ANDRES

BONIFACIO
AND THE 1896
REVOLUTION
Group 3
“Katipunan Founding”
“Katipunan Founding”
What is the Katipunan?

The Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galang na

Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, otherwise
known as Katipunan or KKK, was a Philippine
revolutionary society founded by Andres
Bonifacio and other anti-Spanish colonialism
Filipinos in Manila on July 7,1892.
“Katipunan Founding”
What is the Katipunan?

• They performed the solemn rite of sanduguan

(blood compact).
• The members agreed to recruit more people
using the “triangle system” of enlistment.
“Katipunan Founding”
What is the Katipunan?

• The KKK had three objectives: political, moral,

and civic
• In their writings, Bonifacio and Jacinto
described the pre-Spanish period as an era of
kasaganaan (great abundance) and
kaginhawaan (prosperity).
“Katipunan Founding”
“Jose Rizal and The Katipunan”

• From the start, the Katipunan drew inspiration

from Jose Rizal, whose nationalist writings
stirred an oppressed nation into action.
• In the 1880s, Jose Rizal and his fellow
ilustrados launched the Propaganda
Movement in Europe.
“Katipunan Founding”
“Jose Rizal and The Katipunan”

• On August 23, 1896, the Katipunan was

discovered by the Spanish authorities
• Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896 in
Bagumbayan (Luneta or Rizal Park)
A NATION IS BORN
A NATION IS BORN

The 1896 revolution was a clear indication of an

attempt to national breakthrough and sovereignty.
However, Manuel Sastron believes otherwise. He
described the said revolution as a “rebellion of
the Tagalogs against the Spanish domination,”
also he stated that Tagalogs are rebels.
A NATION IS BORN

Katipunan’s Cartilla (1896)

• Explained the objectives pursued by the association which is both
noble and worthy.
• Adheres the unity among the Tagalogs through a binding pledge.
• They said that unity is a catalyst to unleash their innate thoughts and
discover the Path of the Mind, Reason and Enlightenment.
• Defined the word/term Tagalog.
A NATION IS BORN

Tagalog (based and defined on the Katipunan’s Cartilla)

• All persons born in the archipelago; whether Visayan, Ilocano,
Pampangeño, etc.
• The term does not restrict solely on Tagalog speakers but the inclusion of
people who grew up in the Philippines, regardless of their ethnolinguistic
classification and ancestry.
A NATION IS BORN

Tagalog (based and defined on the Katipunan’s Cartilla)

• At that time, the word “Filipino” applied only to the Spaniards born in the
archipelago.
• So, Bonifacio and Jacinto made “Tagalog” a term applicable to all indios
or natives.
A NATION IS BORN

Paghihimagsik Nang 1896-1897 (unpublished memoir)

Carlos V. Ronquillo
• Created the memoir
• Caviteno revolutionary
• Secretary of Emilio Aguinaldo
A NATION IS BORN

Through his memoir, the concept was further explained:

• It doesn’t mean that people who were born in Manila, Cavite, or etc. the
term was only exclusive to that certain group of people.
• The term refers to the whole nation, Philippines (children of the Filipino
nation)
A NATION IS BORN

Through his patriotic writings,

• In K.K.K. Katungkulan Gagawin ng mga Z.Li.B,
• Pagibig sa Tinubuaang Bayan
• Hibik ng Filipinas sa Ynang Espana
A NATION IS BORN

Through his patriotic writings,

• Ang Dagat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog
Bonifacio expressed his concept of
nationhood, by referring the Philippine
islands as sagkalupaan or Katagalugan.
A NATION IS BORN

Through his patriotic writings,

• In a revolutionary leaflet (printed in Cavite, first quarter of
1897)
Bonifacio wrote: “Mabuhay ang Haring Bayan
Katagalugan.”
• It was clear among the Katipunans and Bonifacio himself, it
was a national struggle.
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE
GOVERNMENT
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

