I n t e r n a t i o n a l

T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n

ITU-T
TELECOMMUNICATION
STANDARDIZATION SECTOR
OF ITU

U n i o n

Y.2060
(06/2012)

SERIES Y: GLOBAL INFORMATION

INFRASTRUCTURE, INTERNET PROTOCOL ASPECTS
AND NEXT-GENERATION NETWORKS
Next Generation Networks Frameworks and functional
architecture models

Overview of the Internet of things

Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060

ITU-T Y-SERIES RECOMMENDATIONS

GLOBAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE, INTERNET PROTOCOL ASPECTS AND NEXTGENERATION NETWORKS
GLOBAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
General
Services, applications and middleware
Network aspects
Interfaces and protocols
Numbering, addressing and naming
Operation, administration and maintenance
Security
Performances
INTERNET PROTOCOL ASPECTS
General
Services and applications
Architecture, access, network capabilities and resource management
Transport
Interworking
Quality of service and network performance
Signalling
Operation, administration and maintenance
Charging
IPTV over NGN
NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS
Frameworks and functional architecture models
Quality of Service and performance
Service aspects: Service capabilities and service architecture
Service aspects: Interoperability of services and networks in NGN
Numbering, naming and addressing
Network management
Network control architectures and protocols
Smart ubiquitous networks
Security
Generalized mobility
Carrier grade open environment
Future networks
For further details, please refer to the list of ITU-T Recommendations.

Y.100Y.199
Y.200Y.299
Y.300Y.399
Y.400Y.499
Y.500Y.599
Y.600Y.699
Y.700Y.799
Y.800Y.899
Y.1000Y.1099
Y.1100Y.1199
Y.1200Y.1299
Y.1300Y.1399
Y.1400Y.1499
Y.1500Y.1599
Y.1600Y.1699
Y.1700Y.1799
Y.1800Y.1899
Y.1900Y.1999
Y.2000Y.2099
Y.2100Y.2199
Y.2200Y.2249
Y.2250Y.2299
Y.2300Y.2399
Y.2400Y.2499
Y.2500Y.2599
Y.2600Y.2699
Y.2700Y.2799
Y.2800Y.2899
Y.2900Y.2999
Y.3000Y.3099

Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060

Overview of the Internet of things

Summary
Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060 provides an overview of the Internet of things (IoT). It clarifies the
concept and scope of the IoT, identifies the fundamental characteristics and high-level requirements
of the IoT and describes the IoT reference model. The ecosystem and business models are also
provided in an informative appendix.

History
Edition Recommendation
1.0

ITU-T Y.2060

Approval

Study Group

2012-06-15

13

Keywords
Device, Internet of things, physical thing, reference model, thing, virtual thing.

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

FOREWORD
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of
telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication
Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical,
operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing
telecommunications on a worldwide basis.
The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years,
establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on
these topics.
The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.
In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are
prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.

NOTE
In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a
telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.
Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain
mandatory provisions (to ensure, e.g., interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the
Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some
other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The
use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may
involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence,
validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others
outside of the Recommendation development process.
As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had not received notice of intellectual property,
protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers
are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the
TSB patent database at http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/.

ITU 2013
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the
prior written permission of ITU.

ii

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

Table of Contents
Page
1

Scope ............................................................................................................................

References.....................................................................................................................

Definitions ....................................................................................................................
3.1
Terms defined elsewhere ................................................................................
3.2
Terms defined in this Recommendation .........................................................

1
1
1

Abbreviations and acronyms ........................................................................................

Conventions ..................................................................................................................

Introduction of the IoT .................................................................................................

6.1
Concept of the IoT ..........................................................................................
6.2
Technical overview of the IoT .......................................................................

2
2
3

Fundamental characteristics and high-level requirements of the IoT...........................

7.1
Fundamental characteristics ...........................................................................
7.2
High-level requirements .................................................................................

5
5
5

IoT reference model ......................................................................................................

