TS

NOT MEASUREMENT
SENSITIVE

DOE-HDBK-xxxx-xxxx
Date: ________, 2003 Draft

DOE HANDBOOK

GOOD PRACTICES FOR THE

BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY PROCESS

U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, D.C. 20585

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DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

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This document has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.
Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and
Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; (865) 576-8401.
Available to the public from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology
Administration, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161;
(703) 605-6000.

Foreword
This non-mandatory technical standard is designed to assist Department of Energy (DOE)
and contractor managers in providing information about the behavior-based safety process
(BBSP) and its value in providing for continuous improvement with respect to the safety of
DOE facilities. Contractors may use this handbook to obtain basic understanding about the
BBSP and some of the results obtained from its use in the DOE complex. As a general
informational source, this handbook is approved for use by all DOE components and their
contractors. Because of the participatory and cooperative nature of the process, DOE does
not require contractors to use a BBSP. However, because of the proven effectiveness of the
process, contractors are urged to evaluate their safety programs and determine if BBSP can
improve their ISMS-based safety program. Contractors may also consider using BBSP as
part of or as a supplement to a Voluntary Protection Program (VPP). BBSP has proven
valuable in use with both initiatives.
The best practices outlined in this technical standard are the culmination of much effort by
the Department of Energy (DOE) and many of its contractors for ensuring the successful
implementation of behavior-based safety. Further information may be obtained by visiting
the DOE Behavior-Based Safety Web page at http://eh.doe.gov/bbs.
Comments on this technical standard should be sent to Director, DOE Office of Worker
Health and Safety (EH-5), U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20585 by letter or
by sending the self-addressed Document Improvement Proposal Form (DOE F 1300.3),
available at http://www.explorer.doe.gov:1776/pdfs/forms/1300-3.pdf

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Table of Contents

Foreword .......................................................................................................................... iii

Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 Overview of Behavior-Based Safety Process......................................................... 2
1.1 Background of Behavior-Based Safety ..............................................................2
1.2 Behavior-Based Safety in DOE...........................................................................2
1.3 Benefits of Behavior-Based Safety .....................................................................4
2.0 History of Behavior-Based Safety ............................................................................6
3.0 Behavior-Based Safety and Integrated Safety Management Functions .............7
3.1 Seven Guiding Principles of Integrated Safety Management...................... 7
3.2 Five Core Functions of Integrated Safety Management.................................8
4.0 Establishing a Behavior-Based Safety Process .......................................................9
4.1 Readiness for Behavior-Based Safety ...............................................................9
4.2 Setting Up the Behavior-Based Safety Process .............................................11
4.3 Identifying At-Risk Behaviors.........................................................................14
4.4 Review and Revision ........................................................................................15
4.5 Maintaining and Growing the Process ..........................................................15
5.0 Behavior-Based Safety with Other Safety Efforts...............................................15

APPENDICES
Appendix A. Behavioral Checksheet Examples ........................................................17
Appendix B. Reinforcement Theory and Behavior-Based Safety ...........................22
Appendix C. Site Experiences ......................................................................................26

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INTRODUCTION
This handbook presents a description of Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) practices as
individually developed at several Department of Energy (DOE) facilities. It is
intended as a resource for understanding best practices, which can assist sites in
implementing or improving BBS. This handbook provides information but does
not impose a requirement on DOE or DOE contractors.
The BBS Topical Committee, sponsored by DOE through the Technical Standards
Program, recognized the need for a BBS handbook. A working group composed
of both DOE and contractor members developed the handbook for general
guidance. It is not to be interpreted as all-inclusive; rather, it is published to
provide a framework as contractors consider and/or implement BBS. As in any
such implementation, a sites culture will impact how and when to
institutionalize new paradigms. However, certain concepts are fundamental to
the behavioral approach to safety, and these should not be violated.
In implementations throughout the complex, BBS has proven effective in
improving safety and reducing the number of safety incidents. Because it is a
participatory process, the decision to implement should include upper-level
management, first-line supervisors, workers, and their union representatives.
Because of its flexibility, implementation may be considered for small shops or
whole sites. Because BBS is a complex process based on behavioral principles,
implementation should be done with the help of people experienced in applying
behavioral techniques. This experience may be obtained within the complex (see
the Topical Committee website) or from commercial sources.
More information can be obtained from the BBS Topical Committee website:
http://eh.doe.gov/bbs/

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1.0 Overview of Behavior-Based Safety Process

