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26 pages, 9543 KiB  
Article
Design Analysis of 26650 and 18650 LFP Cells for High Power and Low Temperature Use Cases
by Florian Wätzold, Anton Schlösser, Max Leistikow and Julia Kowal
Batteries 2025, 11(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11010038 (registering DOI) - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the design and geometric properties of high-power and low-temperature 18650 and 26650 lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells. The analysis focuses on the geometry and components’ thicknesses and deriving CAD models for both cell formats. Design variations were observed, even within [...] Read more.
This study investigates the design and geometric properties of high-power and low-temperature 18650 and 26650 lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells. The analysis focuses on the geometry and components’ thicknesses and deriving CAD models for both cell formats. Design variations were observed, even within cells from the same manufacturer. For instance, one manufacturer’s 26650 cell was not a scaled-up version of their 18650 cell, and no equivalence was found between the designs of high-power and low-temperature cells from the same manufacturer. Thus, modifications are not purely chemistry based. The results also reveal deviations from the literature values for jelly roll component thicknesses, with anode current collectors averaging 61 µm and cathode current collectors averaging 60 µm. Coating thicknesses varied, with anode coatings averaging 32 µm and cathode coatings averaging 52 µm. These variations in current collector and coating thicknesses suggest that both high-power and low-temperature LFP cell designs differ from the typical literature values. Furthermore, a trade-off was observed between low-temperature operation with two-tab designs and high pulse capability with limited minimum operating temperatures. Additionally, smaller particle sizes in anode coatings were associated with lower impedance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Manufacturing: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities)
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14 pages, 2487 KiB  
Article
Targeting SLC4A4: A Novel Approach in Colorectal Cancer Drug Repurposing
by Krunal Pawar, Pramodkumar P. Gupta, Pooran Singh Solanki, Ravi Ranjan Kumar Niraj and Shanker L. Kothari
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47010067 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex and increasingly prevalent malignancy with significant challenges in its treatment and prognosis. This study aims to explore the role of the SLC4A4 transporter as a biomarker in CRC progression and its potential as a therapeutic target, [...] Read more.
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex and increasingly prevalent malignancy with significant challenges in its treatment and prognosis. This study aims to explore the role of the SLC4A4 transporter as a biomarker in CRC progression and its potential as a therapeutic target, particularly in relation to tumor acidity and immune response. Methods: The study utilized computational approaches, including receptor-based virtual screening and high-throughput docking, to identify potential SLC4A4 inhibitors. A model of the human SLC4A4 structure was generated based on CryoEM data (PDB ID 6CAA), and drug candidates from the DrugBank database were evaluated using two computational tools (DrugRep and CB-DOCK2). Results: The study identified the compound (5R)-N-[(1r)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butanoyl]-2-decanamide (DB07991) as the best ligand, demonstrating favorable binding affinity and stability. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed strong protein–ligand interactions with consistent RMSD (~0.25 nm), RMSF (~0.5 nm), compact Rg (4.0–3.9 nm), and stable SASA profiles, indicating that the SLC4A4 structure remains stable upon ligand binding. Conclusions: The findings suggest that DB07991 is a promising drug candidate for further investigation as a therapeutic agent against CRC, particularly for targeting SLC4A4. This study highlights the potential of computational drug repositioning in identifying effective treatments for colorectal cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular-Based Approaches in Therapy for Gastrointestinal Cancers, 2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 1298 KiB  
Article
Screening of Anti-Hair Loss Plant Raw Materials Based on Reverse Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation
by Jiajia Xu, Congfen He and Rui Tian
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47010068 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Hair loss is one of the skin conditions that can affect people’s mental health. Plant raw material extracts are of great interest due to their safety. In this study, we utilize reverse network pharmacology to screen for key targets of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling [...] Read more.
Hair loss is one of the skin conditions that can affect people’s mental health. Plant raw material extracts are of great interest due to their safety. In this study, we utilize reverse network pharmacology to screen for key targets of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the TGFβ/BMP signaling pathway, as well as key differential lipids, for plant raw materials selection. The aim is to identify plant raw materials that may have anti-hair loss properties and to validate these findings through cell experiments. Licorice, salvia miltiorrhiza, mulberry leaf, ephedra and curcumae radix were found that may possess anti-hair loss effects. Licorice water extract (LWE), salvia miltiorrhiza water extract (SMWE), mulberry leaf water extract (MLWE), ephedra water extract (EWE) and curcumae radix water extract (CRWE) did not exhibit cytotoxicity on human dermal papilla cells (HDPCs). Through ALP staining, it was found that the expression of ALP in HDPCs treated with LWE, SMWE, MLWE, EWE and CRWE was enhanced. In addition, LWE, SMWE, MLWE, EWE and CRWE have reduced the expression of hair growth inhibitory factor TGF-β1 and inflammatory factor IL-6. Additionally, various water extracts can enhance the secretion of VEGF, with high concentrations of SMWE, EWE and CRWE exhibiting better efficacy. Furthermore, β-catenin, a key factor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, was enhanced by LWE, SMWE, MLWE, EWE and CRWE treatment in cultured HDPCs. In conclusion, all five plant raw materials showed some anti-hair loss potential, providing theoretical support for their application in anti-hair loss products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pharmacology)
7 pages, 3360 KiB  
Case Report
A Case of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Mutually Exclusive EGFR and KRAS Mutations
by Abhimanyu Tushir, Israh Akhtar and Anjali Seth
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47010066 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Historically, EGFR and KRAS mutations were believed to be mutually exclusive. However, over the past few years, there have been emerging case reports showing the co-existence of both mutations in a single case. The majority of these co-occurring alterations were detected in samples [...] Read more.
