be subject to regulation and controls. Some wastewaters require specialized
treatment methods. At the simplest level, treatment of sewage and most wastewaters is carried out
through separation of solids from liquids, usually by sedimentation. By progressively converting
dissolved material into solids, usually a biological floc, which is then settled out, an effluent stream of
increasing purity is produced.
 Separation of waste
 Sedimentation
 Oxidation
 Polishing
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Types of treatment plants

1) Sewage treatment plants:- A typical municipal sewage treatment plant in an industrialized country
may include primary treatment to remove solid material, secondary treatment to digest dissolved and
suspended organic material as well as the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, and – sometimes but
not always – disinfection to kill pathogenic bacteria. The sewage sludge that is produced in sewage
treatment plants undergoes sludge treatment.
2) Tertiary treatment:- Tertiary treatment is a term applied to polishing methods used following a
traditional sewage treatment sequence. Tertiary treatment is being increasingly applied in
industrialized countries and most common technologies are micro filtration or synthetic membranes.
After membrane filtration, the treated wastewater is nearly indistinguishable from waters of natural
origin of drinking quality (without its minerals).
3) Industrial wastewater treatment plants:- Disposal of wastewaters from an industrial plant is a
difficult and costly problem. Most petroleum refineries, chemical
and petrochemical plants[3]:1412[13] have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the
pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the local and/or national regulations
regarding disposal of wastewaters into community treatment plants or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
4) Agricultural wastewater treatment plants:- Agricultural wastewater treatment for continuous
confined animal operations like milk and egg production may be performed in plants using
mechanized treatment units similar to those described under industrial wastewater; but where land is
available for ponds, settling basins and facultative lagoons may have lower operational costs for
seasonal use conditions from breeding or harvest cycles.

5.4.2 Electrical system:

1) Introduction
An electrical system, within the context of a building, is a network
of conductors and equipment designed to carry, distribute and convert electrical power safely from
the point of delivery or generation to the various loads around the building that consume the electrical
energy.
The vast majority of electrical systems used in buildings in the UK operate at 230V single
phase alternating current (AC) or 400V 3 phase, at a frequency of 50Hz. These networks are often
referred to as low voltage (LV) networks. This system is also referred to as mains electricity.
Larger installations may operate at higher voltages, often with 11kV supplies or feeders at the origin of
the installation. These networks are referred to as high voltage (HV) networks.
Power conversion from 11kV networks down to the 230V-400V range is usually undertaken via
transformers in a substation.

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2) Conductors
The conductors that form part of the electrical system are the means by which electricity is
transferred from one place to another. Typically, conductors are made from copper, which offers
a good balance between electrical conductivity and cost. Aluminium may also be used in some
instances. Conductors are typically insulated with PVC or other synthetic insulating materials.
Most conductors are used in the form of electrical cables. These can be run either separately or
within containment systems between two points of an electrical system.
3) Switchgear
As well as conductors, an electrical system will also comprise equipment that provides switching
and protection capabilities, known as switchgear. Switchgear enables with manual or automated control
of current flow. Manual control relies on human intervention to work smoothly and is typically
employed for isolation switching and functional switching. Automatic switching may be based on
protection characteristics for devices that detect excess current flow and act to prevent damage to
cabling that may lead to fire and/or electric shock. This is usually achieved through the use of
circuit breakers and/or fuses.
4) Load devices
The final components of an electrical system are referred to as load devices. These
convert electrical energy into other forms of energy such as heat, light, or movement.
Examples of these include common items such as light fittings (luminaires),
motors, electric heating units, as well as power conversion equipment which converts mains electricity to
lower voltages to run appliances and electronic equipment. Often such power conversion is done within
the appliance or load itself.

Electricity from the Power Company

Electric utilities transmit power from the power plant most efficiently at very high voltages. In the
United States, power companies provide electricity to medium or large buildings at 13,800 volts
(13.8kV). For small commercial buildings or residential customers, power companies lower the voltage
with a transformer on a power pole or mounted on the ground. From there, the electricity is fed through
a meter and into the building.
Power Distribution in Small Buildings
Small commercial or residential buildings have a very simple power distribution system. The utility will
own the transformer, which will sit on a pad outside the building or will be attached to a utility pole. The
transformer reduces the voltage from 13.8kV down to 120/240 or 120/208 volts and then passes the
electricity to a meter, which is owned by the utility and keeps a record of power consumption.
After leaving the meter, the power is transmitted into the building at which point all wiring, panels, and
devices are the property of the building owner. Wires transfer the electricity from the meter to a panel
board, which is generally located in the basement or garage of a house. In small commercial buildings,
the panel may be located in a utility closet. The panel board will have a main service breaker and a series

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of circuit breakers, which control the flow of power to various circuits in the building. Each branch
circuit will serve a device (some appliances require heavy loads) or a number of devices like convenience
outlets or lights.