1.1 Background of Behavior-Based Safety
Behavioral science traces its inception to a merging of different fields of science
in one individual: a medical doctor who held a university chair in Philosophy in
1876. Behavior-based safety (BBS) brings together parts of behavioral science
with industrial safety to create a new process to promote safety as an
organizational value.
In the 1930s, Heinrich reported that about 90% of all accidents involving
fatalities, major and minor injuries were caused by unsafe behavior by
workers. Subsequent studies by DuPont (1956) confirmed Heinrichs contention.
In the 1970s and 1980s, this was expanded to include near misses and Behavior
Based Safety added unsafe or at-risk behaviors. Traditional engineering and
management approaches to counter this (such as automation, procedure
compliance, administrative controls, and OSHA-type standards and rules) were
successful in reducing the number of accidents significantly. However, incidents
and accidents persisted, keeping rates at a level that was still disturbing to
customers, managers, and workers.
Developed in the late 1970s, BBS has had an impressive record. Research has
shown that, as safe behaviors increase, safety incidents decrease. Measurement
of percent safe acts is a leading safety indicator. In contrast, most safety
measures are lagging measures, which are recorded after the incident (e.g.,
OSHA recordable cases).
Ample Anecdotal evidence also exists to indicate that measurement of
percentage or safe behaviors is predictive. In other cases, the changes in the
rate were acted upon, stopping the unsafe trend. In some cases the trend was not
acted upon and an accident happened within a short period of time. Connelly
(1997) claimed that some people he worked with felt that a change in the Safe
Acts Index (% Safe Acts) was a three-week predictor of an accident.
This means that the observation and feedback techniques of BBS may be used to
predict that safety problems may be growing in your facility. Intensifying the
BBS observation cycle will often prevent an injury or accident.

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1.2 Behavior-Based Safety in DOE

DOE sites are employing a growing number of BBS processes, each with its own
specific orientation and techniques. Despite these variations, all BBS processes
have four major components: (1) investigation of the antecedents to at-risk
behavior, (2) the observation process, (3) action plans to influence at-risk
behaviors and conditions, and (4) feedback.
Within DOE, BBS has been instituted at sites such as the Savannah River Site
(SRS), Pantex, the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR), and national laboratories
such as Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Idaho National Engineering
and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), and Lawrence Berkley National
Laboratory (LBNL). In all cases, implementing the behavioral safety process has
led to an increase in safe behaviors and a decrease in overall safety incidents.
Over the years, DOE has had an excellent safety record, as compared with much
of industry, but there is still concern by oversight boards such as the Defense
Nuclear Facilities Safety Board and Congress about the number and nature of
safety problems in the DOE complex. As shown by the incident data in DOEs
Occurrence Reporting Processing System (ORPS), personnel error from all
sources is present in over 77% of all occurrences. Instituting programs such as
Integrated Safety Management (ISM) and the Voluntary Protection Program
(VPP) has been part of the continuing responses to this persistent safety problem.
Within this context, several DOE sites have looked to BBS to reduce the human
error aspects of safety.

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PERCENT BY CAUSE (1999-2001)

90.0%
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%

CAUSES

Figure 1. Causes of occurrences, as documented in DOEs Occurrence

Reporting System (ORPS) reports (1999-2001)
The core philosophies of the BBS approach are complementary to those of many
other programs within the DOE. For example, BBS supports VPP and ISM by
giving an avenue for employee involvement and a systematic approach to
identify and correct behaviors and conditions that lead to employee injuries.
BBS applies across a broad range of safety areas. BBS can be promoted on the
production floor or in the office and is applicable off the job as well. BBS
enhances several long-used safety tools (e.g., management tours, housekeeping
audits, and safety meetings), thereby reducing the overall safety program cost.
This indicates a shift in the focus of safety from programmatic to an on the shop
floor focus. Organizations that properly implement BBS see the return on the
investment (ROI) of spending safety resources directly in the active work area,
and this also leads to reduction of injuries. This adds value to safety meetings
and management tours, which customarily focus on conditions.
1.3 Benefits of Behavior -Based Safety
BBS is a process that provides organizations the opportunity to move to a higher
level of safety excellence by promoting proactive response to leading indicators
that are statistically valid; building ownership, trust, and unity across the team;
and developing empowerment opportunities which relate to employee
safety. Equally important to organizational culture, BBS provides line

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management the opportunity to prove and demonstrate their core values on the
production floor.
BBS used in the context of ISM can impact injury rates and total reportable cases.
The safety literature and DOE experience show that this occurs with consistency
as shown in Figure 2, a before-and-after snapshot of Total Recordable Case
(TRC) rate from seven different sites using BBS. In each of the cases, the TRC
rate was lower following BBS implementation.
It should be noted, however, that multiple facets of an organization can influence
the swings of injury rates. When a statistical process control perspective is
applied, an organization realizes that specific fluctuations will occur; however,
the process will remain in control. BBS is a key on the key ring of safety. It is
neither a quick fix nor a silver bullet. It is, however, an important process that
addresses the human element of industrial safety in a scientific, logical approach
with leading and predictive indicators.
Total Reportable Cases
5

4.5

3.5
SPR/BayouChoc
3

SPR/Bryan Mound
SPR/W.Hackb

TRC

SPR/Big Hill

2.5

SRS/SUD
LANL

INEEL
1.5

0.5

0
1

2
Before and After

Figure 2. Total reportable case rates at several DOE facilities

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before BBS implementation and after

Other safety measures also are affected by BBS. Los Alamos National Laboratory
has reported that the radiological incident rates for two facilities were reduced
significantly with a BBS process in place (Figure 3).
A properly designed BBS process will involve workers from every level. The
atmosphere of trust that results from the non-punitive observation and feedback
process leads to more worker involvement. Workers frequently start asking to be
observed, and they use the feedback given to modify their activity to make
themselves and their fellow workers safer. The rapport that slowly develops
between the observers and the workers being observed leads to a more open
workplace. As trust increases, the reporting of minor incidents increases, yet
severity typically declines.

