T Rec L.36 201501 I!!pdf e

I n t e r n a t i o n a l

T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n

ITU-T
TELECOMMUNICATION
STANDARDIZATION SECTOR
OF ITU

U n i o n
L.36
(01/2015)
SERIES L: CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND

PROTECTION OF CABLES AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF
OUTSIDE PLANT
Single-mode fibre optic connectors
Recommendation ITU-T L.36

Summary
Recommendation ITU-T L.36 describes the main features of fibre optic connectors, in terms of types,
fields of application, configurations and technical aspects. Further, this Recommendation examines
the optical, mechanical and environmental characteristics of fibre optic connectors, advising on
general requirements and test methods.
While taking into account Recommendation ITU-T G.671 as far as the transmission parameters are
concerned, this Recommendation is based on the most recent work carried out within IEC SC86B
Working Groups 4 and 6, namely the IEC 61300 and IEC 61753-series.
History
Edition Recommendation
Approval
Study Group
Unique ID*
1.0
ITU-T L.36
1998-10-09
11.1002/1000/4508
2.0
ITU-T L.36
2008-01-08
11.1002/1000/9324
3.0
ITU-T L.36
2015-01-13
15
11.1002/1000/12412
____________________
*
To access the Recommendation, type the URL http://handle.itu.int/ in the address field of your web
browser, followed by the Recommendation's unique ID. For example, http://handle.itu.int/11.1002/1000/11
830-en.
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
FOREWORD
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of
telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication
Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical,
operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing
telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years, establishes
the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on these topics.
The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are
prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.
NOTE
In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a
telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain
mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the
Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some other
obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The use of
such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may involve
the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or
applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others outside of
the Recommendation development process.
As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property,
protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the TSB
patent database at http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/.
ITU 2015
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior
written permission of ITU.
ii
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
Table of Contents
Page
1
Scope.............................................................................................................................
References.....................................................................................................................
Definitions ....................................................................................................................
3.1
Terms defined elsewhere ................................................................................
3.2
Terms defined in this Recommendation .........................................................
3
2
3
Abbreviations and acronyms ........................................................................................
Conventions ..................................................................................................................
General information ......................................................................................................
Types and configurations ..............................................................................................

7.1
Fibre types ......................................................................................................
7.2
Cable types .....................................................................................................
7.3
Fibre alignment system...................................................................................
7.4
Fibre and ferrule end-face finish ....................................................................
7.5
Coupling mechanism ......................................................................................
3
4
4
4
4
5
Characterization parameter definitions .........................................................................

8.1
Optical parameters ..........................................................................................
8.2
Mechanical parameters ...................................................................................
8.3
Environmental parameters ..............................................................................
5
5
5
6
Performance criteria and test methods ..........................................................................

9.1
Optical performance requirements .................................................................
9.2
Mechanical performance requirements ..........................................................
9.3
Environmental performance requirements .....................................................
6
6
7
9
10
Connector identification ...............................................................................................
11
Appendix I Overview of international and regional conventions for colour coding of

single-mode fibre optic connectors ...............................................................................
12
Appendix II Methodology for estimating reflectance from optical connector end-face

contamination ...............................................................................................................
13
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................
15
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
iii

1
Scope
This Recommendation:
gives general information on fundamental types of fibre optic connectors, their field of
application and the main requirements about their characteristics in terms of optical,
mechanical and environmental behaviour;
makes a classification of these components in terms of the configurations used into fibre optic
plants;
gives a general description of the basic principles of operation and of technologies of

fabrication of fibre optic connectors;
describes all the most important optical parameters and gives general specifications on the
optical, mechanical and environmental performance of fibre optic connectors;
describes the main test methods of fibre optic connectors;
is limited to factory installed connectors; these are connectors that have been applied to the
fibre and/or cable in a controlled factory environment. Field mountable connectors, which
are to be applied to the fibre and/or cable by an installer in field conditions, are outside the
scope of this Recommendation.
2
References
The following ITU-T Recommendations and other references contain provisions which, through
reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation. At the time of publication, the
editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and other references are subject to revision;
users of this Recommendation are therefore encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
most recent edition of the Recommendations and other references listed below. A list of the currently
valid ITU-T Recommendations is regularly published. The reference to a document within this
Recommendation does not give it, as a stand-alone document, the status of a Recommendation.
[ITU-T G.652]
Recommendation ITU-T G.652 (2009), Characteristics of a single-mode