8.1
Application layer ............................................................................................
8.2
Service support and application support layer................................................
8.3
Network layer .................................................................................................
8.4
Device layer ....................................................................................................
8.5
Management capabilities ................................................................................
8.6
Security capabilities........................................................................................

6
7
7
7
8
8
9

Appendix I IoT ecosystem and business models ..................................................................

I.1
Business roles .................................................................................................
I.2
Business models .............................................................................................

10
10
11

Bibliography.............................................................................................................................

14

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

iii

Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060

Overview of the Internet of things
1

Scope

This Recommendation provides an overview of the Internet of things (IoT) with the main objective
of highlighting this important area for future standardization.
More specifically, this Recommendation covers the following:

IoT-related terms and definitions

concept and scope of the IoT

characteristics of the IoT

high-level requirements of the IoT

IoT reference models.

IoT ecosystem and business models-related information is provided in Appendix I.
2

References

None.
3

Definitions

3.1

Terms defined elsewhere

This Recommendation uses the following term defined elsewhere:

3.1.1 next generation network (NGN) [b-ITU-T Y.2001]: A packet-based network which is
able to provide telecommunication services and able to make use of multiple broadband,
QoS-enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are independent from
underlying transport-related technologies. It enables unfettered access for users to networks and to
competing service providers and/or services of their choice. It supports generalized mobility which
will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users.
3.2

Terms defined in this Recommendation

This Recommendation defines the following terms:

3.2.1 device: With regard to the Internet of things, this is a piece of equipment with the
mandatory capabilities of communication and the optional capabilities of sensing, actuation, data
capture, data storage and data processing.
3.2.2 Internet of things (IoT): A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling
advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving
interoperable information and communication technologies.
NOTE 1 Through the exploitation of identification, data capture, processing and communication
capabilities, the IoT makes full use of things to offer services to all kinds of applications, whilst ensuring that
security and privacy requirements are fulfilled.
NOTE 2 From a broader perspective, the IoT can be perceived as a vision with technological and societal
implications.

3.2.3 thing: With regard to the Internet of things, this is an object of the physical world (physical
things) or the information world (virtual things), which is capable of being identified and integrated
into communication networks.
Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

Abbreviations and acronyms

This Recommendation uses the following abbreviations and acronyms:

2G

Second Generation

3G

Third Generation

AAA

Authentication, Authorization and Accounting

CAN

Controller Area Network

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line

FCAPS

Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, Security

ICT

Information and Communication Technology

IoT

Internet of Things

ITS

Intelligent Transport Systems

LTE

Long Term Evolution

NGN

Next Generation Network

PSTN

Public Switched Telephone Network

TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

Conventions

None.
6

Introduction of the IoT

6.1

Concept of the IoT

The Internet of things (IoT) can be perceived as a far-reaching vision with technological and
societal implications.

From the perspective of technical standardization, the IoT can be viewed as a global infrastructure
for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual)
things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication technologies
(ICT).
Through the exploitation of identification, data capture, processing and communication capabilities,
the IoT makes full use of "things" to offer services to all kinds of applications, whilst ensuring that
security and privacy requirements are fulfilled.
NOTE The IoT is expected to greatly integrate leading technologies, such as technologies related to
advanced machine-to-machine communication, autonomic networking, data mining and decision-making,
security and privacy protection and cloud computing, with technologies for advanced sensing and actuation.

As shown in Figure 1, the IoT adds the dimension "Any THING communication" to the information
and communication technologies (ICTs) which already provide "any TIME" and "any PLACE"
communication.