Historically, EGFR and KRAS mutations were believed to be mutually exclusive. However, over the past few years, there have been emerging case reports showing the co-existence of both mutations in a single case. The majority of these co-occurring alterations were detected in samples collected from patients with resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment, indicating a potential functional role in driving resistance to therapy. These co-occurring tumor genomic alterations are not necessarily mutually exclusive, and evidence suggests that multiple clonal and sub-clonal cancer cell populations can co-exist and contribute to EGFR TKI resistance. We have reported such a case of concomitant EGFR and KRAS mutation in a 64-year-old female. This case highlights the importance of continuous molecular testing in managing NSCLC, especially in cases with rare mutation profiles. The emergence of new mutations during treatment can significantly impact the course of therapy and patient outcomes. In this case, the detection of both EGFR and KRAS mutations guided the selection of an appropriate targeted therapeutic strategy, including the use of Amivantamab. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Advances Around Next-Generation Sequencing Application)
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24 pages, 1626 KiB  
Article
Roles of Whole-Genome Sequencing in Determining Transmission and Risk Factors Associated with Carbapenem-Resistant Organisms at a Vietnam HealthCare Center of Orphan Children
by Van Kim Nguyen, Pirom Noisumdaeng, Katiya Ivanovitch, Eugene Athan, Larry Croft, Phuong Toai Nguyen and Huu Phuc Pham Nguyen
Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16010028 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most concerning public health issues in Vietnam due to antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs), which might appear in remote areas in Vietnam. At this center, we performed a cross-sectional study and collected fecal samples from [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most concerning public health issues in Vietnam due to antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs), which might appear in remote areas in Vietnam. At this center, we performed a cross-sectional study and collected fecal samples from humans (20 healthcare workers (HCWs) and 67 residents) and 175 environmental samples, with rectal and environment swabs, as data for this study, from September 2022 to December 2022. We conducted microbiological testing, including the MELAB Chromogenic CARBA agar plates, blood agar plates, and the BD PhoenixTM Automated Microbiology System to screen, isolate, and identify bacterial species and phenotypic tests for the antimicrobial susceptibility of carbapenem-resistant bacteria and the whole-genome sequencing for 12 CROs chosen to confirm the CRO transmission between HCWs and residents. The study findings showed that the prevalence and risk factors associated with CRO colonization were detected in HCWs, residents, and the environment in the Center of Care and Protection of Orphan Children. CRO transmission happened between HCWs and residents detected with WGS analysis. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) plays a significant role in CRO control and prevention and reduces CRO transmission/colonization in this center and other healthcare settings. Full article
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17 pages, 974 KiB  
Review
An Overview of Sargassum Seaweed as Natural Anticancer Therapy
by Kelly Johanna Muñoz-Losada, Manuela Gallego-Villada and Miguel Angel Puertas-Mejía
Future Pharmacol. 2025, 5(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/futurepharmacol5010005 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Algae have great therapeutic value and have attracted a great deal of attention due to the abundance of bioactive compounds they contain, which may be the key to fighting diseases of various origins, such as skin cancer, breast cancer, or osteosarcoma. In this [...] Read more.
Algae have great therapeutic value and have attracted a great deal of attention due to the abundance of bioactive compounds they contain, which may be the key to fighting diseases of various origins, such as skin cancer, breast cancer, or osteosarcoma. In this regard, global trends indicate that cancer is likely to become the leading cause of death and the main obstacle to increased life expectancy in the 21st century, which is related to multiple factors, including the various effects of climate change, which will continue to cause afflictions to human health. Then, excess exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes damage to DNA, proteins, enzymes, and various cellular structures and leads to the development of cancer, premature aging of the skin (wrinkles, dryness, dilation of blood vessels, and loss of collagen and elastin), or alterations of the immune system. In addition, multidrug resistance (MDR) is characterized by the overexpression of efflux pumps, such as P-glycoprotein or P-gp, that expel chemotherapeutic drugs out of the cancer cell being the main obstacle to their efficacy. Some molecules inhibit efflux pumps when co-administered with antineoplastic agents, such as glycolipids. Mycosporin-like amino acids and glycolipids isolated from Sargassum have shown an important role as potential anticancer agents. The results show that glycolipids and mycosporin-like amino acids present in brown algae of the genus Sargassum exhibit cytotoxic effects on different types of cancer, such as breast cancer, leukemia, and osteosarcoma, which is a key criterion to be considered as a natural anti-cancer strategy; but, more in-depth in vitro studies are needed to represent them at the in vivo level, as well as their validation in preclinical assays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Future Pharmacology 2024)
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28 pages, 716 KiB  
Review
Chemometric Approaches for Sustainable Pharmaceutical Analysis Using Liquid Chromatography
by Dina Aboushady, Liza Samir, Alaa Masoud, Yasmin Elshoura, Abdelgawad Mohamed, Rasha S. Hanafi and Sami El Deeb
Chemistry 2025, 7(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7010011 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Chemometrics, which applies mathematical and statistical methods to aid in experimental design, data analysis, and process optimization, is gaining more importance. It plays an important role in enhancing the sustainability of analytical methods when integrated with green analytical chemistry. Applying chemometrics to liquid [...] Read more.