LANL RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENTS

35

30

25

RIR

20
TA-55
CMR
15

10

0
BEFORE

AFTER
BEHAVIORAL SAFETY

Figure 3. Changes in radiation incident rates at Los Alamos National

Laboratory before BBS and after BBS implementation
BBS is good business. Safety costs money, safety programs take manager and
worker time, and incidents take time to investigate. The data from LBNL, SRS
and SPRO (shown in Appendix C) reflect how BBS can save money. The

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observation process is also transportable to improving the way work is done,

which can lead to enhanced quality.

BBS values, such as building trust, sound relationships, and the use of leading
indicators, are applicable in all business activity. Once an organization becomes
fluent in leading the safety process through a behavioral approach, it can transfer
this experience into other business priorities, such as customer service, quality
and absenteeism, making the implementation a spearhead to many business
improvements.
2.0 History of Behavior -Based Safety
The merging of different disciplines or sciences is not a new concept. In 1876, a
medical doctor who held a university chair in Philosophy started studying
behavioral processes, and the science of psychology developed. In the 1970s and
1980s, a merger of the behavioral sciences as applied to safety (Komaki et al.,
1978; Krause, Hidley, and Lareau, 1984) led to the birth of a new process
behavior-based safety.
Linking behavior to hazardous situations is not new. As early as the 1930s,
Heinrich (1951) reported that unsafe behaviors were linked to about 90 percent
of all accidents. Subsequent studies by DuPont (1956) confirmed Heinrichs
contention. Traditional engineering and management approaches tend to center
around controls focused on automation, procedure compliance, and
administrative controls. These, and OSHA-type standards and rules, were
successful in significantly reducing the number of accidents. But, despite these
actions, incidents and accidents kept rates at unacceptable levels. Data in DOEs
Occurrence Reporting Processing System (ORPS) show that personnel error is
still present in over 77 percent of all occurrences. DOEs Integrated Safety
Management System (ISMS) and Voluntary Protection Program (VPP) are part of
the continuing responses to this persistent safety problem. However, several
DOE sites are also looking to behavioral solutions to reduc e the human error
aspects of safety.
Formally developed in the late 1970s, behavioral safety has an impressive record.
Research shows that, as safe behaviors increase, safety incidents decrease. Within
DOE, production facilities such as Pantex, the Savannah River Site (SRS), and the
Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPRO), and national laboratories such as Los
Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Idaho National Engineering and
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Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), and Lawrence Berkley Laboratory (LBL)

have instituted behavioral safety. In all cases, implementing the behavioral
safety process has led to an increase in safe behavior and a decrease in overall
safety incidents.
3.0 Behavior-Based Safety and Integrated Safety Management Functions
DOE sites have embraced ISM as a philosophy for years. They have implemented
ISM as it applies to specific work and tasks. A successful BBS process by default
or design encompasses the Seven Guiding Principles of ISM. These principles
provide the foundation on which any BBS process should be built. BBS enables
organizations to apply the Five Core Functions across the entire organization on
a day-to-day basis and does not restrict the process to the actual performance of
work. Many workplace injuries occur when employees are involved in non-taskrelated activities such as walking from point A to point B. BBS processes also
provide the footprints to show that ISM is at work around the clock.
3.1 Seven Guiding Principles of Integrated Safety Management
1. Line Management Responsibility for Safety
The responsibility for safety and the BBS process is shared by
management and front-line workers. All levels of the organization are
involved in an effective BBS process.
2. Clear Roles and Responsibilities
Functions within the BBS process are performed at the proper level and
are integrated and adapted to fit the formal organization itself.
3. Competence Commensurate with Responsibilities
An effective BBS process provides the skills needed to perform the tasks
and functions associated with the job in a timely manner; provides the
opportunity to use those skills on a regular basis; and provides for
coaching and interaction with other people and organizations using the
BBS process.
4. Balanced Priorities
BBS provides the consistent stream of safety data that enables managers to
balance safety priorities with production and other operational needs.

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5. Identification of Safety Standards and Requirements

Existing safety standards and requirements aid in developing the list of
behaviors and definitions used in the BBS process.
6. Hazard Controls Tailored to Work Being Performed
The observation process provides ongoing monitoring of processes so that
Hazard Controls reflect the risks associated with work being performed in
changing environments and conditions.
7. Operations Authorization
The BBS process helps provide the behavior-related safety information
necessary to make informed decisions prior to initiating operations.

3.2 Five Core Functions of Integrated Safety Management

Define the Scope of Work

Sites developing and maintaining a BBS process follow several steps to
define the scope of the work:

Form assessment team(s)

Extract behaviors that were involved in past accidents/incidents
Develop definitions that describe the safe behavior
Compile datasheet using identified behaviors
Determine observation boundaries
Train observers
Gather data
Determine barrier removal process
Form barrier removal teams

Analyze the Hazards

Analyzing hazards is built into the BBS process. Hazards are analyzed
during each observation, and the worker observed receives immediate
feedback on how to minimize the risk. The assessment team and barrier
removal team analyze the data gathered through observations to
determine workplace hazards. The teams then develop action plans to
remove barriers to safe work.