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

Any TIME communication

- on the move
- night
- daytime

- outdoor
- indoor (away from the computer)
- at the computer
Any PLACE communication

- between computers
- human to human, not using a computer
- human to thing, using generic equipment
- thing to thing
Any THING communication
Y.2060(12)_F01

Figure 1 The new dimension introduced in the Internet of things [b-ITU Report]
Regarding the IoT, things are objects of the physical world (physical things) or of the information
world (virtual world) which are capable of being identified and integrated into communication
networks. Things have associated information, which can be static and dynamic.
Physical things exist in the physical world and are capable of being sensed, actuated and connected.
Examples of physical things include the surrounding environment, industrial robots, goods and
electrical equipment.
Virtual things exist in the information world and are capable of being stored, processed and
accessed. Examples of virtual things include multimedia content and application software.
6.2

Technical overview of the IoT

Figure 2 shows the technical overview of the IoT.

Figure 2 Technical overview of the IoT

A physical thing may be represented in the information world via one or more virtual things
(mapping), but a virtual thing can also exist without any associated physical thing.

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

A device is a piece of equipment with the mandatory capabilities of communication and optional
capabilities of sensing, actuation, data capture, data storage and data processing. The devices collect
various kinds of information and provide it to the information and communication networks for
further processing. Some devices also execute operations based on information received from the
information and communication networks.
Devices communicate with other devices: they communicate through the communication network
via a gateway (case a), through the communication network without a gateway (case b) or directly,
that is without using the communication network (case c). Also, combinations of cases a and c, and
cases b and c are possible; for example, devices can communicate with other devices using direct
communication through a local network (i.e., a network providing local connectivity between
devices and between devices and a gateway, such as an ad-hoc network) (case c) and then
communication through the communication network via a local network gateway (case a).
NOTE 1 Although Figure 2 shows only interactions taking place in the physical world (communications
between devices), interactions also take place in the information world (exchanges between virtual things)
and between the physical world and the information world (exchanges between physical things and virtual
things).

The IoT applications include various kinds of applications, e.g., "intelligent transportation systems",
"smart grid", "e-health" or "smart home". The applications can be based on proprietary application
platforms, but can also be built upon common service/application support platform(s) providing
generic enabling capabilities, such as authentication, device management, charging and accounting.
The communication networks transfer data captured by devices to applications and other devices, as
well as instructions from applications to devices. The communication networks provide capabilities
for reliable and efficient data transfer. The IoT network infrastructure may be realized via existing
networks, such as conventional TCP/IP-based networks, and/or evolving networks, such as next
generation networks (NGN) [b-ITU-T Y.2001].
Figure 3 shows the different types of devices and the relationship between devices and physical
things.
Communication networks
Sensing/actuating
device

Physical thing

Data capturing
device

Data carrying
device

Data
carrier

Physical
thing

Physical
thing

General device

Y.2060(12)_F03

Figure 3 Types of devices and their relationship with physical things

NOTE 2 A "general device" is also a (set of) physical thing(s).

The minimum requirement of the devices in the IoT is their support of communication capabilities.
Devices are categorized into data-carrying devices, data-capturing devices, sensing and actuating
devices and general devices as described as follows:

Data-carrying device: A data-carrying device is attached to a physical thing to indirectly

connect the physical thing with the communication networks.

Data-capturing device: A data-capturing device refers to a reader/writer device with the

capability to interact with physical things. The interaction can happen indirectly via
data-carrying devices, or directly via data carriers attached to the physical things. In the
first case, the data-capturing device reads information on a data-carrying device and can
4

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

optionally also write information given by the communication networks on the

data-carrying device.
NOTE 3 Technologies used for interaction between data-capturing devices and data-carrying
devices or data carriers include radio frequency, infrared, optical and galvanic driving.

Sensing and actuating device: A sensing and actuating device may detect or measure
information related to the surrounding environment and convert it into digital electronic
signals. It may also convert digital electronic signals from the information networks into
operations. Generally, sensing and actuating devices form local networks communicate
with each other using wired or wireless communication technologies and use gateways to
connect to the communication networks.
General device: A general device has embedded processing and communication capabilities
and may communicate with the communication networks via wired or wireless
technologies. General devices include equipment and appliances for different IoT
application domains, such as industrial machines, home electrical appliances and smart
phones.
Fundamental characteristics and high-level requirements of the IoT

7.1
Fundamental characteristics
The fundamental characteristics of the IoT are as follows:

Interconnectivity: With regard to the IoT, anything can be interconnected with the global
information and communication infrastructure.