Fig 5.6 Electrical power system for a small building

Power Distribution in Large Buildings

Large buildings have a much higher electrical load than small buildings; therefore, the electrical
equipment must be larger and more robust. Large building owners will also purchase electricity at high
voltages because it comes at a cheaper rate. In this case, the owner will provide and maintain their own
step-down transformer, which lowers the voltage to a more usable level. This transformer can be
mounted on a pad outside the building or in a transformer room inside the building.
The electricity is then transmitted to switchgear. The role of the switchgear is to distribute electricity
safely and efficiently to the various electrical closets throughout the building. The equipment has
numerous safety features including circuit breakers, which allow power to be disrupted downstream -
this may occur due to a fault or problem, but it can also be done intentionally to allow technicians to
work on specific branches of the power system.
It should be noted that very large buildings or buildings with complex electrical systems may have
multiple transformers, which may feed multiple pieces of switchgear. We are keeping this article simple
by sharing the basic concepts.

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ME
TER

Fig 5.7 Electrical power system for a large building

5.5 Pumps and machineries:

5.5.1 Introduction
Pump is a machine or mechanical equipment which is required to lift liquid from low level to
high level or to flow liquid from low pressure area to high pressure area or as a booster in a piping
network system.
Principally, pump converts mechanical energy of motor into fluid flow energy.
Pump also can be used in process operations that require a high hydraulic pressure. This can be seen in
heavy duty equipment’s. Often heavy duty equipment’s requires a high discharge pressure and a low
suction pressure. Due to low pressure at suction side of pump, fluid will lift from certain depth, whereas
due to high pressure at discharge side of pump, it will push fluid to lift until reach desired height.

5.5.2 Classification of Pumps

Pumps may be classified on the basis of the applications they serve, the materials from
which they are constructed, the liquids they handle, and even their orientation in space.
All such classifications, however, are limited in scope and tend to substantially overlap

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each other. A more basic system of pump classification is based on the principle by which energy is
added to the fluid.

Fig 5.8 Flowchart showing the types of pumps

Under this system, all pump types generally fall into two main categories –
1. Dynamic (Centrifugal) Pumps – Energy is continuously added to increase the fluid velocities
within the machine.
2. Positive Displacement Pumps – Energy is periodically added by application of force to one or
more movable boundaries of enclosed, fluid-containing volumes.
These are further divided into many forms. For simplification of article we will discuss these many forms
separately in separate articles

1) Dynamic (Centrifugal) Pump

Dynamic pumps uses centrifugal force to develop velocity in the liquid being handled. The velocity is
then converted to pressure. As kinetic energy is decreased, pressure is increased. This pressure difference
drives the fluid through the system or plant. Dynamic (Centrifugal) pumps use a rotating impeller to
create a vacuum in order to move fluid. The pump’s impeller rotates within the housing and reduces
pressure at the inlet. This motion then drives fluid to the outside of the pump’s housing, which increases
the pressure enough to send it out the discharge

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5.5.2.1 Centrifugal Pump

Centrifugal pumps are one of the most common pumps in the world. They are used over a wide
variety of applications because they have a simple design that produces high efficiency. They can handle
a diverse range of head and capacity while producing a high flow rate. They rank high for ease of
operation.
Centrifugal pumps have one or more impellers which are attached to a pump shaft. The impellers rotate
and move the impellers against the side of the chamber. This moves the water and creates low pressure
in the chamber near the inlet, creating suction on the intake side as water is pumped through the output
side.
Centrifugal pumps are particularly amenable to high flow rates and low-viscosity liquids. They can be
used across a wide range of scientific, commercial, industrial, residential and municipal operations.

1) Applications of Centrifugal Pumps

In the water treatment industry, diaphragm type centrifugal pumps can be used for metering precise
amounts of liquid for the purpose of treating drinking water, boiler water, swimming pool water and
wastewater. They can also be used for applications requiring high water pressure and applications where
the fact that the pump does not have a seal is a benefit.
Other professions or places where such pumps are used: dairy farms, utility companies for turbines, food
service and processing, distilleries, construction, automotive companies, production lines, chemical
processing and laboratories.

2) Advantages of Centrifugal Pumps

 Since there are no drive seals, there is no risk of a leak. This makes centrifugal pumps perfect for
hazardous materials.
 Due to no drive seals, there is no friction loss, noise or wear. The fluids being pumped are
completely separated from the pump drive.
 The result is that centrifugal pumps are nearly 100% efficient in using motor power to create
pumping power.
 The pump chamber is separated from the motor by an air gap, preventing heat transfer.
 It is impossible for liquid to seep into the motor from the pump.
 Friction is greatly reduced. Magnetic coupling “breaks” before high pressure can damage the
pump

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Fig 5.9 Centrifugal pump

2) Positive Displacement Pump
Positive displacement pumps use the reciprocating motion of pistons, plungers, or diaphragms to move
the liquid through the pump. The discharge from reciprocating pumps is in pulses rather than a smooth
flow of liquid. Positive displacement pumps are characterized by an operation that moves fluid by
trapping a fixed volume, usually in a cavity, and then forces that trapped fluid into the discharge pipe.
Positive displacement pumps are usually selected for their ability to handle high viscosity fluids at high
pressures and relatively low flows as their efficiency isn’t affected by pressure. Whilst centrifugal pumps
are the most common type of pump installed due to their simplicity, positive displacement pumps are a
solution that can handle more difficult conditions where centrifugal pumps may fail, thanks to their
ability to be run at any point on their curve.

