Case Analysis Colorectal Cancer

OCAMPO, KHIE-AN F.

09-06-2020
NCM 106 (RLE)
DR. JOSEPHINE UY

COLORECTAL CANCER

Patient’s Chief Complaint

“My colon cancer is back, I’ve had another surgery, and I’m ready to start another round of chemotherapy.”
History of Present Illness

Dr. H.U. is a 53 yrs. old Asian American male, who was diagnosed with colon cancer 18 months ago. He had
been completely asymptomatic until the onset of RLQ discomfort. Four days after the initial onset of symptoms, he
experienced severe abdominal pain (9/10 on the standard pain scale) and presented at the emergency room. An
abdominal CT scan revealed a mass in the RLQ involving the colon. A 4.5-cm tumor was surgically resected and all
signs of visible disease were cleared. There was no sign of liver or lung involvement on CT scan or upon gross
examination by the surgical team. Abdominal lymph nodes were biopsied to determine the extent of the disease.
The pathology report revealed that the colon tumor was a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The tumor had
penetrated deep through the entire width of the wall of the ascending colon and perforated the visceral peritoneal
membrane.
Serum CEA was 15.9 ng/mL. The patient underwent six cycles of fluorouracil (425 mg/m2 IV QD 5 days) plus
leucovorin (20 mg/m2 IV QD 5 days) administered every 4–5 weeks as the patient was able to tolerate. After
adjuvant chemotherapy was completed, chest and abdominal CT scans were negative and serum CEA was 3.4 ng/mL.
The serum CEA level indicated that the patient had achieved a remission. Last month, however, the patient noticed
bright red blood on the surface of the stool and immediately contacted his oncologist. He reported that he was not
experiencing any pain, fatigue, bloating, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea. His serum CEA had increased to 23.2
ng/mL and exploratory laparotomy revealed recurrent cancer in the terminal ileum and a large segment of the
descending colon that extended into the rectosigmoid colon. There were no signs of disease in the rectum. A chest
CT scan was normal, but an abdominal CT scan and ultrasound revealed evidence of multiple (12–15), small, hepatic
metastases. All regions of tumor involvement in the ileum, descending colon, and rectosigmoid colon were resected
and a colostomy was performed.
Past Medical History

• Chickenpox at age 6
• Asthma x 35 years
• Crohn disease x 8 years
• Portion of jejunum resected 6 years ago (scarring and stricture from Crohn disease → obstruction)
• Type 2 DM x 6 years
• Bilateral osteoarthritis of the knees x 3 years
• Intra-articular cortisone injection, both knees, 5 months and 2 months ago
• Negative for serious injuries or bone fracture
Family History
• Father, age 75, is alive but has type 2 DM, CAD, and several episodes of severe depression with suicide attempts
• Mother, age 72, has traits of OCD but has not been diagnosed or treated
• Patient has 7 siblings—two sisters with HTN, one brother with Addison disease, one brother with type 2 DM and
hypothyroidism, one sister with Down syndrome
• No family history of cancer
• He is married with one son, age 35, who is alive and well
Social History
• Patient is a university professor of pathology and primate research
• Has smoked 3–4 cigars/day for 20 years
• Drinks 2–3 cans of beer and 1 glass of sake daily
• Sedentary lifestyle
Review of System
The patient lost weight, but he is finally getting his strength back after his second surgery. No chest pain, headaches,
SOB, DOE, weakness, fatigue, or wheezing. Complains of mild irritation around the colostomy site but states that the
“bag is working well” with no current malodorous problems. He has had some diarrhea with fluorouracil and
leucovorin therapy in the past but took loperamide and tolerated side effects “fairly well.” He still has a few aches
and pains in his knees.
Physical Examination & Laboratory Test
Gen
• Middle-aged Asian-American male
• Appears stated age of 53
• Cooperative but mildly anxious, oriented, attentive, and in NAD
Vital Signs
Skin
Warm with normal turgor and no lesions
HEENT
• PERRLA
• EOMI
• Mildly icteric sclera
• Fundi benign
• TMs intact
• OP clear with moist mucous membranes
Neck/Lymp nodes
• Neck supple
• (-) cervical or axillary lymphadenopathy
Thorax
Lungs are clear to auscultation and resonant throughout all lung fields
Heart
• RRR
• Normal S1 andS2
• (-) murmurs, rubs, or gallops
Abdominal
• Colostomy in LLQ
• Tender at both costal margins
• Hepatomegaly prominent
• Mild distension with some ascites
Genital / Rectal
• Normal male genitalia
• Slightly enlarged prostate with no distinct nodules
• Heme-negative stool
• No rectal wall tenderness or masses
Neuro
• Speech normal
• CNs II–XII intact
• Motor: normal strength throughout
• Sensation normal
• Reflexes 2+ and symmetric throughout
• Babinski negative bilaterally
• Rapid movements, gross and fine motor coordination are normal
• Good sitting and standing balance
• Gait normal in speed and step length
• Alert and oriented x 3
• Able to do serial 7’s
• Able to abstract
• Short- and long-term memories intact
• No peripheral neurologic deficits secondary to DM
Laboratory Blood Test Result
Treatment options by stage