Things-related services: The IoT is capable of providing thing-related services within the
constraints of things, such as privacy protection and semantic consistency between physical
things and their associated virtual things. In order to provide thing-related services within
the constraints of things, both the technologies in physical world and information world
will change.

Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware
platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through
different networks.

Dynamic changes: The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up,
connected and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and
speed. Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically.

Enormous scale: The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate
with each other will be at least an order of magnitude larger than the devices connected to
the current Internet. The ratio of communication triggered by devices as compared to
communication triggered by humans will noticeably shift towards device-triggered
communication. Even more critical will be the management of the data generated and their
interpretation for application purposes. This relates to semantics of data, as well as efficient
data handling.
7.2

High-level requirements

The following provide high-level requirements which are relevant for the IoT:

Identification-based connectivity: The IoT needs to support that the connectivity between a
thing and the IoT is established based on the thing's identifier. Also, this includes that
possibly heterogeneous identifiers of the different things are processed in a unified way.

Interoperability: Interoperability needs to be ensured among heterogeneous and distributed

systems for provision and consumption of a variety of information and services.

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

Autonomic networking: Autonomic networking (including self-management,

self-configuring, self-healing, self-optimizing and self-protecting techniques and/or
mechanisms) needs to be supported in the networking control functions of the IoT, in order
to adapt to different application domains, different communication environments and large
numbers and types of devices.
Autonomic services provisioning: The services need to be able to be provided by capturing,
communicating and processing automatically the data of things based on the rules
configured by operators or customized by subscribers. Autonomic services may depend on
the techniques of automatic data fusion and data mining.
Location-based capabilities: Location-based capabilities need to be supported in the IoT.
Something-related communications and services will depend on the location information of
things and/or users. It is needed to sense and track the location information automatically.
Location-based communications and services may be constrained by laws and regulations,
and should comply with security requirements.
Security: In the IoT, every 'thing' is connected which results in significant security threats,
such as threats towards confidentiality, authenticity and integrity of both data and services.
A critical example of security requirements is the need to integrate different security
policies and techniques related to the variety of devices and user networks in the IoT.
Privacy protection: Privacy protection needs to be supported in the IoT. Many things have
their owners and users. Sensed data of things may contain private information concerning
their owners or users. The IoT needs to support privacy protection during data transmission,
aggregation, storage, mining and processing. Privacy protection should not set a barrier to
data source authentication.
High quality and highly secure human body related services: High quality and highly secure
human body related services needs to be supported in the IoT. Different countries have
different laws and regulations on these services.
NOTE Human body related services refer to the services provided by capturing, communicating
and processing the data related to human static features and dynamic behaviour with or without
human intervention.

Plug and play: Plug and play capability needs to be supported in the IoT in order to enable
on-the-fly generation, composition or the acquiring of semantic-based configurations for
seamless integration and cooperation of interconnected things with applications, and
responsiveness to application requirements.
Manageability: Manageability needs to be supported in the IoT in order to ensure normal
network operations. IoT applications usually work automatically without the participation
of people, but their whole operation process should be manageable by the relevant parties.
IoT reference model

Figure 4 shows the IoT reference model. It is composed of four layers as well as management
capabilities and security capabilities which are associated with the four layers.
The four layers are as follows:

application layer

service support and application support layer

network layer

device layer.

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

Figure 4 IoT reference model

8.1

Application layer

The application layer contains IoT applications.

8.2

Service support and application support layer

The service support and application support layer consists of the following two capability
groupings:

Generic support capabilities: The generic support capabilities are common capabilities
which can be used by different IoT applications, such as data processing or data storage.
These capabilities may be also invoked by specific support capabilities, e.g., to build other
specific support capabilities.