5.5.2.2 Reciprocating Pumps

A reciprocating pump is a class of positive-displacement pumps that includes the piston

pump, plunger pump, and diaphragm pump. Well maintained, reciprocating pumps can last for decades.
Unmaintained, however, they can succumb to wear and tear. [1] It is often used where a relatively small
quantity of liquid is to be handled and where delivery pressure is quite large. In reciprocating pumps, the
chamber that traps the liquid is a stationary cylinder that contains a piston or plunger.

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1.1) Types of Reciprocating Pumps

By source of work
 Simple hand-operated reciprocating pump. The simplest example is the bicycle pump, which is
used ubiquitously to inflate bicycle tires and various types of sporting balls. The name "bicycle pump"
is not really the most correct term because it generates more compression than volume
displacement.[2]
 Power-operated deep well reciprocating pump

By mechanism
 Single-acting reciprocating pump consists of a piston of which only one side engages the fluid
being displaced.[3] The simplest example would be a syringe.
 Double-acting reciprocating pump engage with both sides of the piston, each stroke of the piston
carries out both suction and expulsion at the same time. Thus it require two inflow pipes and two
outflow pipes.[3]
 Triple-acting reciprocating pump

1.2) Advantages of Reciprocating Pumps

 High Pressure, Low Flow Applications: Reciprocating pumps are generally designed to pump

in low flow, high head applications. One of the most extreme of these applications is water jet
cutting, where only a few gallons pass through the pump per minute but exceed pressures of
10,000 PSI.
 Proven, Common Technology: Reciprocating pumps are one of the oldest, most proven pump
types. Today, a wide variety of reciprocating pumps can be found in many different materials,
types, and sizes. Reciprocating pumps range from less than 1 horsepower to over 3,000
horsepower.
 Durability: Reciprocating pumps are used in some of the most abrasive and corrosive

applications. Fluid ends and fluid end parts can be made of many different materials such as
stainless steel, aluminum bronze, tungsten carbide, ceramic, and more. A wide selection of valve
types is used in abrasive applications such as pumping cement, sand slurry, mud, etc.
 Efficiency: Reciprocating pumps operate at high a higher efficiency compared to other pump
designs. In most cases, at any setpoint, reciprocating pumps operate around 90%.

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Fig 5.10 Reciprocating pump

5.5.2.3 Deep well Pumps

1) Deep Well Pump Application
Desert control, sea water desalinization, agricultural irrigation;
Drinking and daily water supply, forest irrigation, city waters cape;
Landscape fountains, pasture animal husbandry;
Islands’ water supply, waste water treatment engineering.

2) Deep Well Pump Features

1. Using water lubricated bearings; coupling rigidly coupled to the coupling of the motor use.
2. It works in a motor driven pump impeller rotating centrifugal force, the liquid energy increases,
the diversion effect of the pump casing, liquid water pumping.
3. When the deep well pump in the pump top with a check valve to prevent the pump shutdown,
yang who is back in the water, and damage the working parts, affecting the life of the pump.

5.5.2.4 Submersible Pumps

1) Introduction of submersible pump
A submersible pump (or sub pump, electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a device which has
a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is submerged in the
fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump cavitation, a
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problem associated with a high elevation difference between pump and the fluid surface. Submersible
pumps push fluid to the surface as opposed to jet pumps which create a vacuum and rely upon
atmospheric pressure. Submersibles use pressurised fluid from the surface to drive a hydraulic motor
downhole, rather than an electric motor, and are used in heavy oil applications with heated water as the
motive fluid.

2) Applications of submersible pump

 Submersible pumps are found in many applications. Single stage pumps are used for
drainage, sewage pumping, general industrial pumping and slurry pumping.

 They are also popular with pond filters. Multiple stage submersible pumps are typically lowered
down a borehole and most typically used for residential, commercial, municipal and industrial water
extraction (abstraction), water wells and in oil wells.

 Other uses for submersible pumps include sewage treatment plants, seawater handling, fire
fighting (since it is flame retardant cable), water well and deep well drilling, offshore drilling
rigs, artificial lifts, mine dewatering, and irrigation systems.

 Pumps in electrical hazardous locations used for combustible liquids or for water that may be
contaminated with combustible liquids must be designed not to ignite the liquid or vapors.

5.5.2.5 Automatic Pumps

1) Introduction
The motor gets automatically switched on when water in the overhead tank (OHT) falls below the lower
limit. Similarly, it gets switched off when the tank is filled up. Built around only one NAND gate IC
(CD4011), the circuit is simple, compact and economical. It works off a 12V DC power supply and
consumes very little power. The circuit can be divided into two parts: controller circuit and indicator
circuit.