The first Philippine Republic also known as the

Malolos Republic was a short-lived republic following
the Filipino declaration of independence in 1898, was
inaugurated amidst colorful ceremonies
at the Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan Province.
After more than 300 years of colonization of Spain to
the Philippines, the Filipino people successfully
liberate the Philippines to the colonizers.
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

June 12, 1898

Emilio Aguinaldo declared the
independence of the Philippines.
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

AUGUST 1898
• The Filipinos have effectively
controlled most of the country.
• Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo ruled as the
country’s first President.
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

SEPTEMBER 15, 1898

• The revolutionary congress,
representing the different
provinces of the Philippines met in
Malolos Bulacan.
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

SEPTEMBER 29, 1898

• The Malolos Congress ratified
Philippine independence
reaffirming the proclamation that
was made back in June 12, 1898.
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

JANUARY 1899
• The congress ratified and put on
place a new constitution. This
constitution was known as the
Malolos constitution or the La
Constitución Política de 1899.
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

DECEMBER 10, 1898

• Spain formally sold the Philippines
to the United States. Treaty of
Paris.
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

FEBRUARY 1899
• The Philippine-American war
erupt between the first Philippine
republic and the United States.
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

MARCH 23, 1901

• Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan,
Isabela. The First Philippine Republic came to an
end when Emilio Aguinaldo took the oath of
allegiance to the United States nine days later.
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

President Emilio Aguinaldo

Department Secretaries- War Baldomero Aguinaldo
Interior Leandro Ibarra
Foreign Affairs Cayetano Arellano (later replaced by Mabini)
Finance Mariano Trias
Justice Gregorio Araneta
Welfare Felipe Buencamino
THE FIRST PRESIDENT
THE FIRST PRESIDENT
Epifanio de los Santos

• Renowned historian during that time

• Former director of the prewar
Philippine Library and Museum.
THE FIRST PRESIDENT
Epifanio de los Santos

• Paved way for a clearer view and notion

that Bonifacio’s katagalugan
government emerged in the late 1980s
– letters and other important document
was signed by Bonifacio became
accessible as a primary source.
THE FIRST PRESIDENT
Epifanio de los Santos

• 3 letters and one appointment letter,

written by Bonifacio on printed
letterheads dated from March 8 to 24
April 1897, which all addressed to
Emilio Jacinto (proof that indeed
Bonifacio was the first president of a
national government.)
THE FIRST PRESIDENT
Epifanio de los Santos

• These letters contained the ff. titles and

designations:
– Pangulo ng Kataastaasang
Kapulungan (President of the
Supreme Council)
– Ang Kataastaasang Pangulo (The
Supreme President)
THE FIRST PRESIDENT
Epifanio de los Santos

– Pangulo nang Haring Bayan

Katagalugan (President of the
Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan)
– NOTE: “Bayan” means both
“people” and “country”
THE FIRST PRESIDENT
Epifanio de los Santos

– May tayo nang K.K. Katipunan nang

mga Anak ng Bayan, Unang nag
galaw nang Paghihimagsik (The
President Sovereign Nation Founder
of the Katipunan, Initiator of the
Revolution)
THE FIRST PRESIDENT

Jose P. Bantug, a prewar scholar, referred Bonifacio as

the “Kataastaasang Pangulo” and “General’ No. 1.” It
was also supported and recognized by Jose P. Santos
in 1993 and Zaide in 1939. These scholars came to
the same conclusion the presidency of Bonifacio was
factual.
THE FIRST PRESIDENT

• Both men misread the phrase “Ang Haring Bayan”

as “Hari ng Bayan” which connotes monarchal
government.
• In contrary, to the government headed by Bonifacio
prior to 22 March 1897, was democratic in nature and
national in scope.
THE FIRST PRESIDENT

• The first phrase refers to Bonifacio’s adaptation of

Western concept of republic – from res publica,
literally public thing or commonwealth – to the Filipino
concept of “sovereign people”
THE FIRST PRESIDENT
La Ilustracion Espanol y Americana (February 8, 1897)

• An article on the Philippine revolution appeared.