Specific support capabilities: The specific support capabilities are particular capabilities
which cater for the requirements of diversified applications. In fact, they may consist of
various detailed capability groupings, in order to provide different support functions to
different IoT applications.
8.3

Network layer

This consists of the following two types of capabilities:

Networking capabilities: provide relevant control functions of network connectivity, such

as access and transport resource control functions, mobility management or authentication,
authorization and accounting (AAA).

Transport capabilities: focus on providing connectivity for the transport of IoT service and
application specific data information, as well as the transport of IoT-related control and
management information.

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

8.4

Device layer

Device layer capabilities can be logically categorized into two kinds of capabilities:

Device capabilities:
The device capabilities include but are not limited to:
Direct interaction with the communication network: Devices are able to gather and upload
information directly (i.e., without using gateway capabilities) to the communication
network and can directly receive information (e.g., commands) from the communication
network.
Indirect interaction with the communication network: Devices are able to gather and upload
information to the communication network indirectly, i.e., through gateway capabilities. On
the other side, devices can indirectly receive information (e.g., commands) from the
communication network.
Ad-hoc networking: Devices may be able to construct networks in an ad-hoc manner in
some scenarios which need increased scalability and quick deployment.
Sleeping and waking-up: Device capabilities may support "sleeping" and "waking-up"
mechanisms to save energy.
NOTE The support in a single device of both capabilities of direct interaction with the communication
network and indirect interaction with the communication network is not mandatory.

Gateway capabilities:
The gateway capabilities include but are not limited to:
Multiple interfaces support: At the device layer, the gateway capabilities support devices
connected through different kinds of wired or wireless technologies, such as a controller
area network (CAN) bus, ZigBee, Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. At the network layer, the gateway
capabilities may communicate through various technologies, such as the public switched
telephone network (PSTN), second generation or third generation (2G or 3G) networks,
long-term evolution networks (LTE), Ethernet or digital subscriber lines (DSL).
Protocol conversion: There are two situations where gateway capabilities are needed. One
situation is when communications at the device layer use different device layer protocols,
e.g., ZigBee technology protocols and Bluetooth technology protocols, the other one is
when communications involving both the device layer and network layer use different
protocols e.g., a ZigBee technology protocol at the device layer and a 3G technology
protocol at the network layer.

8.5

Management capabilities

In a similar way to traditional communication networks, IoT management capabilities cover the
traditional fault, configuration, accounting, performance and security (FCAPS) classes, i.e., fault
management, configuration management, accounting management, performance management and
security management.
The IoT management capabilities can be categorized into generic management capabilities and
specific management capabilities.
Essential generic management capabilities in the IoT include:

device management, such as remote device activation and de-activation, diagnostics,

firmware and/or software updating, device working status management;

local network topology management;

traffic and congestion management, such as the detection of network overflow conditions
and the implementation of resource reservation for time-critical and/or life-critical data
flows.
8

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

Specific management capabilities are closely coupled with application-specific requirements, e.g.,
smart grid power transmission line monitoring requirements.
8.6

Security capabilities

There are two kinds of security capabilities: generic security capabilities and specific security
capabilities. Generic security capabilities are independent of applications. They include:

at the application layer: authorization, authentication, application data confidentiality and

integrity protection, privacy protection, security audit and anti-virus;

at the network layer: authorization, authentication, use data and signalling data
confidentiality, and signalling integrity protection;

at the device layer: authentication, authorization, device integrity validation, access control,
data confidentiality and integrity protection.
Specific security capabilities are closely coupled with application-specific requirements, e.g.,
mobile payment, security requirements.

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

Appendix I
IoT ecosystem and business models
(This appendix does not form an integral part of this Recommendation.)
I.1

Business roles

The IoT ecosystem is composed of a variety of business players. Each business player plays at least
one business role, but more roles are possible. The identified IoT business roles are shown in
Figure I.1.