In general, stages 0, I, II, and III are often curable with surgery. However, many people with stage III colorectal
cancer, and some with stage II, receive chemotherapy after surgery to increase the chance of eliminating the disease.
People with stage II and III rectal cancer will also receive radiation therapy with chemotherapy either before or after
surgery. Stage IV is not often curable, but it is treatable, and the growth of the cancer and the symptoms of the
disease can be managed. Clinical trials are also a treatment option for each stage.
Stage 0 colorectal cancer

The usual treatment is a polypectomy, or removal of a polyp, during a colonoscopy. There is no additional surgery
unless the polyp cannot be fully removed.
Stage I colorectal cancer

Surgical removal of the tumor and lymph nodes is usually the only treatment needed.
Stage II colorectal cancer
Surgery is often the first treatment. People with stage II colorectal cancer should talk with their doctor about
whether more treatment is needed after surgery because some people receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Adjuvant
chemotherapy is treatment after surgery with the goal of trying to destroy any remaining cancer cells. However, cure
rates for surgery alone are quite good, and there are few benefits of additional treatment for people with this stage
of colorectal cancer. Learn more about adjuvant therapy for stage II colorectal cancer. A clinical trial is also an option
after surgery.
For stage II rectal cancer, radiation therapy is usually given in combination with chemotherapy, either before or after
surgery. Additional chemotherapy may be given after surgery as well.
Stage III colorectal cancer

Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. A clinical trial may
also an option. For rectal cancer, radiation therapy may be used with chemotherapy before or after surgery, along
with adjuvant chemotherapy.
Nursing Intervention
 Administer chemotherapy agents as ordered, provide care for the client receiving chemotherapy.
 Provide care for the client receiving radiation therapy.
 Provide care for the client with bowel surgery.
Discharge and Home Health Guideline

Patient Teaching:
 Teach the patient the care related to the abdominal incision and any perineal wounds. Give instructions
about when to notify the physician (if the wound separates or if any redness, bleeding, purulent drainage,
unusual odor, or excessive pain is present).
 Advise the patient not to perform any heavy lifting (􏰀10 lbs),pushing,or pulling for 6 weeks after
surgery.
 If the patient has a perineal incision, instruct her or him not to sit for long periods of time and to use a soft or
“waffle”pillow rather than a rubber ring whenever in the sitting position.
 Teach the patient colostomy care and colostomy irrigation.
 Give the following instructions for care of skin in the external radiation field:Tell the patient to wash the skin
gently with mild soap,rinse with warm water,and pat the skin dry each day; not to wash off the dark ink marking
that outlines the radiation field; to avoid applying any lotions, perfumes,deodorants,and powder to the
treatment area; to wear nonrestrictive soft cotton cloth- ing directly over the treatment area; and to protect
skin from sunlight and extreme cold.
 Explain the purpose, action,dosage,and side effects of all medications prescribed by the physician.
References:
https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/colorectal-cancer/types-treatment#:~:text=Your%20treatment%20plan
%20may%20include,relieve%20symptoms%20and%20side%20effects.
100 Cases Studies – Harold J. Bruyere, Jr. (pp.88 – 96)
https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/colorectal-cancer/

Case Analysis Colorectal Cancer

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What is the patient's medical history?

What treatment options are available for the patient's stage of cancer?

OCAMPO, KHIE-AN F.

Patient’s Chief Complaint

History of Present Illness

Past Medical History

Physical Examination & Laboratory Test

Laboratory Blood Test Result

Treatment options by stage

Stage 0 colorectal cancer

Stage I colorectal cancer

Stage III colorectal cancer

Discharge and Home Health Guideline

100 Cases Studies – Harold J. Bruyere, Jr. (pp.88 – 96)

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