5.5.2.6 Sewerage Pumps

1) Introduction
A sewage pump is used to transfer sewage liquids and solids from one place to another. Usually, in
residential applications, sewage includes soft solids up to 2″ in diameter is pumped from a sewage basin
to a sewer system or a septic tank. A sewage pump is installed at the lowest point of the sewage basin.
Since the pump is submerged most of the time, it is also referred to as a submersible sewage pump.
Sewage pump can be automatic, manual or dual mode. A dual mode pump contains a piggyback plug,
which allows the pump to be used as either manual, wherein the pump bypasses the switch and is
plugged in directly into the socket or as automatic, wherein the pump is plugged in through the floating

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switch and works only when the switch is activated. Due to a possibility of sewage overflow, it is
generally not advised to use a manual sewage pump inside of a sewage basin.
Sewage pumps are centrifugal pumps, with special design enabling solids to pass without clogging the
pump. When the pump is turned on, the motor starts to rotate the impeller, creating the pressure that
pushes water into the impeller and goes into the discharge pipe.
The sewage pump is powered through a 10-25 ft. electric cord. Depending on the model, the voltage can
be 115, 230, 460, or 575 volts. The pump housing, which contains a motor and an impeller, is made with
cast iron and is built for long term use.

2) Types of Sewage Pumps

 Effluent Pumps – effluent pumps are the pumps most often uses in small on-site system. They are
designed to pump effluent, the effluent flowing out of a septic tank. This effluent is relatively clear
liquid because the solids have developed out in the septic tank. Effluent pump can pump higher
levels and more efficient than the other types of sewage pumps because these pumps don’t have to
handle sewage solids.
 Solid Handling Pumps – these pumps is also called sewage ejector pumps made to pump raw
sewage. Raw sewage contains too many solids for most pumps, so only solids-handling pumps
should be used where raw sewage has to be pumped.
 Grinder Pumps – a grinder pump is much like a solid-handling pump. It can pump raw sewage.
The difference is that the grinder pump has rotating blades, like garbage grinders that cut and grind
the solids into small particles before the sewage is pumped.

5.5.2.7 Compressor
 A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.
An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.
 Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the
fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of a gas.
Liquids are relatively incompressible; while some can be compressed, the main action of a pump is
to pressurize and transport liquids.
 Many compressors can be staged, that is, the fluid is compressed several times in steps or stages, to
increase discharge pressure. Often, the second stage is physically smaller than the primary stage, to
accommodate the already compressed gas. Each stage further compresses the gas and increases
pressure. Those that are powered by an electric motor can also be controlled using a VFD or power
inverter, however many (hermetic and semi-hermetic) compressors can only work at certain speeds,
since they may include built-in oil pumps. The oil pumps are connected to the same shaft that
drives the compressor and forces oil into the compressor and motor bearings. At low speeds,
insufficient quantities or no oil is forced into the bearings, eventually leading to bearing failure,

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while at high speeds, excessive amounts of oil may be lost from the bearings and compressor and
potentially into the discharge line due to splashing. Eventually the oil runs out and the bearings are
left unlubricated, again leading to failure, and the oil may contaminate the refrigerant, air or other
working gas
Air compressors are categorized as either positive displacement or dynamic displacement, based on
their internal mechanisms.
The four most common types of air compressors are:
1. Rotary Screw Compressor:- A common type of displacement compressor, rotary screw
compressors are some of the easiest types of air compressors to take care of, as they are equipped
with an internal cooling system and don’t require much maintenance. They are typically large,
industrial-sized machines that can be either lubricated with oil or run oil-free.
2. Reciprocating Air Compressor: - Another popular type of displacement compressor is the
reciprocating compressor. These are typically found at smaller work sites such as garages and home
construction projects. Unlike the rotary screw compressor, the reciprocating compressor is not
designed for continuous use. A reciprocating air compressor has more moving parts than a rotary
screw compressor, and these parts are lubricated with oil for smoother movement.
3. Axial Compressor:- Axial air compressors are not typically used in construction projects but are
instead found in high-speed engines on ships or planes. They have a high-efficiency rate but are
much more expensive than other types of air compressors, and can get up to many thousands of
horsepower, which is why they are mainly reserved for aerospace research
4. Centrifugal Compressor:- Centrifugal air compressors slow and cool the incoming air through a
diffuser in order to build up potential energy. Because of the multi-phase compression process,
centrifugal compressors are able to produce a high amount of energy in a relatively small machine.

5.5.2.8 Vacuum Pumps

A vacuum pump is a device that draws gas molecules from a sealed volume in order to leave behind
a partial vacuum. The job of a vacuum pump is to generate a relative vacuum within a capacity. The
first vacuum pump was invented in 1650 by Otto von Guericke, and was preceded by the suction
pump, which dates to antiquity.

1. Types of vacuum Pumps

a) Oil Sealed Rotary Vane Pump (Wet, Positive Displacement)
In the rotary vane pump, the gas enters the inlet port and is trapped by an eccentrically mounted
rotor which compresses the gas and transfers it to the exhaust valve (Fig. 3). The valve is spring-
loaded and allows the gas to discharge when atmospheric pressure is exceeded. Oil is used to seal
and cool the vanes. The pressure achievable with a rotary pump is determined by the number of
stages used and their tolerances.