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Develop and Implement Hazard Controls

Employees tasked with planning or designing work can also use the
behavior assessment and data. By studying the definitions and data,
barriers that could require a worker to perform at-risk behaviors can be
designed out up front. This forethought makes the workplace a much
safer environment.

Perform Work Within Controls

Although work has been designed and training conducted to help the
employee know how to work safely, bad habits and shortcuts can
introduce at-risk behaviors into the workplace. The ongoing observation
process encourages the continued use of safe behaviors and reminds
workers that one at-risk behavior could cause an accident, injury, or even
fatality.

Provide Feedback and Continuous Improvement

Feedback is provided each time an observation is performed. The
feedback process reinforces the use of safe behaviors and helps determine
why certain at-risk behaviors were performed. Collecting information
about the at-risk behaviors helps the teams determine the root cause of a
behavior and develop an action plan to remove the barrier causing the
behavior.

4. 0 Establishing a Behavior -Based Safety Process

Most behavioral safety processes are tailored to the work and management
environment of the site. Despite these variations, all behavioral safety processes
have three major components:
1.
Development of a list of at-risk behaviors,
2.
Observations, and
3.
Feedback.
This handbook will provide a description of the basic process of setting up and
running a behavioral safety program and give some variations that have worked
in different sites around DOE.
The process starts with a behavioral hazard analysis to identify at-risk behaviors.
These can be determined using accident/incident reports, job hazards analysis,
employee interviews, and brainstorming. In some instances, a combination of all
these tools could be used. Using the at-risk behaviors, a checklist is then

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developed to assist in the observation of work behavior. In addition, a list of

corresponding behavior definitions is helpful in maintaining consistency
between observers and the resulting data. Observers record safe and at-risk
behaviors on the datasheet and provide feedback to workers about their
performance. This feedback reinforces the necessity for safe behaviors.
The observation data are used to identify barriers to safe behavior. Removing
these barriers lowers the workers exposure to at-risk conditions and makes it
easier for employees to work safely. Removing barriers and communicating
successes increase employee involvement in the process. Many of these
employees take these tools home, which helps decrease off-the-job injuries.

4.1 Readiness for Behavior-Based Safety

All aspects of BBS may not work in every organization. Employees will resist
programs that promise big benefits but only result in more paperwork, less
progress, and a mountain of wasted time for safety teams. Although it's no
magic bullet for injury prevention, there are data to prove that, as observations
go up, injuries go down. The question is: "Will it work for your company?" For
BBS to succeed, your company has to be ready, and the conditions need to be
right. Management support, effective management systems, and company
culture are keys to determining whether or not a company is ready for a
transition to BBS. Since implementation of these processes can be costly, how can
one tell whether a company is ready for it?
There are five conditions that dramatically increase the likelihood of success:

Safety Leadership;
Established Integrated Safety Management System;
Employee Empowerment and Participation in Safety;
Organizations Safety Culture;
Measurement and Accountability.

4.1.1 Safety Leadership

Leadership must be active, visible, and genuine in their commitment to injury
and illness prevention. Senior management should articulate a clear and
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inspiring vision that injury-free performance is the only acceptable goal.

However, caution is needed here. These vision messages can be interpreted as
dont report injuries as a means of achieving the goal. The organization must
view safety as a core organizational priority equal to research, operations,
productivity, and quality.
4.1.2 Established Integrated Safety Management System
For BBS to be effective, an integrated safety management system needs to be in
place. This includes minimum compliance, accident investigation, selfassessments, safety and health training program, and record-keeping systems.
More advanced systems enhancements (such as observation, coaching, safety
involvement teams, job safety analysis, accountability, and safety by objectives)
all rely on the basics being in place.
4.1.3 Employee Empowerment and Participation in Safety
Employee em powerment and involvement enhance safety innovation,
ownership and results. Labor/management cooperation serves as a catalyst for
success. Without employee participation and involvement, BBS wont get off the
ground. Another critical facet of involvement is buy -in. Behavioral systems are
much more effective in organizations that work hard at winning buy -in from the
line to the executive office before they are introduced.
4.1.4 Organizations Safety Culture
A positive social climate of trust, openness, and respect for individuals is an
intangible of organizational life that dramatically affects worker performance.
When the organizational style is more negative, involvement is low, complaining
replaces problem solving, and coaching seems like scolding. In companies low
on trust, BBS is resisted because it symbolizes another way to oppress the
worker.
4.1.5 Measurement and Accountability
What gets measured gets done. Clearly defined responsibilities at every level of
the organization are the starting point for top performance. When performance
evaluations include safe and at-risk behaviors, strategies can be developed to
focus on real threats to worker safety.

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4.2 Setting Up the Behavior-Based Safety Process

As shown in Figure 4, BBS is a multi-stage process leading to observation,
feedback, and continuous safety improvement.