optical fibre and cable.
[ITU-T G.653]
Recommendation ITU-T G.653 (2010), Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted,

single-mode optical fibre and cable.
[ITU-T G.654]
Recommendation ITU-T G.654 (2012), Characteristics of a cut-off shifted

single-mode optical fibre and cable.
[ITU-T G.655]
Recommendation ITU-T G.655 (2009), Characteristics of a non-zero

dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable.
[ITU-T G.656]
Recommendation ITU-T G.656 (2010), Characteristics of a fibre and cable

with non-zero dispersion for wideband optical transport.
[ITU-T G.657]
Recommendation ITU-T G.657 (2012), Characteristics of a bending-loss

insensitive single-mode optical fibre and cable for the access network.
[ITU-T G.671]
Recommendation ITU-T G.671 (2012), Transmission characteristics of optical

components and subsystems.
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
[IEC 61300-2-1]
IEC 61300-2-1 (2009), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 2-1: Tests
Vibration (sinusoidal).
[IEC 61300-2-2]

Mating durability.
[IEC 61300-2-4]

Fibre/cable retention.
[IEC 61300-2-5]

Torsion.
[IEC 61300-2-6]

Tensile strength of coupling mechanism.
[IEC 61300-2-12]

Impact.
[IEC 61300-2-17]

Cold.
[IEC 61300-2-18]

Dry heat High temperature endurance.
[IEC 61300-2-19]

Damp heat (steady state).
[IEC 61300-2-21]

Composite temperature/humidity cyclic test.
[IEC 61300-2-22]

Change of temperature.
[IEC 61300-2-26]

Salt mist.
[IEC 61300-2-27]

Dust Laminar flow.
[IEC 61300-2-42]

Static side load for strain relief.
[IEC 61300-2-44]

Flexing of the strain relief of fibre optic devices.
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
[IEC 61300-3-6]

components Basic test and measurement procedures Part 3-6:
Examinations and measurements Return loss.
[IEC 61300-3-28]

Examinations and measurements Transient loss.
[IEC 61300-3-34]

Examinations and measurements Attenuation of random mated connectors.
[IEC 61753-1]
IEC 61753-1 (2007), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

components performance standard Part 1: General and guidance for
performance standards.
[IEC 61755-1]
IEC 61755-1 (2005), Fibre optic connector optical interfaces Part 1: Optical
interfaces for single mode non-dispersion shifted fibres General and
guidance.
Definitions
3.1
Terms defined elsewhere
None.
3.2
Terms defined in this Recommendation
None.
4
Abbreviations and acronyms
This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:

APC
Angled Physical Contact
GWOA
Gaussian Weighted Occluded Area
PC
Physical Contact
Conventions
None.
6
General information
Fibre optic connectors provide a method for jointing the ends of two optical fibres. Such a joint is not
a permanent one, but it can be opened and closed several times. The optical connectors are required
in the points of the network in which it is necessary to have flexibility in terms of network
configuration and test access.
Fibre optic connectors have applications in all types of networks, at the input and output ports of the
transmission systems and are also used to connect test equipment and instrumentation.
The connection can have a plug-adapter-plug or a plug-socket configuration.
The main effects of the introduction of a connector in an optical line are an attenuation on the
transmitted signal and a reflection of a part of the signal.
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
Types and configurations
Fibre optic connectors can be classified on the basis of the:
type of cable;
type of fibre;
fibre alignment system;
fibre end-face finish;
number of jointed fibres;
type of coupling mechanism;
outer diameter of the ferrule (2.5 mm or 1.25 mm), when applicable;
connector mating lay out ("plug and socket" or "plug-adapter-plug").

7.1
Fibre types
The type of connector, and in particular, its grade of mechanical accuracy depends on the type of fibre
to be jointed. The fibres to be considered are those specified in [ITU-T G.652], [ITU-T G.653],
[ITU-T G.654], [ITU-T G.655], [ITU-T G.656] and [ITU-T G.657]. Particularly, great accuracy is
necessary to align two single-mode fibres in which the light is guided in a core of approximately
9 m.
7.2
Cable types
The connector can be assembled with:
primary coated fibre (250 m);
secondary coated fibre (900 m);
single fibre cable (typically from 0.9 mm to 4.5 mm).