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b) Liquid Ring Pump (Wet, Positive Displacement)

The liquid ring pump (Fig. 4) compresses the gas by rotating a vaned impeller located eccentrically
within the pump housing. Liquid is fed into the pump and, by centrifugal acceleration, forms a
moving cylindrical ring against the inside of the casing. This liquid ring creates a series of seals in
the space between the impeller vanes, which form compression chambers. The eccentricity between
the impeller’s axis of rotation and the pump housing results in a cyclic variation of the volume
enclosed by the vanes and the ring, which compresses the gas and discharges it through a port in
the end of the housing.

c) Diaphragm Pump (Dry, Positive Displacement)

A diaphragm is rapidly flexed by a rod riding on a cam rotated by a motor, causing gas transfer in
one valve and out the other. It is compact and low maintenance. The lifetime of the diaphragms and
valves is typically over 10,000 operating hours. The diaphragm pump is used for backing small
compound turbo-molecular pumps in clean, high vacuum applications. It is a small capacity pump
widely used in R & D labs for sample preparation.

d) Scroll Pump (Dry, Positive Displacement)

The scroll pump (Fig. 6) uses two scrolls that do not rotate, but where the inner one orbits and
traps a volume of gas and compresses it in an ever decreasing volume; compressing it until it
reaches a minimum volume and maximum pressure at the spirals’ center, where the outlet is located.
A spiral polymer (PTFE) tip seal provides axial sealing between the two scrolls without the use of a
lubricant in the swept gas stream

5.5.2.9 Hot water boilers

1. Introduction
Hot Water Boilers for process use typically operate with gas or oil-fired burners mounted to the
boiler front for ease of operation and maintenance. Where they differ primarily is in size: Industrial
Hot Water Boilers are significantly larger than domestic boilers to reflect their larger heating
capacity.
As a form of direct heating, a significant heat transfer surface between the water and the process is
required for the heat transfer to work efficiently. Where the process does not allow for this, or if the
required water temperature is above 100°C, the use of High-Pressure Hot Water Boilers is a tried,
tested and proven solution.

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2. Operating Principle
Industrial Hot Water Boilers follow a relatively similar design concept to Steam Boilers in many
respects, although they are completely filled with water during operation whereas Steam Boilers
operate with a water level and steam space.
A burner fires into the boiler furnace and tubes to heat the water inside the boiler shell. The heated
water is delivered to the process using a simple circulating pump and pipework and returned to the
boiler to be heated again. Any loss of water must be compensated by chemically treated fresh water
to avoid corrosion.
The boiler pressure vessel is typically a horizontal, closed cylindrical tube surrounded by insulating
material. The most common Industrial Hot Water Boilers are two or three passes; each pass being a
different set of tubes that the hot flue gas travels through before making a turn within the boiler. In
addition to these are reverse flame Industrial Hot Water Boilers where the burner fires into a blind
furnace and the combustion gases double back on themselves within the same chamber to ensure
full combustion. This also makes for a more compact design.

3. Advantages of Industrial Hot Water Boilers

1. Inexpensive to install
2. Simple and effective operation
3. Low pressure so simple maintenance and inspection requirements
4. High efficiency operation

5.5.2.10 Codes and Structural provisions for escalator:

 IS: 4591 – 1968, CODE OF PRACTICE FOR INSTALLATION AND

MAINTENANCE OF ESCALATORS
 CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION, PROTEC’IION, OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE OF ESCAIATORS
 CL. No- 3.1 Every escalator and every part thereof shall be of sound material and good
construction and ~of sufficient mechanical strength for the purpose for .which it is intended and
~so far as is piacticable, shall be installed, protected, worked and maintained in such a manner so
as to prevent danger.
 Cl. No- 3.2 All materials shall be in accordance with the latest Indian Standard specifications
wherever available.
 Cl. No- 4. CONSTRUCTIONAL REQUIRMENT
 Cl. No- 4.1 Angle of Inclination - It shall not be in excess of 30 degrees from the horizontal
excepting that with an escalator having a vertical rise not exceeding 6 meters an angle up to 35
degrees may be permitted.

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 Cl. No- 4.2 Width - The width between balustrades shall be measured on the incline at a point
68.5 cm vertically above the nose line of the steps, and shall not be less than the width of the
step. It shall not exceed the width of the step by -more than ~33 cm with a maximum of 16.5 cm
on either side of the escalator.
 Cl. No- 4.3 Balustrading - Escalators shall be provided on each side with solid balustrading. On
the step side the balustrading shall be smooth and substantially flush except for protective
mouldings ‘parallel to the run of the steps and properly beveled vertical mouldings projecting not
more -than 6.5 mm, that cover joints of panels.