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BEHAVIOR BASED SAFETY PROCESS

ESTABLISH PROCESS NEED AND PARAMETERS

Assess need for Behavioral Safety Program

Determine Goals for process
Bring management and workers on board
Identify Management Champion and Steering Committee

Perform Safety Evaluation

Evaluate Incident Reports
Conduct Job Hazard Analysis
Identify At-Risk Behaviors

Design the Behavioral Safety Process

Develop rules for Observation

Develop Observation Process
Establish Feedback Process

Develop Observer Training/Train Observers

Develop Worker Familiarization Training/
Familiarize Workers
Establish Behavioral Baseline
Begin Observation/Feedback Process

Implement the Behavioral Safety Process

Maintain the Behavioral Safety Process

Evaluate Observation Data
Improve Process

Figure 4. The Basic BBS Development Process

BBS processes should be tailored to the work and management environment

where they function. Initial work in setting up a BBS process should involve
management, workers, and the union at your facility. A major player is the
champion who has the responsibility for initially driving the process forward
and guiding initial training and the initial selection of the steering committee
(SC).
4.2.1 Establishing a Steering Committee
The SC is the cornerstone for the implementation and growth of the BBS process
in an organization, as it sets the boundaries for the process and guides the
development, implementation, and process continuation. The initial SC is
selected from a group of qualified employees, preferably volunteers,
representing each distinct group, team, etc., of the organization. The SC should
be kept to a manageable size of around 10-15 members. If the SC is larger, it may
not function as well. Therefore, multiple committees may be necessary. This

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decision may have negative consequences if not well managed. The SC should
determine how new members will join. The SC is composed of employees from
the facility or organization, and should be a diverse cross-section of the
organization. It is equally important that the SC members be those who
command the respect of their peers, display leadership qualities, and are forward
thinkers.
The organizations manager, the BBS coordinator, and the management
champion may make initial assignments to the team and should establish the
duration of the term, which is typically one year.
4.2.2 Steering Committee Roles and Responsibilities
The functions listed below have been shown to be key to the successful workings
of the SC and to guiding the organization through implementation. The
functions may be combined based on the number of members available and the
capabilities of those individuals.
Management must recognize that the implementation and growth of the BBS
process requires time and resources. Personnel must be afforded the opportunity
not only to serve on the SC, but also to adequately perform assigned functions
within that body. For each of the following functions, consider the
responsibilities, desired characteristics or abilities, and the expected time factor
(TF) involvement (Hi, Med, and Lo):

Management Champion/Sponsor The management champion or sponsor

serves as an enabler and resource for the material needs of the SC. This
individual must be a high-ranking member of management with a devotion
to the BBS process. The individual must be willing to accept a role as an equal
on the SC and avoid the temptation to manage the team. (TF=Lo to Hi)

Facilitator This individual should be a strong supporter of BBS, be

knowledgeable of the process, and be an energetic leader comfortable with
working within the organizations environment. This person leads the team
through the BBS process implementation. Strong consideration should be
given to selecting a deputy or assistant Facilitator, for both continuity and
depth of leadership. Functions include:
BBS process expert
Have a vision of long-term process sustainability
Liaison with management team
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Action plan coordination

Meeting chair
Training and monitoring observation performance
Other functions as identified by the SC and sponsor, such as data
administrator and data input. (TF=Hi)

Data Administrator The data administrator will be responsible for data

analysis or assist the facilitator with this function. Access to the data will be
necessary by various individuals. Access to the database should be
controlled. This function will require some computer experience. (TF=Lo to
Hi)
Data Entry In organizations using a single data entry point, this function
should be associated with the SC. If a single data entry point is used, this
person will input all completed observation forms into an observation
database. This necessitates good typing skills and a flexible schedule. This
task may be performed by committee members or clerical support. (TF=Lo
to Hi)
Data Manager For injuries and accidents to be predicted, the data
gathered though observations must be reviewed and interpreted. The
Data Manager prepares data packages for SC review, posts appropriate
graphic information on organizational bulletin boards, provides necessary
statistical information, etc. An additional desirable quality would be that
of statistical analysis ability to help the SC interpret the data. (TF=Med to
Hi)

Recording Secretary This function records SC meeting minutes, prepares

and issues the minutes, and issues the upcoming agenda prior to the next
meeting. The timely issue of the meeting minutes requires the ability to do a
quick turnaround. The recording secretary needs good organizational skills.
(TF=Med)

Communicator Experience in BBS implementation has shown that

communications play a pivotal role in the involvement of the observer force
and the education of the organization. This function provides for release of
information from the SC to the observer force and the organization. Desirable
qualities in an individual filling this function are creativity, flexibility,
computer skills, and good oral and written communication abilities.
(TF=Med)

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One final factor for consideration is the level of involvement that the
organizational safety engineer(s) will have with the SC and the BBS
implementation. The SC may choose to include a safety engineer on the team.
Safety engineers should be trained in the observation process along with other
observers.
The SC should fill these positions as they deem necessary for the success of their
process.
4.2.3 Function of the Steering Committee
Basic responsibilities of the SC are:
Develop the at-risk behaviors inventory
Participate in the training and coaching of observers to provide for
mentoring the observer process
Design the observation process
Analyze the observation data
Build action plans to respond to the leading indicators seen in the data
Ensure that communication with observers is maintained
Ensure that BBS is promoted and communicated to all organizational
levels.
The SC may elect, as part of their team-building efforts, to create an identity for
the team or for their organizations process. A unique name or acronym, logo,
motto, or slogan can serve as a rallying point for the team. Depending on the
scope of implementation, this identity may be site-wide, or facility-based.