Figure I.1 IoT ecosystem

NOTE The identified business roles and their relationships as described in the IoT ecosystem do not
represent all possible relevant roles and relationships which can be found across IoT business deployments.

I.1.1

Device provider

The device provider is responsible for devices providing raw data and/or content to the network
provider and application provider according to the service logic.
I.1.2

Network provider

The network provider plays a central role in the IoT ecosystem. In particular, the network provider
performs the following main functions:

access and integration of resources provided by other providers;

support and control of the IoT capabilities infrastructure;

offering of IoT capabilities, including network capabilities and resource exposure to other
providers.
I.1.3

Platform provider

The platform provider provides integration capabilities and open interfaces. Different platforms can
provide different capabilities to application providers. Platform capabilities include typical
integration capabilities, as well as data storage, data processing or device management. Support for
different types of IoT applications is also possible.

10

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

I.1.4

Application provider

The application provider utilizes capabilities or resources provided by the network provider, device
provider and platform provider, in order to provide IoT applications to application customers.
I.1.5

Application customer

The application customer is the user of IoT application(s) provided by the application provider.
NOTE An application customer may represent multiple applications users.

I.2

Business models

The IoT ecosystem players may have a variety of relationships in real deployments.
The motivations for this variety of relationships are based on different possible business models.
This appendix examines only some IoT business models from the perspective of telecom service
and network operators. From this perspective, five business models are described below.
I.2.1

Model 1

In model 1, player A operates the device, network, platform and applications and serves the
application customer directly, as shown in Figure I.2.
In general, telecom operators and some vertically integrated businesses (such as smart grid and
intelligent transport systems (ITS) businesses) act as player A in model 1.

Figure I.2 Model 1

I.2.2

Model 2

In model 2, player A operates the device, network, and platform, and player B operates the
application and serves the application customers, as shown in Figure I.3.
In general, telecom operators act as player A, other service providers as player B in model 2.

Figure I.3 Model 2

I.2.3

Model 3

In model 3, player A operates the network and platform, player B operates the device and
applications and serves the application customers, as shown in Figure I.4.
In general, telecom operators act as player A and other service providers act as player B.

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

11

Figure I.4 Model 3

I.2.4

Model 4

In model 4, player A only operates the network and player B operates the device and platform,
providing applications to the application customers, as shown in Figure I.5.
In general, telecom operators act as player A, other service providers and vertically integrated
businesses act as player B in model 4.
NOTE A variation of this model does not include a platform provider and associated platform
functionalities (player B only provides applications).

Figure I.5 Model 4

I.2.5

Model 5

In model 5, player A only operates the network, player B operates the platform, and player C
operates devices and provides applications to the application customers, as shown in Figure I.6.
In general, telecom operators act as player A, other service providers act as player B, and vertically
integrated businesses act as player C in model 5.
NOTE A variation of this model does not include a platform provider and associated platform
functionalities (player B only provides applications).

12

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

Figure I.6 Model 5

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

13

Bibliography
[b-ITU Report]

ITU Internet Reports (2005), The Internet of Things.

[b-ITU-T Y.2001] Recommendation ITU-T Y.2001 (2004), General overview of NGN.

14

Rec. ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012)

SERIES OF ITU-T RECOMMENDATIONS

Series A

Organization of the work of ITU-T

Series D

General tariff principles

Series E

Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors

Series F

Non-telephone telecommunication services

Series G

Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks

Series H

Audiovisual and multimedia systems

Series I

Integrated services digital network

Series J

Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals

Series K

Protection against interference

Series L

Construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant

Series M

Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance

Series N

Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits

Series O

Specifications of measuring equipment

Series P

Terminals and subjective and objective assessment methods

Series Q

Switching and signalling

Series R

Telegraph transmission

Series S

Telegraph services terminal equipment

Series T

Terminals for telematic services

Series U

Telegraph switching

Series V

Data communication over the telephone network

Series X

Data networks, open system communications and security

Series Y

Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects and next-generation

networks

Series Z

Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems

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Geneva, 2013