• A portrait of Bonifacio engraved wearing a black
suit and white tie, with a caption “Andres Bonifacio,
Titulado “Presidente’ de la Rupublica Tagala.” Also, he
was descried as the head of a native government.
THE FIRST PRESIDENT
La Ilustracion Espanol y Americana (February 8, 1897)

• GA. Reparaz referred Aguinaldo only as

generalissimo.
THE FIRST PRESIDENT
La Ilustracion Espanol y Americana (February 8, 1897)

• According to Reparaz, the key officers in

Bonifacio government were as follows:
Teodoro Plata (Secretary of War), Emilio Jacinto
(Secretary of State), Aguedo del Rosario (Secretary
of Interior), Briccio Pantas (Secretary of Justice),
Enrique Pacheco (Secretary of Finance)
THE FIRST PRESIDENT
Jose M. del Castillo

• His 1897 work, “El Katipunan” or “El

Filibusterismo en Filipinas”
• Reiterated the results of the said first Philippine
national elections and appointed the same names
as La Ilustracion.
THE FIRST PRESIDENT

The August 1896 transformation of Katipunan into a

revolutionary government, and Bonifacio’s election
was confirmed by Pio Valenzuela – testified before
the Spanish authorities.
THE FIRST PRESIDENT

The August 1896 transformation of Katipunan into a

revolutionary government, and Bonifacio’s election
was confirmed by Pio Valenzuela – testified before
the Spanish authorities.
THE FIRST PRESIDENT

Aguedo del Rosario was apprehended and

described as “one of those designated by the
Katipunan to form Revolutionary Government of the
Philippines and to carry out the function of the local
government administration.”
FOREIGN
AFFAIRS
FOREIGN AFFAIRS

In the preparation for the revolution against Spain in

early 1896, some Filipinos contribute to make the
revolt successful. Doroteo Cortes solicited funds in
Hong Kong and was sent to Jose Maria Basa the
one who served as disbursing officer. Those funds
were used to negotiate to Japan to ask political,
military and financial aid. Large portion of the funds
was used to acquire 100,000 rifle and ammunition.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS

The Philippines also requested from Japan to send

military squadron to aid the revolutionary forces.
The Spanish authorities investigate about the
preparation of revolution and the plan was revealed.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Around the middle of May 1896, the Japanese

cruiser Kongo visited Manila. Bonifacio and some
Katipunan members immediately sought a meeting
with Japanese Admiral Kanimura. That time Jacinto
drafted a message addressed to the emperor of
Japan.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS

After that, Cortes continued to represent the

revolutionaries for foreign entities.

Together with Basa and A.G. Medina, Cortes sent a

petition to the Consul of the United States of
America in Hong Kong on 29 January 1897. The
request implored the “Gefe Supremo desu Nacion”
for protection of the Filipinos and recognition of
their right to self-government.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS

In January 1897, The Philippine Commission in

Hong Kong addressed a petition to Henry
Hannoteaux, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs,
which enumerated 50 grievances of the Philippines
against Spain and called for assistance.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE 1896
REVOLUTION
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE 1896 REVOLUTION

• First colonial revolution in Asia

• Creation of a democratic government called the
Katagalugan which became the basis for
proceeding governments.
• Citizens accepting and being loyal to the new
government
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE 1896 REVOLUTION

• First instance of Armed Filipino Forces that

defended the government's territory
• First instance of Filipinos trying to form a national
identity for the Philippines by calling themselves
"Tagalog" and the country as "Katagalugan"
insead of "Filipinas"
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE 1896 REVOLUTION

• Filipinos should consider that the first Filipino

national government was made at August 24,
1896 and the first Filipino president as Andres
Bonifacio