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4.3 Identifying At-Risk Behaviors

A very important step is the development of a list of at-risk behaviors. This
inventory is supported by a list of definitions and examples of critical behaviors
based on information extracted from injury reports, interviews, and observation
of ongoing tasks native to a sites work environment. This inventory of
behaviors, customiz ed for your facility, is the basic tool of observation. The
observation data will ultimately be used to develop plans for risk reduction.
Customizing the inventory is also critical in promoting acceptance and
ownership of the process by the employees.
The behavioral definitions and examples should be written so that they are
observable. Critical behaviors should be organized by risk factors, ranked in
order of their potential severity.
Resources utilized for extraction of critical behaviors:

Accident/Incident Reports Information extracted from the investigations

will indicate behaviors that have placed employees at risk for injury in the
past. Review of these reports will often result in more than one critical
behavior contributing to an injury or incident. The SC should be involved
in current and future investigation groups to maintain good continuity of
information from a behavioral perspective.

Job Safety Analysis, Job Hazard Analysis, and PPE Assessments

Personnel who work closest to the risk should generate these documents.
Information derived from these documents will assist in determining
hazards on a task to task/step by step basis for SC members who may
not be familiar with certain jobs.

Task Observations Conducting observations of typical work tasks will

not only validate behaviors that have already been extracted from
historical sources, but may also reveal new critical behaviors that have not
yet resulted in recordable injury. Observations can also provide a means
of engaging employees in the development of the site process.

Employee Interviews Interviewing employees from various work

groups can provide an opportunity for workers to explain how they
perform their jobs safely. Knowing what behaviors are used to perform
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jobs safely can aid in determining the risks of not performing a job in a
behaviorally safe manner.

Brainstorming Group interviews can help identify critical behaviors in

work teams that have historically low injury rates and low risk perception.

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4.4 Review and Revision

Maintaining a valid inventory is critical to continuous improvement. The
inventory should be reviewed periodically (at least annually) for applicability by
the SC. Observers also review the tools during routine observations. New at-risk
behaviors may be identified, especially when new equipment, facilities, and
processes are introduced. Some behaviors may not be currently valid because the
tasks associated with them have been changed or are no longer contributing to
risk. These may need to be retired from the inventory. Inventories are modified
based on a combination of data and the informed judgment of the SC.
4.5 Maintaining and Growing the Process
Keeping the momentum is an important part of a successful process. To present
new challenges for the team, consider questions such as:
How soon can you achieve an observation/feedback rate that will improve
safety?
How can you improve or maintain this observation rate?
What is the decision process for growing BBS into new shops or adding
different at-risk behaviors to the process?
5.0 Behavior-Based Safety with Other Safety Efforts
How do you use BBS within the structure of ISMS, VPP, or other more traditional
methods? Most safety programs concentrate on things and have been
relatively successful in reducing the safety incidents having to do with things.
As these more traditional methods find success, what seems to remain is a
residual of problems related to human error. BBS addresses many of the causes
of human error; it brings worker participation into the safety arena (supporting
VPP) and looks at worker tasks (ISMS at the task level). BBS supplements
existing safety programs and adds another level of protectionthe worker.

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APPENDIX A

BEHAVIORAL CHECKSHEET EXAMPLES

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BREAK ROOMS October 23, 2003

DOE-HDBK-XXXX-XXXX
Behavior-Based Safety Checklist

Observer: _________________________ Return To: Debbie Epling, 730-4B

Date: ______/______/________
Index

Index

CRITICAL BEHAVIOR
LIST

Safe

Coffee Area

At
Risk

Pouring water into coffee maker

Using sugar, creamer, stirrers
Pouring coffee into cups
Cleaning the base of coffee pot
Removing hot coffee grounds
Cleaning existing spills
Disposing of general waste
Disposing of glass and metal

CRITICAL BEHAVIOR
LIST
Safe
Sink Area

Using the hot water tap

Rinsing dishes
Housekeeping (dirty dishes, etc)
Using the aluminum foil

Preparing/Handling
Food
Refrigerating perishable items
Operating Can Opener
Using knives, other sharp tools
Using the right tool for the job
Storage
Waste Disposal
Housekeeping (wipe counters, etc
Removing food from Fridge
General

Microwave use
Removing food from microwave
Using microwavable containers
Venting containers
Cleaning up spills
Using appropriate timing
Selecting the food to be microwaved

Eyes on path (exit/enter)

Eyes on surroundings (exit/enter)
Using the vending machine

Attend to cooking food

Heating liquid in microwave

Communications
Personal Items
Miscellaneous

Other

OBSERVED SAFE BEHAVIORS/GOOD PRACTICES

Index

OBSERVED AT-RISK BEHAVIORS

Inde
x

What was observed to be At-Risk?