7.3
a)
b)
c)
Fibre alignment system

Direct alignment: In this type of solution, the bare fibre is directly aligned by V-groove or
capillary tubes.
Secondary alignment: In this case, the fibre is fixed in a structure, usually a cylindrical ferrule
for single or duplex fibre connections or a rectangular section body for duplex or multiple
fibre joint. These structures are aligned by means of sleeves, pins or other systems.
Lens alignment: The optical alignment of the fibres is obtained by means of a lens.
NOTE Secondary alignment is the most commonly applied design; loss criteria of most standards are
established for this type of connector.
7.4
Fibre and ferrule end-face finish
For both direct alignment and ferrule-based connectors, the end face of the fibre or the ferrule is
prepared (normally by polishing) to give fibre to fibre contact either where the end faces are
perpendicular to the fibre axis or at a small angle to the perpendicular. For ferrules, two common
cases are found:
a)
Physical contact (PC): This finish is typically used in a single or duplex fibre connector.
The end face is polished to a spherical shape in order to obtain a perfect contact between the
two fibre cores and to improve the transmission performance of the connector. A typical
spherical radius is 5-30 mm.
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
b)
Angled physical contact (APC): This finish is similar to the PC, but in this case the polished
end surface of the ferrule is angled with respect to the fibre axis. This solution gives low
values of reflected power. Typical angles are 8 or 9 degrees for ITU-T G.652-type fibres. A
typical end surface radius is in the range of 5 to 12 mm.
In ferrule-less connectors, the fibre is fixed in the connector plug and the fibre ends are factory
prepared (normally by cleaving, polishing or another surface shaping procedure). Fibres are aligned
by means of sleeves, pins or other systems and often index matching gel is applied between the fibres.
7.5
Coupling mechanism
The most common systems for mating together two plugs (or the plug and the socket) are:
push-pull mechanism;
screw mechanism;
bayonet mechanism.
8
Characterization parameter definitions
8.1
Optical parameters
The fibre optic connectors are characterized by several parameters; the most important are:
8.1.1
Attenuation
The attenuation, A, introduced by the fibre optic connector is defined as:

A 10 log
Pi
P0
[dB]
where P0 is the optical power just before the connection and Pi is the optical power just after the
connection.
8.1.2
Return loss
The return loss, RL, introduced by the fibre optic connector is defined as:
RL 10 log
Pr
P0
[dB]
where P0 is the optical power measured at the connection interface and Pr is the optical power
reflected by the connector.
8.1.3
Classes of wavelength
Connector assemblies should be suitable to operate in the wavelength range of at least 1'260
to 1'625 nm.
8.2
Mechanical parameters
8.2.1
Vibrations
This parameter assesses the resistance of the connector during the applications of sinusoidal
oscillations along three orthogonal axes.
8.2.2
Strength of the coupling mechanism
This is the pulling force withstood by the coupling mechanism just before the disconnection of the
connector.
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
8.2.3
Mechanical resistance of the attachment of the fibre/cable to the plug connector
This is the resistance of the attachment point of the fibre or cable to the plug when it is subjected to
mechanical stress such as pulling and torsion.
8.2.4
Mechanical endurance
This parameter assesses the number of connections that the connector shall guarantee without
deteriorating its optical performance.
8.3
Environmental parameters
8.3.1
Operating temperature
This is the range of temperature in which the performance of the fibre optic connector is guaranteed.
8.3.2
Climatic effects
This is the range of variation of environmental conditions that is applied when evaluating changes in
mechanical and optical performance. This includes changes in temperature and humidity, as well as
the rate of change of these conditions.
9
Performance criteria and test methods
For the characterization or validation of a connector system, fibres with the same nominal mode field
diameter should be used, in order to avoid incorrect results due to mismatches between different
fibres. For single-mode fibre, more details on fibre dimensions and tolerances can be found in
[IEC 61755-1].
Unless otherwise stated in the individual test details, all attenuation and return los measurements shall
be performed at both 1'310 nm 30 nm and 1'550 nm 30 nm.
Unless the context requires otherwise, numerical limits in this standard are to be taken as exact,
irrespective of the number of significant digits or trailing zeros.
Before starting each test, the plugs and the adaptor shall be cleaned according to manufacturers'
instructions.
9.1
Optical performance requirements
9.1.1
Attenuation [IEC 61300-3-34]
Four grades of attenuation can be defined according to [IEC 61755-1]:

Table 9-1 Attenuation grades
Attenuation grade
Attenuation [IEC 61300-3-34]
Grade A
Not defined yet
Grade B
0.12 dB mean
0.25 dB max. for > 97% of samples
Grade C
0.25 dB mean
0.5 dB max. for > 97% of samples
Grade D
0.5 dB mean
1 dB max. for > 97% of samples
These values are referred to random mating between randomly selected plugs from production.
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
9.1.2
Return loss [IEC 61300-3-6]
Four grades of return loss can be defined according to [IEC 61755-1]:

Table 9-2 Return loss grades
Return loss random mated
[IEC 61300-3-6]
Return loss grade

Grade 1
60 dB (mated) and 55 dB (unmated)
Grade 2
45 dB
Grade 3
35 dB
Grade 4
26 dB
These values are referred to random mating between randomly selected plugs from production.
Grades 2, 3 and 4 are referred to the physical contact fibre end-face finish while grade 1 is referred
to the angled physical contact fibre end-face finish.
A methodology for estimating reflectance from optical connectors deployed in the field is described
in Appendix II.
9.2
Mechanical performance requirements
9.2.1
Vibration [IEC 61300-2-1]
The vibration test has the following characteristics:
frequency range:
10 to 55 to 10 Hz change at 1 octave/min
number of axis:
three, orthogonal
number of cycles (10 to 55 to 10): 15
vibration amplitude:
0.75 mm (or 1.5 mm peak-to-peak)
The change in attenuation during the test shall be measured by means of transient monitoring at
1'550 nm 30 nm for single-mode connectors according to [IEC 61300-3-28]. The maximum allowed
change in attenuation shall be 0.2 dB. The return loss shall meet the specified grade after the
vibration test.
9.2.2
Strength of the coupling mechanism [IEC 61300-2-6]
The test is performed applying a specified axial load between the plug and the adapter.
The value of the load and the duration of the test are specified according to the specific coupling
mechanism and the manufacturer's rating for the specific connector design. The recommended
minimum load value is 40 N during 120 seconds.
During and after the test the change in attenuation shall not exceed 0.2 dB and the return loss shall
satisfy the requirement for the specified grade.
9.2.3
Fibre/cable retention [IEC 61300-2-4]
The test is performed applying an axial load between the cable and the plug.
The load should be:
2 N for primary coated fibre;
5 N for secondary coated fibre;
50 N for aramid reinforced cable 2 mm diameter;
100 N for aramid reinforced cable > 2 mm diameter.
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
The load shall be applied smoothly and be kept constant for a duration of 60 seconds (2 N and 5 N)
or 120 seconds (50 N or 100 N).
During and after the test, the change in attenuation shall not exceed 0.2 dB and the return loss shall
9.2.4
Torsion [IEC 61300-2-5]
The test is performed applying a torque on the cable at the distance of 20 cm from the connector. The
cable is kept taut by a load of 15 N. In total 25 torsion cycles of 180 shall be applied.
9.2.5
Flexing of strain relief [IEC 61300-2-44]
The test is performed on aramid yarn reinforced cables. A load of 5 N is applied on the cable at the
distance of 20 cm from the connector. The connector is rotated 90 about an axis perpendicular to
the axis of the attached cable. Gentle rotational movements are used, not exceeding 20 cycles/min. In
total, 100 cycles shall be performed. The dwell at each extreme shall not be greater than 5 seconds.
The change in attenuation during and after the test shall be measured by means of transient monitoring
at 1'550 nm 30 nm for single-mode connectors according to [IEC 61300-3-28]. The maximum
allowed change in attenuation shall be 0.3 dB. The return loss shall meet the specified grade after
the vibration test.
9.2.6
Static side load [IEC 61300-2-42]
The test is performed by applying a load on the fibre or cable at the distance of 20 cm from the
connector. The load should be:
0.2 N for secondary coated fibre;
1 N for aramid yarn reinforced cable.