Chemometrics, which applies mathematical and statistical methods to aid in experimental design, data analysis, and process optimization, is gaining more importance. It plays an important role in enhancing the sustainability of analytical methods when integrated with green analytical chemistry. Applying chemometrics to liquid chromatographic methods can speed up the analytical method, saving time, energy, and solvent consumption. This would be reflected by a low energy footprint and environmental impact. This review discusses the application of chemometric methods like multivariant data analysis, design of experiments, retention time prediction, and peak deconvolution in green liquid chromatographic analysis of pharmaceuticals. The review highlights the impact of chemometric approaches on the global push for sustainable practices. The integration of chemometrics into sustainable chromatographic analysis will continue to revolutionize the field leading to better performance of analytical methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
6 pages, 1825 KiB  
Case Report
Sandwiched Strut Allografts with Stem Retention to Treat Fragile Periprosthetic Femoral Fractures: A Case Report
by Hyoung Tae Kim, Hyun Jun Lee and Suenghwan Jo
Medicina 2025, 61(1), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61010166 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Managing periprosthetic femoral fractures is challenging, particularly in osteoporotic patients with fragile bones. Revision with a long stem is commonly considered but may fail to provide adequate fixation and stability in fragile bones. A novel approach using sandwiched strut allografts and controlled bone [...] Read more.
Managing periprosthetic femoral fractures is challenging, particularly in osteoporotic patients with fragile bones. Revision with a long stem is commonly considered but may fail to provide adequate fixation and stability in fragile bones. A novel approach using sandwiched strut allografts and controlled bone crushing with robust cable fixation can offer mechanical support and provide secondary stability to the loosened femoral stem and can be considered a treatment option for low-demand patients. A 73-year-old female with 23 years of hemodialysis experienced pain and instability in her right thigh following a slip. She had extremely low bone mineral density, and radiographs revealed a periprosthetic femoral fracture with a loosened femoral prosthesis, classified as Vancouver type B3. The patient underwent surgical fixation using a long anatomical plate augmented with dual strut allografts sandwiched anterior and posterior femur. Robust cable fixation was performed to partially crush the native cortical bone against the stem to enhance stability. Postoperative imaging at 18 months confirmed successful bone union and implant stability, and the patient regained preoperative functional capacity without pain. This case demonstrates that partially crushing native bone with dual strut allografts may provide stability to the loosened femoral stem and can be an effective alternative to long-stem revision surgery for patients with highly fragile bones. This approach may provide immediate mechanical stability and can be a potential treatment option for managing fragile periprosthetic femoral fractures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Strategies in the Management of Geriatric Bone Fracture)
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40 pages, 10062 KiB  
Article
Utilizing the Finite Fourier Series to Generate Quadrotor Trajectories Through Multiple Waypoints
by Yevhenii Kovryzhenko and Ehsan Taheri
Drones 2025, 9(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9010077 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Motion planning is critical for ensuring precise and efficient operations of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). While polynomial parameterization has been the prevailing approach, its limitations in handling complex trajectory requirements have motivated the exploration of alternative methods. This paper introduces a finite Fourier [...] Read more.
Motion planning is critical for ensuring precise and efficient operations of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). While polynomial parameterization has been the prevailing approach, its limitations in handling complex trajectory requirements have motivated the exploration of alternative methods. This paper introduces a finite Fourier series (FFS)-based trajectory parameterization for UAV motion planning, highlighting its unique capability to produce piecewise infinitely differentiable trajectories. The proposed approach addresses the challenges of fixed-time minimum-snap trajectory optimization by formulating the problem as a quadratic programming (QP) problem, with an analytical solution derived for unconstrained cases. Additionally, we compare the FFS-based parameterization with the polynomial-based minimum-snap algorithm, demonstrating comparable performance across several representative trajectories while uncovering key differences in higher-order derivatives. Experimental validation of the FFS-based parameterization using an in-house quadrotor confirms the practical applicability of the FFS-based minimum-snap trajectories. The results indicate that the proposed FFS-based parameterization offers new possibilities for motion planning, especially for scenarios requiring smooth and higher-order derivative continuity at the expense of minor increase in computational cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Path Planning, Trajectory Tracking and Guidance for UAVs: 2nd Edition)
22 pages, 9199 KiB  
Review
UAV Detection with Passive Radar: Algorithms, Applications, and Challenges
by Zhibo Tang, He Ma, Youmin Qu and Xingpeng Mao
Drones 2025, 9(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9010076 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) industry has developed rapidly in recent years and is being applied in a wide range of fields. However, incidents involving unauthorized UAVs that threaten public safety have occurred frequently, highlighting the need for effective and accurate methods to [...] Read more.