Why was it At-Risk?

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At
Risk

DOE-HDBK-XXXX-XXXX

Other Comments:

October 23, 2003

Definitions for Critical Behaviors:

24

Behavior-Based
DOE-HDBK-XXXX-XXXX

Safety
Self
October
23, 2003
Observation

Observer: _______________________________

Return To:

Date: ______/______/________
Index

Index

CRITICAL BEHAVIOR
LIST

Safe

CRITICAL BEHAVIOR
LIST

At
Risk

Safe

At
Risk

PPE Driver seat belts

PPE Occupants seat belts
Personal health / task alignment
Seat adjustment
Mirror adjustment
Hands on wheel
Ergonomics
Condition of Equipment:
- 3600 walkaround
- Headrest
- Brakes
- Windshield wipers
- Running/Headlights
Eyes on Path
Following distance
Traffic lights/signs (stop / yield)
Travel surface / speed
Distractions
Signaling / Changing lanes
Parking, refueling & securing car
Miscellaneous
*

OBSERVED SAFE BEHAVIORS/GOOD PRACTICES

Index

OBSERVED AT-RISK BEHAVIORS

Inde
x

Other Comments:

What was observed to be At-Risk?

Why was it At-Risk?

Definitions for Critical Behaviors:

PPE seat belts for driver / occupants: All seat belts should be fastened, and children restrained per vehicle design & state laws
Personal health / task alignment: Pre-existing health condition understood & adapted as appropriate; allergic tendencies understood; driver
rested & not emotionally distracted; stretching of head/neck, applying pressure on brakes
Body position / seat & mirror adjustment: Seat properly adjusted for driver; mirrors are aligned for optimum coverage of side & rear views
Hands on wheel: Driver has both hands on steering wheel
Ergonomics: Rest periods are scheduled for extended periods of driving to avoid excessive stress on back, arms & neck; stretching of muscles
Condition of tools & equipment: Driver is aware of routine vehicle maintenance; Brakes, steering lubrication, cooling system belts & hoses,
spare tire, flashlight / emergency lights, battery jumper cables; Driver familiar with operating instructions, & safety precautions;
- Brakes: Brakes are tested for resistance as you slowly move away from parking spot
- Walk-around: perform a 3600 walk-around to check for unforeseen obstructions prior to entering vehicle;
- Headrest: Headrest is properly adjusted for current driver to prevent potential whip-lash from rear-end impact.
- Windshield wipers: periodically test wiper efficiency with washer fluid prior to rainy weather
- Head lights: Ensure both low & high beams are functioning properly; manually turn on any time windshield wipers are used
Eyes on Path: Proper handling of hot foods; anticipation of hot materials splattering; childrens actions accounted for;
Following distance: Maintains safe stopping distance, min. of 2 sec. for cars & vans with dry conditions, and 4 sec. for truck with payload;
Obeying traffic signs: This includes coming to a complete stop and / or yielding @ appropriate road signs / signals
Travel surface / speed: Travel within speed limits, and adjusting for poor road conditions
25
Distractions: Driver is not distracted by radios, telephones, or other conversations within the car while moving
Signaling / changing lanes: Driver communicates effectively with other drivers & pedestrians; checks all mirrors and signals for all turns &
changing lanes

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APPENDIX B

REINFORCEMENT THEORY AND BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY

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As early as 1885, Ebbinghaus noted that performance improvement occurred

in learning with feedback about answers. Thorndike (1898) noted that
learning, a positive change of behavior, proceeded with reinforcement. In the
following decades, these findings were amplified and refined by research by
Pavlov (1927 1 ) and Skinner (1930 2 , 1938 3 ). It was not until 1950 that Dollard
and Miller 4 first suggested that this reinforcement process be used in a clinical
psychology setting to change behavior of people. Skinner suggested (1955) in
his novel Walden II that this process could be used to shape society. Within a
decade, behavior modification was being used by psychotherapists all over
the country. In 1971, Skinner published Beyond Freedom and Dignity, in which
he suggested that a technology of behavior could be used to correct many
problems caused by poor human behavior in society. The technology of
behavior was first applied to the problem of correcting unsafe behavior by
Komaki and her associates in 1978.
In 1978, Komaki, Barwick and Scott first applied reinforcement theory to the
problem of safety. They showed that behavioral observation and feedback
could affect behavior; an increase in safe behaviors from 75-80% to 95-99%
was found. The feedback given was positive, which elicited positive reactions
from the employees as well as their supervisors. Komaki et al. demonstrated
a positive impact on safe behaviors, but the initial study did not link this
increase in safe behaviors to actual safety measures. Sulzer-Azaroff (1978) and
Sulzer-Azaroff and Santamaria (1980) demonstrated that, when safety
hazards are identified and positive feedback is used following hazard
inspections, the number of hazards is reduced. The implication is that the
fewer the hazards, the safer the workplace. It was left to Reber and associates
(Reber, Wallin & Chhokar, 1983; Reber & Wallin, 1984) to relate safe
behaviors to different safety measures. They found the correlation with the
overall injury rate was r = -0.85 with a lost-time injury rate of -0.69. The
negative correlation indicates that, as the percentage of safe behaviors
increases, injuries decrease. A 1993 survey offers a comparison of different
safety interventions as shown in Figure B-1 (Guastello, 1993).