 6. OPERATING AND SAFETY DEVICES

 6.0 Operating and safety devices shall be provided conforming to the following requirements. 6.1
Starting Switch - Starting switches shall be of the key-operated type and shall be located within
sight of the escalator steps. 8 IS : 4591- l96$ 6.1.1 Where starting pushes or switches are within
reach of the public they shall be either of the key-operated type or be enclosed in a box provided
with a lock and key.

 6.2 Emergency Stop Buttons - Emergency stop buttons or other type of manually operated
switches having red buttons or handles and conspicuously marked STOP PUSH or STOP
SWITCH shall be accessibly located at or near the top and bottom landings of each escalator,
and shall be protected against accidental operation. An escalator stop button with an unlocked
cover over which it can readily be lifted or pushed aside shall be considered accessible. The
operation of either of these buttons or switches shall interrupt the power to the driving machine.
It shall not be possible to start the driving machine by these buttons or switches.

 6.3 Speed Governor - A speed governor shall be provided, the operation of which shall cause the
interruption of power to the driving machine should the speed of the steps exceed a
predetermined value which-shall benot more than 40 percent above the rated speed.
EXCEPTION: The overspeed governor is not required where a low slip alternating current
squirrel cage induction motor is used and the motor is directly connected to the driving machine.

 6.4 Broken Step-Chain Device-A broken step-chain device shall be provided which shall cause
the interruption of power to the driving machine if a step-chain breaks, and, where no automatic
chain tension device is provided, if excessive sag occurs in either step-chain.

 6.5 Broken Drive-Chain Device - Where the driving machine is connected to the main drive
shaft by a chain, a device shall be provided to cause the application of the brake on the main
drive shaft if the drive-chain parts.

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 6.6 Stop Switch in Machinery Spaces - A stop switch shall be provided in each machinery space
where means of access to the space is provided. This switch, when opened, shall cause electric
power to be removed from the escalator driving machine motor and brake. The stop switches
shall be: a) of the manually opened and closed type; b) conspicuously and permanently marked, ‘
STOP and c) positively opened mechanically and their opening shall not be solely dependent on
springs.

5.5.2.11 Social features required for physically handicapped and elderly

Sl.
Types of Building Minimum provisions
No Sl. No
Single detached, single A minimum of 2 per cent of the total number of units to be constructed with
01
dwelling units. barrier-free features. (Adoptable Units)

Staff housing, multiple

A minimum of 1 unit for every 25, plus 1 additional unit for every 100
02 dwelling and high rise
units
residential units and
thereafter. Entrances and exits to be accessible.
tenements

Tenement houses, row

03 A minimum of 1 unit for up to 150 units, and a minimum of 1 additional unit
houses, apartments and
for every 100 units thereafter to be accessible.
town houses.
Post offices, banks and
04 A minimum of 1 lowered automatic teller machine (ATM) / cash
financial service
disbursement point on the premises. Stamp vending machine.
institutions

05 Shop houses and single-

Accessible shopping area
storey shops

Entrances and exits and main area of worship to be accessible. Mosques:

06 Places of worship access to area for ablutions; Churches: access to confessionals, fonts and
chapels; Temples: access to shrines and courtyards.

A minimum of 1 table without stools or seats attached to the floor for

07 Food centers every 10 tables. A minimum of 2 tables without stools or seats attached.
to the floor for the whole premises. Accessible entrance.

Accessible entrances, exists, aisles and main community or public

gathering areas.

Accessible toilet facilities should be nearby.,

Community centers, Seating for persons with disabilities to be accessible from main entrances
village halls, auditoria,
and lobbies.
08 concert halls, assembly
halls, cinemas, theatres and Various seating/viewing choice to be provided for persons in
other places of public
wheelchairs throughout the main seating area.
assembly.
A minimum of 2 wheelchair spaces for seating capacity up to 100 seats.

A minimum of 4 wheelchair spaces for seating capacity from over 100 to

400 seats.

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5.5.2.12 DC and AC Motors

1. Introduction
Electric motors are machines that convert electrical energy—from either stored power or a direct
electrical connection—into mechanical energy through the production of rotational force. The two
major types of electric motors are:
1. AC motors, which are powered by alternating current
2.DC motors, which are powered by direct current

2. Types of Electric Motors: AC vs. DC Motors

AC and DC motors are broad categories of motors that include smaller subtypes. Induction motors,
linear motors, and synchronous motors, for example, are all types of AC motors. AC motors can
also include variable-frequency drives to control the motor’s speed and torque, while DC motors
are available in self-excited and separately excited-type models.