The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) industry has developed rapidly in recent years and is being applied in a wide range of fields. However, incidents involving unauthorized UAVs that threaten public safety have occurred frequently, highlighting the need for effective and accurate methods to detect and respond to illegal UAVs. This has led to the emergence of various UAV detection technologies, among which passive radar stands out due to its unique advantages. This review aims to offer insights that can support further research and development in the field of UAV detection using passive radar. We begin by exploring the origins of passive radar and then provide a comprehensive overview of its progress from multiple angles, particularly focusing on its application in UAV detection. Finally, we provide a forward-looking discussion on the future development trends and challenges faced by passive radar in UAV detection. Full article
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18 pages, 2665 KiB  
Article
Physical Foam Injection Molding of Cellulose Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene by Using CO2: Parameter Variation and Comparison to Chemical Foam Injection Molding
by Claudia Pretschuh, Matthias Mihalic, Christian Sponner, Thomas Lummerstorfer, Andreas Steurer and Christoph Unterweger
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9010050 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
The use of cellulose fiber-filled polypropylene (PP) composites in combination with foam injection molding has enabled the lightweight design of injection-molded parts. The study provides achievements for the physical foam injection molding (MuCell®) process of PP–cellulose fiber compounds by using CO [...] Read more.
The use of cellulose fiber-filled polypropylene (PP) composites in combination with foam injection molding has enabled the lightweight design of injection-molded parts. The study provides achievements for the physical foam injection molding (MuCell®) process of PP–cellulose fiber compounds by using CO2 as the direct foaming agent, including a comparison of MuCell® foaming with N2 and a comparison to a chemical foaming process. Weight and density reductions, foam structure and specific mechanical properties are highly dependent on the applied processing parameters. The maximum weight reduction reached values of up to 16%, and density reduction even reached 33% in relation to the compact plates. The extent of weight and density reduction could be adjusted, among other factors, by a reduction in the shot volume. Setting the density reduction to 22% allowed for simultaneously decreasing weight while sustaining the specific flexural properties and limiting the loss of specific impact strength. By using optimized FIM parameters, the mechanical performance could be improved, with specific modulus values even outperforming the compact reference sample. This presents a significant benefit for the preparation of lightweight products and sets the basis for further optimization and modeling studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2024)
14 pages, 4669 KiB  
Article
Cool Mix Asphalt—Redefining Warm Mix Asphalt with Implementations in Korea, Italy and Vietnam
by Hosin (David) Lee, Lan Ngoc Nguyen, Elena Sturlini and Young-ik Kim
Infrastructures 2025, 10(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10010024 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
During the past decades, to minimize Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and asphalt fumes during the asphalt mix production and construction process, various warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives have been developed and successfully applied. Currently, as production of WMA reaches close to that of [...] Read more.
During the past decades, to minimize Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and asphalt fumes during the asphalt mix production and construction process, various warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives have been developed and successfully applied. Currently, as production of WMA reaches close to that of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) in the US, the varied definition of WMA is questioned in this paper. Not only are the temperature reduction ranges from HMA defined by various studies too wide, but also the minimum threshold to be classified as WMA is often too small. In this paper, a new category of “Cool Mix Asphalt (CMA)” is proposed to distinguish it from the newly defined WMA based not on the reduction amount from HMA temperature but its actual production temperature. It is proposed that HMA should be defined as asphalt mixtures produced at temperatures between 140 and 160 °C (between 284 and 320 °F), WMA as production temperatures between 120 and 140 °C (between 248 and 284 °F), and CMA as production temperatures between 100 and 120 °C (212 to 248 °F). By defining their actual production temperatures rather than reduction temperatures from HMA, WMA and CMA will be clearly defined. This paper then presents a new Polymer Cool Mix Asphalt (PCMA) additive called “Zero-M”, which was developed to lower the mixing temperature to around 110 °C (203 °F). Recently, test sections using Zero-M were successfully constructed in Korea, Italy and Vietnam, and their laboratory test results of field cores and production and construction experiences are described in this paper. The chemistry and compositions of Zero-M are discussed along with its mechanism to significantly lower the production temperature of PCMA. All test sections constructed in three countries met the in-place compaction density requirements of their respective countries, which were close to or higher than those of the control HMA test sections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cool Mix Asphalt: Redefining Warm Mix Asphalt)
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8 pages, 797 KiB  
Article
RF Dielectric Permittivity Sensing of Molecular Spin State Switching Using a Tunnel Diode Oscillator
by Ion Soroceanu, Andrei Diaconu, Viorela-Gabriela Ciobanu, Lionel Salmon, Gábor Molnár and Aurelian Rotaru
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9010049 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
We introduce a novel approach to study the dielectric permittivity of spin crossover (SCO) molecular materials using a radio frequency (RF) resonant tunnel diode oscillator (TDO) circuit. By fabricating a parallel plate capacitor using SCO particles embedded into a polymer matrix as an [...] Read more.
We introduce a novel approach to study the dielectric permittivity of spin crossover (SCO) molecular materials using a radio frequency (RF) resonant tunnel diode oscillator (TDO) circuit. By fabricating a parallel plate capacitor using SCO particles embedded into a polymer matrix as an integral part of the inductor (L) capacitor (C) LC tank of the TDO, we were able to extract the temperature dependence of the dielectric permittivity of frequency measurements for a wide selection of resonance values, spanning from 100 kHz up to 50 MHz, with great precision (less than 2 ppm) and in a broad temperature range. By making use of this simple electronic circuit to explore the frequency and temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity of the compound Fe[(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4), we demonstrate the reliability and resolution of the technique and show how the results compare with those obtained using complex instrumentation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Polymeric Composites: Processing, Characterization and Mechanical Behavior)
24 pages, 377 KiB  
Review
Syndromic Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Narrative Review
by Márta Janáky and Gábor Braunitzer
Vision 2025, 9(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision9010007 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) encompasses inherited retinal dystrophies, appearing either as an isolated eye condition or as part of a broader systemic syndrome, known as syndromic RP. In these cases, RP includes systemic symptoms impacting other organs, complicating diagnosis and management. This review highlights [...] Read more.