The load shall be applied smoothly at 90 to the connector axis and kept constant for a duration of
5 minutes at 0.2 N or 1 hour at 1 N.
9.2.7
Impact [IEC 61300-2-12] Method A
An unmated connector with a 2 m cable length is dropped five times from a height of 1.5 m.
drop height:
1.5 m;
drop surface:
metal plate (or concrete floor);
number of cycles:
5.
The connector will be protected with a dust cap during the test.
Attenuation and return loss shall be measured before and after the test and shall meet the requirements
in Table 9-1 and Table 9-2.
9.2.8
Mating durability [IEC 61300-2-2]
The test is carried out by connecting a plug and an adapter 500 times (one side of the connector set
only in the case of a plug-adapter-plug configuration).
The variation of the attenuation shall be less than 0.2 dB and the return loss shall not fall below the
minimum for the grade.
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
In the event that the change in attenuation increases above or the return loss below the allowable limit,
the connector may be cleaned as necessary but not more than 25 times during the course of the test.
The measurement at which the cleaning takes place shall be discounted from the test results.
9.3
Environmental performance requirements
The recommended temperature ranges in which the connector performance should be guaranteed are
from 40C to +70C for outdoor applications ("outdoor protected environment") and 10C to
+60C for indoor applications ("controlled environment").
Patch cords shall be tested by placing the complete test assembly in the climatic test chamber. A
typical test assembly contains two connections plus the necessary cables: two to five metres of cable
between connectors plus the leads to connect the patch cord to the equipment outside the climatic test
chamber.
9.3.1
Cold [IEC 61300-2-17]

temperature:
duration:
preconditioning and recovery:
10C (for indoor applications) or 40C (for outdoor

applications)
16 hours
2 hours in room temperature condition
Attenuation shall be measured before, at a maximum interval of one hour during and after the test.
The maximum allowed change in attenuation during and after the test shall be 0.5 dB for the
complete assembly.
Return loss shall be measured before, during and after the test and shall satisfy the requirements for
the specified class.
9.3.2
Dry heat [IEC 61300-2-18]

temperature:
duration:

applications)
96 hours
Attenuation shall be measured before, at a maximum interval of one hour during, and after the test.
complete assembly.
Strength of coupling mechanism shall be measured on completion of test after recovery procedure.
9.3.3
Damp heat (steady state) [IEC 61300-2-19]

high humidity exposure (for indoor applications only)
temperature:
40C 2C
relative humidity:
93% 3%
duration:
96 hours
complete assembly.
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
9.3.4
Composite temperature/humidity cyclic test [IEC 61300-2-21]
Change of temperature and humidity cycle profile with exposure to cold (for outdoor applications
only).
temperature extremes:
10C 2C to +65C 2C
relative humidity:
93% 3% at the maximum temperature
dwell time:
3 hours at the temperature extremes
duration:
10 cycles
complete assembly.
9.3.5
Change of temperature [IEC 61300-2-22]

high temperature:
applications)
low temperature:
applications)
duration at extreme temperature:
1 hour
temperature rate of change:
1C/min.
number of cycles:
12
Attenuation shall be measured before, at a maximum interval of 10 minutes during and after the test.
complete assembly.
Return loss shall be measured before, at a maximum interval of 10 minutes during and after the test
and shall satisfy the requirements for the specified class.
9.3.6
Dust [IEC 61300-2-27]
Exposure to dust (for outdoor applications)
dust type:
talc
dust particle size:

d < 150 m
dust concentration: 10.6 m 7.0 m
temperature:
35C
duration:
10 minutes
The test shall be done with mated pairs of connectors which once mated for the initial measurements
shall not be disconnected until after the completion of the test.
10
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
9.3.7
Salt mist [IEC 61300-2-26]
Exposure to corrosive atmosphere (for outdoor applications only)
solution:
5% NaOH with pH between 6.5 and 7.2
temperature: 35C
duration:
96 hours
The test shall be done with mated pairs of connectors which once mated for the initial measurements
shall not be disconnected until after the completion of the test.
10
Connector identification
It is important to be able to distinguish cable assemblies by their characteristics such as fibre and
cable type, polishing type and attenuation and return loss grades.
While no complete international standard is approved at this time, the general trend is to colour code
the plastic body connectors to distinguish the PC type from the APC type independently of the return
loss performance.
The blue colour is used for the PC and the green colour for the APC.
As an alternative method, labels may be applied for connector type/class/grade identification, as they
are independent of regional differences in colour code conventions. This may be an especially good
alternative for metallic body connectors.
In any case, an appropriate identification system is to be agreed upon between the customer and the
supplier.
Appendix I shows different regional conventions and the IEC standard on this subject.
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
11
Appendix I
Overview of international and regional conventions for colour coding
of single-mode fibre optic connectors
(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
In IEC (international) and Cenelec (European) standards, the colour coding of connectors is limited
to the difference in fibre end-face angle: PC (=blue body) and APC (=green body).
For other connector properties (e.g., return loss properties), no colour coding is defined in these
standards.
Table I.1 shows the colour code of the various parts of plastic body as per Telcordia GR-326, which
is generally adopted in the United States.
Table I.1 Colour code for optical connectors
(United States of America, Telcordia GR-326)
Plug type
Attenuation
Return loss class
Plug body
Boot
PC
Not specified
30 dB
40 dB
55 dB
Blue
Red
White
Dark Blue
APC 8
Not specified
60 dB
Green
Green
APC 9
Not specified
60 dB
Green
Green
Table I.2 shows the colour code of the various parts of plastic body connector used in China.
Table I.2 Colour code for optical connectors
(China)
Plug type
Attenuation
Return loss class
Plug body
Boot
PC
0.3 dB
45 dB
55 dB
Blue
White
APC 8
0.3 dB
60 dB
Green
Green
Note that a colour code standardization for the single fibre cable may also be desirable in order to
distinguish the ITU-T G.652 and ITU-T G.653 fibres. For example, Italy uses blue and orange
respectively for ITU-T G.652 and ITU-T G.653 fibres. However, operating companies in some other
countries do not use single fibre cables with ITU-T G.653 fibres. In the United States and Spain,
yellow has universally been the colour code for single fibre cables with ITU-T G.652 fibres; this has
been the case for as long as ITU-T G.652 fibres have been in existence.
12
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
Appendix II
Methodology for estimating reflectance from optical
connector end-face contamination
(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
Optical connector end-face contamination is known to increase optical reflectance and to cause
optical system performance degradation. The reflectance from the optical connector must be quite
low to satisfy the requirements for optical systems specified in ITU-T Recommendations. However,
direct measurement of low optical reflectance is not easy once the connectors are in use, and
automated visual measurement is often used to evaluate the quality of the optical connector. A
method, based on similar work on cleanliness specifications for single-mode connectors by iNemi
(International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative) reported in the technical report
[b-IEC 62627-05], is proposed to estimate the reflectance of a connection based on the visual
inspection of the connectors.
The connector end-face is divided into the four zones defined in Figure II.1. Zones A and B
correspond to the core and cladding regions, respectively. Zone C is the adhesive region and Zone D
is the ferrule region. Dust-particle size is also categorized into four classes; less than 2 m, 2 to 5 m,
5 to10 m, and larger than 10 m.
Figure II.1 Zones in connector end-face

The size and position of a dust particle that adheres to the connector end-face are key factors that
determine optical connector performance. The impact of dust on optical connector performance can
be larger as the distance of the dust from the centre core area becomes shorter. This tendency can be
evaluated with a Gaussian weighting factor , which is expressed as:
2 2
= exp ( 2 )
(II.1)
where r is the radial position of a dust particle and f is the mode-field radius of a single-mode optical
fibre. The Gaussian weighted occluded area (GWOA) can then be defined as an evaluation parameter
for optical connector end-face contamination, which is expressed as:
= =
=1
(II.2)
where N is the total number of dust particles, and ai is the sectional area of each dust particle.
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
13
1E01
GWOA [m ]
1E02
1E03
1E04
1E05
1E06
20
25
30
35
40
Reflectance [dB]
45
50
L.36(15)_FII.2
Figure II.2 GWOA vs. reflectance