3. AC Motor vs. DC Motor Advantages

Each motor type has different advantages that make them best suited for different commercial and
industrial applications. AC motors, for example, are flexible and easy to control. Some of their
other advantages include:
 Advantages of AC Motors
1. Low startup power demands that also protect components on the receiving end
2. Controllable starting current levels and acceleration
3. VFD or VSD add-ons that can control speed and torque at different stages of use
4. High durability and longer life spans
5. Capabilities for multi-phase configurations
 Advantages of DC Motors
1. Simpler installation and maintenance
2. High startup power and torque
3. Fast response times to starting, stopping, and acceleration
4. Availability in several standard voltages
5.5.2.13 Electric Generator
In electricity generation, a generator[1] is a device that converts motive power (mechanical energy)
into electrical power for use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy include steam
turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, internal combustion engines, wind turbines and even
hand cranks. The first electromagnetic generator, the Faraday disk, was invented in 1831 by British
scientist Michael Faraday. Generators provide nearly all of the power for electric power grids. The
reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by an electric motor, and
motors and generators have many similarities. Many motors can be mechanically driven to generate
electricity; frequently they make acceptable manual generators.

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5 (B) BUILDING MAINTENANCE

5. 6 Preventive and Protective Maintenance of the Building

1) Introduction:
Preventive maintenance (also called “preventative” maintenance) is a systematic approach to building
operations that aims to predict and prevent catastrophic equipment failures before they occur. To
accomplish this goal, facilities personnel conduct routine inspections, maintenance and repairs on
assets to ensure they work as the manufacturer intended. Functional equipment allows facilities staff
members to focus less on reactive maintenance and more on upcoming maintenance tasks or time-
sensitive work orders. As a rule of thumb, it’s better to prevent issues than react to them. Preventive
maintenance reduces the likelihood of unexpected issues by promoting optimal equipment
performance.
The following list features a few ways facilities teams can stay on top of preventive maintenance in
their departments:
 Schedule and perform regular inspections of equipment
 Conduct regular cleaning of buildings, grounds and assets
 Lubricate moving parts to reduce wear-and-tear
 Adjust controls for optimal performance and energy efficiency
 Repair and replace any defective equipment parts

2) Key action items of preventive maintenance

1. Inspection: Inspections are a necessary part of preventive maintenance and aid organizations in
two ways. First, facility inspections ensure that equipment is safe to use. Regular inspections help
prevent workplace injuries and provide a business with increased liability protection. Second,
regular inspections protect property. Inspections ensure that equipment is functioning as the
manufacturer intended.
2. Detection: Operating on a run-to-failure approach can end up costing a facility department
significant money, which is why many facility managers choose to utilize a preventive approach
to maintenance. Preventive maintenance helps facility managers detect problems early, when
issues are still relatively easy and inexpensive to fix.
3. Correction: Preventive maintenance encourages facility managers to take a proactive approach
towards equipment care and correct issues before they occur. If an issue (or potential issue) is
detected, facility managers take steps to promptly address the problem before it worsens or shuts
down operations.
4. Prevention: Facility managers can combine inspection records and maintenance notes to learn
from past mistakes and correct repeated issues with equipment. Prevention of asset failure

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reduces stress and increases productivity for facilities teams. When equipment works as
inspected, staff can focus on proactive (rather than reactive) maintenance tasks.

3) Types of preventive maintenance

 Time-based Preventive Maintenance: Time-based preventive maintenance goes by a variety
of names, a main one being "calendar-based" maintenance. No matter which term your
department uses, this approach involves setting up a preventive maintenance schedule to
perform regular inspections on pieces of equipment, especially those that would have a severe
impact on production in the event of a breakdown. Time-based preventive maintenance is best
used for bounded assets (such as fire/safety equipment) and critical assets (such as HVAC
systems and pumps), though facility managers can use this approach for any asset that requires
preventive maintenance. Here are a few examples to illustrate.
 Usage-based Preventive Maintenance: Usage-based preventive maintenance makes sure that
equipment continues to operate as the manufacturer intended. Unlike time-based maintenance,
which occurs on a more rigid schedule, usage-based maintenance occurs as often as an asset
needs it, whether it’s every month or every six months — whichever comes first. Check out
these examples of usage-based preventive maintenance.

5. 7 Scheduled and Contingency Maintenance of Building

 Scheduled maintenance is any repair and upkeep work performed within a set timeframe.
 It details when given maintenance tasks are performed and by whom. Scheduled maintenance
may occur at repeating intervals or in response to a work request.
 Scheduled maintenance often occurs at repeating intervals, such as changing an air filter every
March and September, or conducting a performance inspection at the start of each year.
Maintenance may also be scheduled to fulfill a work order.
 Once a problem is discovered, a maintenance scheduler works with a maintenance planner to
resolve the problem. A time is then scheduled to conduct necessary repairs.
 In addition to managing the time at which maintenance tasks should occur, scheduled
maintenance also deals with who performs those tasks.
 The time it takes for the job to be completed is compared with available work hours, which are
factored into the schedule. The key here is to make sure those who should perform a given task
are available to do so.
 Without coordinating a set time with maintenance workers and contractors, there is no guarantee
that necessary work will be completed on time. This inevitably damages schedule compliance.

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1) Benefits of scheduled maintenance

In addition to minimizing downtime, scheduled maintenance serves a variety of other purposes.