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) encompasses inherited retinal dystrophies, appearing either as an isolated eye condition or as part of a broader systemic syndrome, known as syndromic RP. In these cases, RP includes systemic symptoms impacting other organs, complicating diagnosis and management. This review highlights key systemic syndromes linked with RP, such as Usher, Bardet–Biedl, and Alström syndromes, focusing on genetic mutations, inheritance, and clinical symptoms. These insights support clinicians in recognizing syndromic RP early. Ocular signs like nystagmus and congenital cataracts may indicate systemic disease, prompting genetic testing. Conversely, systemic symptoms may necessitate eye exams, even if vision symptoms are absent. Understanding the systemic aspects of these syndromes emphasizes the need for multidisciplinary collaboration among ophthalmologists, pediatricians, and other specialists to optimize patient care. The review also addresses emerging genetic therapies aimed at both visual and systemic symptoms, though more extensive studies are required to confirm their effectiveness. Overall, by detailing the genetic and clinical profiles of syndromic RP, this review seeks to aid healthcare professionals in diagnosing and managing these complex conditions more effectively, enhancing patient outcomes through timely, specialized intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Retinal Function and Disease)
21 pages, 4578 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Batch Imaging as a Method for Non-Lethal Identification of Freshwater Fishes
by Conrad James Pratt and Nicholas E. Mandrak
Fishes 2025, 10(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10010036 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Freshwater fish community surveys are an important component of aquatic ecosystem management. However, the standard method for taxonomic identification currently used for these surveys, wherein fishes are manually identified in the field by a taxonomic expert, has several shortcomings. These include handling-related fish [...] Read more.
Freshwater fish community surveys are an important component of aquatic ecosystem management. However, the standard method for taxonomic identification currently used for these surveys, wherein fishes are manually identified in the field by a taxonomic expert, has several shortcomings. These include handling-related fish injury and mortality, the need for a fish-identification expert to be present during field sampling, and additional fish mortality due to physical voucher collection. These shortcomings may be overcome using new methods such as environmental DNA (eDNA) or image analyses. While eDNA can provide fish community data through metabarcoding, it is costly and provides little ecological information. A novel, image-based method for taxonomic identification (“batch-image identification”), which addresses the shortcomings of standard and eDNA methods, was tested in this study. Fishes were captured in the field and photographed in small groups (“batches”) within fish viewers for subsequent identification by taxonomic experts. Comparing taxonomist-based identifications from batch images to specimen-based identification, batch-image identification yielded an overall species-level correct-identification rate (CIR) of 49.7%, and an overall genus-level CIR of 61.2%. CIR increased with taxonomist expertise, reaching 83% when identification was performed by expert taxonomists. Batch-image identification data also produced rarefaction curves and fish-length measurements comparable to those obtained through standard methods. Potential methodological improvements to batch-image identification, including procedural adjustments and alternative identification methods, provide direction for the continued testing and improvement of this method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Ecology)
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28 pages, 290 KiB  
Article
Becoming, Writing Home: The Journey Towards Self for Community in Under the Udala Trees and the Binti Trilogy
by Olaocha Nwadiuto Nwabara
Genealogy 2025, 9(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy9010007 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
This paper focuses on the process of being and becoming as represented in the novels Under the Udala Trees and Binti (series). It draws from Igbo and Kemetan notions of self, identity, becoming, and destiny (chi na eke, khepert) to center the protagonists’ [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on the process of being and becoming as represented in the novels Under the Udala Trees and Binti (series). It draws from Igbo and Kemetan notions of self, identity, becoming, and destiny (chi na eke, khepert) to center the protagonists’ self-determination considering their oppressive environments. The protagonists, Ijeoma and Binti respectively, contend with who they are and are becoming alongside their neocolonial family and community expectations of its daughters. As a result, they are driven into isolation to determine self on their own terms. This paper argues that while they moved in solitude, this process is ultimately beneficial to their families and communities, offering decolonized methods of healing, and of moving towards one’s purpose. Drawing from pre-colonial Igbo cultures and traditions—as the authors are Igbo—the paper positions Under the Udala Trees and Binti as pieces that offer contemporary solutions to the global erasure or suppression of African and Black cultures and ways of existing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Africana Families and Kinship Formations in the Diaspora)
12 pages, 2499 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Internal and Marginal Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Laminates Using DLP Printing and Milling Methods
by Mijun Noh, Habin Lee, Wansun Lee, Jaehong Kim and Jihwan Kim
Biomimetics 2025, 10(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10010067 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
This study evaluated the internal and marginal accuracy (trueness and precision) of zirconia laminate veneers fabricated using the DLP printing and milling method, employing 3D analysis software program. The maxillary central incisor tooth of a typodont model was prepared by a dentist and [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the internal and marginal accuracy (trueness and precision) of zirconia laminate veneers fabricated using the DLP printing and milling method, employing 3D analysis software program. The maxillary central incisor tooth of a typodont model was prepared by a dentist and scanned using a desktop scanner. An anatomical zirconia laminate was designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software and saved in a standard tessellation language (STL) format. Thirty zirconia laminates were manufactured using a milling machine (MLL group) and a DLP printer (PTL group). All the specimens were scanned, and their internal and marginal areas were edited accordingly. The root-mean-square value was used to assess the accuracy of the internal and marginal areas of the zirconia laminates. Statistical significance was evaluated using the Mann–Whitney U test. Statistically significant differences were found in RMS values for both groups in the internal and marginal areas (p < 0.001 and p = 0.034, respectively). The MLL and PTL groups differed significantly in terms of precision (p = 0.017), but not at the margin (p = 0.361). DLP-printed zirconia laminates demonstrated stable and consistent performance, making the technique a reliable option for producing esthetic prostheses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic Bonded Restorations for Dental Applications)
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14 pages, 2359 KiB  
Article
Role of the Molecular Mass on the Elastic Properties of Hybrid Carrageenan Hydrogels
by Gabriela Gonçalves, Bruno Faria, Izabel Cristina Freitas Moraes and Loic Hilliou
Gels 2025, 11(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11010077 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
A set of carrageenans produced in the potassium form and with chemical structures varying from pure iota-carrageenans to nearly pure kappa-carrageenans is submitted to ultrasonication to reduce their molecular masses Mw while maintaining a constant chemical structure and a polydispersity index around 2. [...] Read more.