Pavlov, I. P. Conditioned Reflexes: An investigation of physiological activity of the Cerebral Cortex,

Oxford University Press, London, 1927.
2
Skinner, B. F. On the conditions of elicitation of certain eating reflexes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci, 1930, 16,
433-438.
3
Skinner, B. F. The Behavior of Organisms, Appleton-Century-Croft, New York, 1938.
4
Dollard, J., and Miller, N. E., Personality and Psychotherapy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950.

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October 23, 2003

Guastello presented his data in terms of percentage injury reduction and

reported the effect of such traditional safety interventions as engineering
(29% reduction), management audits (19%), poster campaigns (14%), and
near-miss reporting (0%), but reported 51.6% due to comprehensive
ergonomics (European definition) and 59.6% due to behavior modification
(behavioral safety). It appears that the behavioral safety approach is attacking
a different aspect of the safety problem.

Figure B-1. Percent injury reduction due to different safety program

interventions. (Guastello, 1993)

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APPENDIX C

SITE EXPERIENCES

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A. Lawrence-Berkeley National Laboratory

Table C-1. Lawrence-Berkeley National Laborat ory BBS amortization
Metric
Payback
Period
Net Present
Value

Result
0.6
years
$648k

Return on
Investment

281%

Comments
Recovered $230,000 in BBSP program costs
within 7.2 months.
Generated $648,000 in lost prevention savings
from BBSP implementation (50% from
workers compensation program)
Created an investment return from BBSP that
nearly triples the initial program outlay of
$230,000

The costs in these data included:

EH&S Divisions personnel time for developing the BBAP program and
investigating SAARs

BBAP software development for tracking and trending metrics

Retaining a consultant from Behavioral Safety Technology (BST) to certify

LBNLs BBAP program

Purchase of BBAP videos for training coaches

Creation of BBAP critical behavior checklists/field booklets

Sending LBNL employees to BST Users Conference

Coaches training

BBAP committee meetings

Field observations by coaches

BBAP coaches meetings

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B. Westinghouse Savannah River Company

SRS reported for the period of 1999 through July of 2003 that the whole site TRC rate
went from 115 to 33, almost a fourfold decrease when BBS was implemented.
SRS OPERATIONS
Total Recordable Cases
1999 through July 2003

CASES PER 200,000 HOURS

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
TRC

1999

2000

2001

2002

Through July 2003

115

116

98

79

33

TRC

In addition, incurred losses due to workmans compensation and medical

reserves went from $370,000 to $190,000 and the costs are projected at ony$4000
for the April 2003 to March 2004 period.

SRS OPERATIONS
WORKERS COMPENSATION INCURRED LOSSES
April 1, 1999 through June 30, 2003
Incurred Losses (Compensation/Medical/Reserves)
$0.50M

$0.37M
$0.35M

$0.40M

$0.26M

$0.30M

$0.19M

$0.20M

$0.10M

$0.04M

$0.00M
4/1/99 3/31/00

4/1/00 3/31/01

4/1/01 3/31/02

4/1/02 3/31/03

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October 23, 2003

C. Dyn-McDermott at the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR)

The Cost Index is one of the five performance metrics from the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) used DOE-wide in judging the
effectiveness of Integrated Safety Management performance.

This is an artificial rate used for comparison of accident costs. It is arrived

at by assigning a dollar value to certain categories (death, permanent
disability, etc.); it does not reflect actual insurance payments, for example.

As shown below, the SPRs Cost Index peaked in June of 2000 at over
$20.00. Since then, there have been 10 months with no injuries or illnesses,
driving the rate down to less than $3.00 for the last six-month period.

Occupational Safety and Health Cost Index

(in dollars per 100 hours worked)
25

20

15

10

Se
p-9
9
Oc
t-9
9
No
v-9
9
De
c-9
9
Ja
n-0
0
Fe
b-0
0
M
ar00
Ap
r-0
0
Ma
y-0
0
Ju
n-0
0
Ju
l-0
0
Au
g-0
0
Se
p-0
0
Oc
t-0
0
No
v-0
0
De
c-0
0
Ja
n-0
1
Fe
b-0
1
M
ar01
Ap
r-0
1
Ma
y-0
1
Ju
n-0
1
Ju
l-0
1
Au
g-0
1
Se
p-0
1
Oc
t-0
1
No
v-0
1
De
c-0
1
Ja
n-0
2
Fe
b-0
2

-5

Figure C- Strategic Petroleum Reserve Results for DOEs Occupational Safety

and Healtlh Cost Index.

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Note. These figures exclude a vehicle fatality in November 2000, when a

private vehicle crossed the I-10 median and hit and killed an SPR employee
driving a government vehicle in the other direction. OSHA did not investigate or
assign any blame to the SPR employee. The only reason the accident was
considered work-related was that he was returning from one of the sites.
Including the fatality would add a factor of 1,000,000 to the initial equation.

35