 Higher personnel utilization since maintenance workers spend more time working
 Increased asset life expectancy as breakdowns are prevented
 Lower maintenance costs as time is utilized efficiently and costly problems are prevented
 Culture of proactive efficiency as personnel perform needed tasks
 Reduced liability as assets are kept in safe working condition

5. 8 Management Information System (MIS) for Building

A management information system (MIS) supports management by pooling information from

various sources, compiling it, manipulating it and presenting it legibly. It can give managers
necessary information to help them make informed decisions. The ultimate aim of a MIS is to increase
a business’s efficiency, productivity, profitability and so value.
Information gathered by an MIS can cover technology, people, relationships, processes, purchases, sales
and so on and can be used to monitor the performance of a company, project or programme.

Typical uses for a MIS include:

 Making decision-making more effective and productive.
 Collecting business information.
 Compiling reports.
 Identification of areas that need improvement.
 Allowing management of work schedules and allocation of resources.
 Fostering communication and collaboration.
 Allowing employees to spend more time on productive tasks.
 Giving managers feedback about their own performance.

Although today, MIS is generally a digital-based tool, MIS systems predate modern computer technology.
The modern development of the MIS is closely linked to the development stages of the computer,
spanning mainframe, PCs and client/servers to cloud computing. The use of add-on software can tailor
the performance of an MIS to specific tasks.

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5.9 Maintenance Standards for Building

 Standards-based systems and processes provide distinct benefits when compared to proprietary
ones, because standards envelop tried-and-true methods that users can incorporate for their own
purposes. These benefits include interoperability across systems, easier replication and reuse of
systems and best practices, as well as technological longevity.
 Maintenance systems and processes are no exception. Maintenance standards incorporate proven
methods to best perform tasks such as cleaning, lubrication, repairs, components’ replacement,
data collection and more.
 They can also instruct professionals on how to create comprehensive checklists of maintenance
tasks, as well as on how to structure them into integrated maintenance programs.
 Standards are useful when applied to technological systems. For example, they can boost the
development of interoperable systems that can exchange data and services to boost the
replication of maintenance solutions. Such data exchange and sharing is key to sharing
visualizations across stakeholders and supporting new cost-effective ideas for remote
maintenance.
 Overall, standards-based systems and processes provide a safe path to successful maintenance
practices in a highly diverse landscape of different plants, equipment, and processes.

1. ISO 55000 Asset Management Standards

 Plant equipment and components are physical assets, and fall under the umbrella of asset
management systems and disciplines.
 Asset management is about coordinating and optimizing the management of an asset across its
whole lifecycle, including selection, acquisition, development, maintenance, renewal and disposal
processes

2. ISO 13374 on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostics of Machines

 Efficient data sharing and distribution is at the heart of maintenance systems and processes,
including condition-based, preventive and predictive maintenance.
 Moreover, data interoperability is a prerequisite for exchanging data across different systems, but
also for deploying systems in a plug-and-play fashion with minimal integration effort.

3. Operation Open Information Standards

 MIMOSA is a not-for-profit trade association which develops open information standards for
Operations and Maintenance (O&M) in sectors such as manufacturing, fleet, and facility
environments.

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Design Concept of Building Services (17CV743)

 MIMOSA comprises a wide range of standards that span almost all aspects of data exchange and
integration across diverse O&M systems.
 MIMOSA CCOM (Common Collaborative Object Model) is an information model for the
exchange of asset related information which eases interoperability between systems. Based on an
XML compliant model, it enables systems to exchange data electronically, much in the same way
the popular EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) model provides the means for exchanging
information between electronic commerce systems and transactions.

4. TIP 0305-34:2008
 This standard is specified as part of Technical Information Paper TIP 0305-34 and provides
guidelines for creating maintenance checklists on a daily, weekly or monthly basis.
 In practice, maintenance engineers and users are expected to customize these checklists to the
needs of their plant taking into account machines, equipment, physical configurations and other
characteristics of the plant.
 Documented research efforts and industrial case studies have underlined the importance of
maintenance checklists towards focused and effective maintenance. The TAPPI TP 0305-
34:2008 standard provides a practical approach on how to compile and maintain a relevant
checklist.

5. Industrial Internet Consortium Reference Architecture

 In earlier posts, we referred to the trend of digitizing industry, including opportunities to leverage
the functionalities of the emerging Internet-of-Things (IoT) and BigData technologies.
 The Industrial Internet Consortium Reference Architecture (IICRA) defines the structuring
principles that drive the integration of Industrial Internet applications, as part of the emerging
digitization of the industry.

5.10 Economic Maintenance Decisions

 Economic Maintenance begins with some basic concepts and terminology from economics and
accounting that are needed in building models for capital investment decisions. It then deals with
capital investment and the framework needed for decision making. Next, the chapter looks at the
cost elements of capital investment, and describes life cycle costing and its main elements. The
various costs may be divided into two categories: costs associated with the execution of the
project and the potential costs that may be incurred once the upgraded/replaced object is put
into operation. It outlines the procurement process and then looks at some models (based solely
on economic considerations) for optimal capital equipment decision making. The models may be
categorized into two groups: one‐ period models and multi‐ period models. Finally, the chapter
reviews life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for products, plants and infrastructures.

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