A set of carrageenans produced in the potassium form and with chemical structures varying from pure iota-carrageenans to nearly pure kappa-carrageenans is submitted to ultrasonication to reduce their molecular masses Mw while maintaining a constant chemical structure and a polydispersity index around 2. The kinetics of ultrasound-induced chain scission are found to be slower for polysaccharides richer in kappa-carrageenan disaccharide units. From the elasticity of samples directly gelled in a rheometer at 1 w/v% in 0.1 M potassium chloride, a critical molecular mass Mc is identified as the mass below which no gel can be formed. Mc is found to be smaller for kappa- and kappa-2-carrageenans of the order of 0.13–0.21 MDa. The presence of more sulphated disaccharide units significantly increases Mc up to 0.28 MDa for iota-carrageenan and 0.57 MDa for a highly sulphated hybrid carrageenan. For the set of Mw and carrageenans tested, no plateau in the Mw dependence of the gels’ elasticities is found. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gel-Related Materials: Challenges and Opportunities)
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12 pages, 3678 KiB  
Article
Self-Reactive Carbon Dioxide Absorbent with Sodium Carbonate-Based Hydrogel
by Jae Young Kim and Youn Suk Lee
Gels 2025, 11(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11010078 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Sodium carbonate is an abundant, low-cost, and low-hazard raw material widely used as a food additive and CO2 absorbent in the food industry. However, its application in food packaging is limited because it is used in solid form, either in sachets or [...] Read more.
Sodium carbonate is an abundant, low-cost, and low-hazard raw material widely used as a food additive and CO2 absorbent in the food industry. However, its application in food packaging is limited because it is used in solid form, either in sachets or as a compounding ingredient in plastics. Solid sodium carbonate requires an external moisture supply for CO2 absorption, with its performance dependent on moisture availability. This limitation hinders its commercialization in food packaging applications. We developed a sodium carbonate-based, self-reactive CO2 absorbent hydrogel incorporating polyacrylic acid sodium salt (PAAS). This sodium carbonate hydrogel (SCH-PAAS) exhibits self-reactivity, eliminating the need for external moisture, and demonstrates a high CO2 absorption capacity. PAAS incorporation facilitates the formation of a porous structure during gel solidification through reactions with CO2. Increased PAAS content accelerates CO2 absorption rates, particularly under low-temperature conditions (10 °C and 25 °C). Notably, absorption was faster at 10 °C than at 25 °C. The proposed SCH-PAAS exhibits a significantly enhanced absorption performance at low temperatures compared to conventional sodium carbonate-based materials, which exhibit reduced efficiency under such conditions. The increased gas–liquid contact area in SCH-PAAS makes it highly suitable for fresh food packaging applications, particularly under low temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances on the Use of Different Gels Type in the Food Industry)
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10 pages, 2676 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Short-Term Formalin Fixation on Weight and Ventricular Dimensions in the Hearts of Cats and Small-to-Medium-Sized Dogs
by Izabela Janus-Ziółkowska and Joanna Bubak
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12010074 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Organ weight and size are important data collected during post-mortem examination not only in neoplastic diseases but also in other conditions, like cardiomyopathies. As post-mortem cardiac examination is challenging, it should be performed by experienced specialists. Nonetheless, the low number of referral centres [...] Read more.