Based on an experimental investigation, the relation between the GWOA and reflectance is found to
be:
GWOA = 6.04exp(0.294R)
(II.3)
where R is the reflectance (a negative value in dB), which is plotted in Figure II.2. If the acceptable
reflectance is set to 40 dB, for example, the GWOA is calculated as 5 105 using Equation (II.3).
Then, the acceptable number of dust particles of a specific size to remain below the GWOA for a
fibre with a mode-field radius of 4.5 m is calculated using Equation (II.2), as illustrated in
Figure II.3.
Diameter = 10 m, r = 12.5 m
Diameter = 5 m, r = 12.5 m
Zone A
Zone A
Zone B
Zone B
L.36(15)_FII.3
Figure II.3 Graphical mapping of acceptable number of dust particles

for reflectance of 40 dB and a fibre mode-field radius of 4.5 m
14
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
Bibliography
[b-IEC 61300-3-35] IEC 61300-3-35 (2009), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive
Examinations and measurements Fibre optic connector endface visual and
automated inspection.
[b-IEC 62627-05]
IEC 62627-05 (2013), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

components Part 05: Investigation on impact of contamination and
scratches on optical performance of single-mode (SM) and multimode (MM)
connectors.
Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)
15
SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS

Series A
Organization of the work of ITU-T
Series D
General tariff principles
Series E
Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors
Series F
Non-telephone telecommunication services
Series G
Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks
Series H
Audiovisual and multimedia systems
Series I
Integrated services digital network
Series J
Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia
signals
Series K
Protection against interference
Series L
Construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant
Series M
Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance
Series N
Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits
Series O
Specifications of measuring equipment
Series P
Terminals and subjective and objective assessment methods
Series Q
Switching and signalling
Series R
Telegraph transmission
Series S
Telegraph services terminal equipment
Series T
Terminals for telematic services
Series U
Telegraph switching
Series V
Data communication over the telephone network
Series X
Data networks, open system communications and security
Series Y
Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects and next-generation networks
Series Z
Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems
Printed in Switzerland
Geneva, 2015

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I n t e r n a t i o n a l

SERIES L: CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION AND

Single-mode fibre optic connectors

Recommendation ITU-T L.36

Recommendation ITU-T L.36

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)

Abbreviations and acronyms ........................................................................................

General information ......................................................................................................

Types and configurations ..............................................................................................

Characterization parameter definitions .........................................................................

Performance criteria and test methods ..........................................................................

Connector identification ...............................................................................................

Appendix I Overview of international and regional conventions for colour coding of

Appendix II Methodology for estimating reflectance from optical connector end-face

Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)

Recommendation ITU-T L.36

gives a general description of the basic principles of operation and of technologies of

describes the main test methods of fibre optic connectors;

Recommendation ITU-T G.652 (2009), Characteristics of a single-mode

Recommendation ITU-T G.653 (2010), Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted,

Recommendation ITU-T G.654 (2012), Characteristics of a cut-off shifted

Recommendation ITU-T G.655 (2009), Characteristics of a non-zero

Recommendation ITU-T G.656 (2010), Characteristics of a fibre and cable

Recommendation ITU-T G.657 (2012), Characteristics of a bending-loss

Recommendation ITU-T G.671 (2012), Transmission characteristics of optical

Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)

IEC 61300-2-1 (2009), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-2-2 (2009), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-2-4 (1995), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-2-5 (2009), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-2-6 (2010), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-2-12 (2009), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-2-17 (2010), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-2-18 (2005), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-2-19 (2012), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-2-21 (2009), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-2-22 (2007), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-2-26 (2006), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-2-27 (1995), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-2-42 (2014), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-2-44 (2013), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)

IEC 61300-3-6 (2008), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-3-28 (2012), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61300-3-34 (2009), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

IEC 61753-1 (2007), Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive

Terms defined elsewhere

Terms defined in this Recommendation

Abbreviations and acronyms

This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:

Angled Physical Contact

Gaussian Weighted Occluded Area

Rec. ITU-T L.36 (01/2015)

Types and configurations

Fibre optic connectors can be classified on the basis of the:

fibre alignment system;

fibre end-face finish;