Organ weight and size are important data collected during post-mortem examination not only in neoplastic diseases but also in other conditions, like cardiomyopathies. As post-mortem cardiac examination is challenging, it should be performed by experienced specialists. Nonetheless, the low number of referral centres in veterinary medicine requires the shipment of formalin-fixed specimens to perform detailed post-mortem cardiac examinations. Data regarding other tissues suggest that even short-term formalin fixation can influence the organ’s size and/or weight. Presently, no data are available on the impact of formalin fixation on heart weight and size in dogs and cats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of short-term formalin fixation on cardiac weight and ventricular dimensions in cats and small-to-medium-sized dogs in the context of the usefulness and accuracy of referral examination. The study was conducted on 134 hearts (95 feline and 39 canine) obtained during necropsy. Each heart was dissected, cleaned, dried, and immersed in a 7% formalin solution for over 72 h. Weighing of the whole heart and measuring of the ventricular diameters was performed prior to fixation, after 24, 48, 72, and over 72 h of fixation. The study showed that in cats and small-to-medium-sized dogs, heart weight and ventricular dimensions are not significantly influenced by formalin fixation (p > 0.05). Nonetheless, the process of cleaning and drying the heart affects the organ weight significantly (p < 0.0001). The hearts of cats and small-to-medium-sized dogs can be shipped in formalin fixative for a referral opinion, as the fixation does not affect the obtained measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Forensic Pathology and Forensic Investigations in Veterinary Practice)
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10 pages, 876 KiB  
Communication
Application of Minimally Invasive Oral Swab Samples for qPCR-Based Sexing in Neognathae Birds
by Maria-Carmen Turcu, Anamaria Ioana Paștiu, Lucia-Victoria Bel, Anca-Alexandra Doboși and Dana Liana Pusta
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12010073 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Birds are inherently social creatures that rely on pairing to enhance their well-being. Since many bird species lack obvious physical differences between females and males, sex identification is essential for ensuring their welfare. Additionally, early determination of the sexes of birds is crucial [...] Read more.
Birds are inherently social creatures that rely on pairing to enhance their well-being. Since many bird species lack obvious physical differences between females and males, sex identification is essential for ensuring their welfare. Additionally, early determination of the sexes of birds is crucial for their breeders, especially considering that most companion birds do not display clear sexual characteristics. Molecular genetic sexing has been demonstrated to be the most reliable method for determining the sexes of monomorphic birds. The objective of the present study was to demonstrate rapid, effective, and precise identification of sex in birds through quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) using samples obtained via a minimally invasive technique (oral swabs). This qPCR method assesses variations in gene copy numbers within conserved Z-specific genes such as CHRNA6, DDX4, VPS13A, LPAR1, and TMEM161B, which are absent from the W chromosome. A total of 34 samples were included in this study from the following 17 bird species: domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica), domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), domestic goose (Anser anser f domesticus), domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus), Mute swan (Cygnus olor), Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus), Lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis), Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), Red-rumped parrot (Psephotus haematonotus), Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri), African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), domestic Canary (Serinus canaria forma domestica), Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis major), Gouldian Finch (Chloebia gouldiae), Red Siskin (Carduelis cucullata), Australian Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia castanotis), and Common buzzard (Buteo buteo). The results proved that the CHRNA6, DDX4, VPS13A, LPAR1, and TMEM161B genes can reveal the sexes in the Neognath birds tested. Full article
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11 pages, 3238 KiB  
Article
Biomechanical Comparison of Self-Compressing Screws and Cortical Screw Inserted with Lag Fashion in Canine Cadaveric Humeral Condylar Fracture Model
by Jun-sik Cho, Jung Moon Kim, Youn-woo Choo, Jooyoung Kim, Sorin Kim and Hwi-yool Kim
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12010072 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
This study compares the compression force of cortical screws used in lag fashion with partially threaded cannulated screws and fully threaded headless cannulated screws as fixation methods for humeral condylar fractures in dogs. Cadavers of eleven dogs weighing an average of 10.99 ± [...] Read more.
This study compares the compression force of cortical screws used in lag fashion with partially threaded cannulated screws and fully threaded headless cannulated screws as fixation methods for humeral condylar fractures in dogs. Cadavers of eleven dogs weighing an average of 10.99 ± 2.51 kg (6.1–14.4 kg) were used. The humeri were subjected to simulated fracture by performing an osteotomy at the trochlea of humerus and classified into three groups: Group 1 applied a 3.0 mm cortical screw applied in a lag fashion, Group 2 applied a 3.0 mm partially threaded cannulated screw, and Group 3 applied a 3.5 mm fully threaded headless cannulated screw. The samples were then placed in a material testing machine, and a compression force was applied vertically to the lateral condyle until failure. There were statistically significant differences in failure load between the groups (p = 0.009). The maximum failure load in Group 3 was significantly higher than in Group 2 (p = 0.014), while there were no statistically significant differences between Group 1 and Group 2) or between Group 1 and Group 3. Partially threaded cannulated screws and fully threaded headless cannulated screws can be alternatives to traditional stabilization methods, offering simpler procedures and additional advantages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)
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13 pages, 792 KiB  
Systematic Review
Cognitive Bias in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio): A Systematic Review
by Valentina Gazzano, Asahi Ogi, Francesca Cecchi, Maria Claudia Curadi, Maria Marchese and Angelo Gazzano
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12010071 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Objective: In recent years, the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as laboratory models has significantly increased. Ensuring their welfare is crucial, with the cognitive bias test emerging as a valuable tool to assess their emotional state. This systematic review examines the [...] Read more.
Objective: In recent years, the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as laboratory models has significantly increased. Ensuring their welfare is crucial, with the cognitive bias test emerging as a valuable tool to assess their emotional state. This systematic review examines the application of the cognitive bias test in zebrafish research. Data: The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines. Sources: A systematic search was conducted in scientific databases, including PubMed and Scopus, yielding 30 articles. Additionally, one abstract identified through bibliographic screening of selected papers was included. Study Selection: Six studies were selected for analysis, and their quality was assessed using SYRCLE’s risk-of-bias tool. Results: Three experimental models were employed to conduct the cognitive bias test in zebrafish, focusing on the relationship between their affective state and environmental conditions, cognitive abilities, and life-history strategies but none of the studies adequately reported the techniques employed to reduce bias. Discussion: The cognitive bias test proved effective in assessing the emotional state of zebrafish; however, methodological biases may have influenced the results. Conclusion: The cognitive bias test offers valuable insights into how emotional states affect cognitive abilities, responses to environmental changes (e.g., physical enrichment), and stress responses. Further research addressing methodological limitations is necessary to validate these findings and improve data reproducibility. Full article
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16 pages, 2795 KiB  
Article
Human Activity as a Growing Threat to Marine Ecosystems: Plastic and Temperature Effects on the Sponge Sarcotragus spinosulus
by Jessica Lombardo, Maria del Mar Ribas-Taberner, Maria Magdalena Quetglas-Llabrés, Samuel Pinya, Llorenç Gil, Silvia Tejada, Antoni Sureda and Montserrat Compa
Toxics 2025, 13(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13010066 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Human activities increasingly threaten marine ecosystems through rising waste and temperatures. This study investigated the role of plastics as vectors for Vibrio bacteria and the effects of temperature on the marine sponge Sarcotragus spinosulus. Samples of plastics and sponges were collected during [...] Read more.
Human activities increasingly threaten marine ecosystems through rising waste and temperatures. This study investigated the role of plastics as vectors for Vibrio bacteria and the effects of temperature on the marine sponge Sarcotragus spinosulus. Samples of plastics and sponges were collected during July, August (high-temperature period), and November (lower-temperature period). Bacterial growth and sponge responses were analysed using biochemical biomarkers. The results revealed a peak in colony-forming units (CFU), particularly of Vibrio alginolyticus, on plastics and sponges in August, followed by a decrease in November. In August, CFU counts of Vibrio spp. were significantly higher in sponges with poor external appearance (characterized by dull coloration and heavy epiphytic growth) but returned to levels observed in healthy sponges by November. Microplastics were detected in the tissues of both sponge groups, with higher concentrations found in affected specimens. Biomarker analyses revealed increased lysozyme, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities in healthy sponges during August, while malondialdehyde levels, indicating oxidative damage, were higher in affected sponges. In conclusion, affected sponges exhibited elevated CFU counts of Vibrio spp. and reduced antioxidant and detoxification responses under elevated temperatures. These findings suggest that combined impacts of plastics and warming may pose significant risks to S. spinosulus in the context of global climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microplastic Pollution and Impact on Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems)
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15 pages, 5053 KiB  
Article
Subchronic Exposure to Low-Dose Chlorfenapyr and Emamectin Benzoate Disrupts Kidney Metabolism in Rats
by Di Zhang, Xiao-Hua Song, Dan Yang, Mu-Zi Ge, Jun Qiu, Han-Qing Jiang, Yan-Yan Sun, Xiang-dong Li and Yi-Jun Wu
Toxics 2025, 13(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13010065 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
Residues of the pesticides chlorfenapyr (CFP) and emamectin benzoate (EMB) often coexist in the environment and can be accumulated in the body. To understand the impact of these two chemicals on health, we investigated their effect on the kidneys. In this study, rats [...] Read more.
Residues of the pesticides chlorfenapyr (CFP) and emamectin benzoate (EMB) often coexist in the environment and can be accumulated in the body. To understand the impact of these two chemicals on health, we investigated their effect on the kidneys. In this study, rats were treated with CFP and/or EMB at low/medium/high doses of 1/3/9 mg/kg/day and 0.2/0.6/1.8 mg/kg/day, respectively, via oral gavage for 60 days. Kidneys and serum samples were collected and serum biochemistry and kidney histopathological changes were analyzed and examined. Kidney metabolome alterations were analyzed by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that combined exposure to CFP and EMB elevated BUN levels and induced pathological damage, which presented as thinner renal tubular epithelial cells, an abnormal glomerular morphology, and an increased fibrotic area. CFP and/or EMB disrupted glutathione metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, resulting in the alteration of kidney metabolomes and inducing oxidative stress in the cells of kidney tissues. In addition, CFP decreased ATP content and inhibited pyruvate PDH activity in the kidneys. These findings suggest that long-term exposure to CFP and EMB at environmentally relevant levels induce alterations in the renal metabolome, oxidative stress, and an insufficient energy supply, which may contribute to renal histopathological damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agrochemicals and Food Toxicology)
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13 pages, 424 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Protein Sources: Functional Analysis of Tenebrio molitor Hydrolysates and Attitudes of Consumers in Poland and Spain Toward Insect-Based Foods
by Marcelina Maciejewska, Anna Dąbrowska and Marina Cano-Lamadrid
Foods 2025, 14(2), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14020333 - 20 Jan 2025
Abstract
This study explores the potential of Tenebrio molitor protein hydrolysates as functional food ingredients, evaluating their bioactivity and consumer acceptance of the incorporation of edible insects into food across Poland and Spain. By aligning technical advancements with consumer preferences, this research bridges the [...] Read more.
This study explores the potential of Tenebrio molitor protein hydrolysates as functional food ingredients, evaluating their bioactivity and consumer acceptance of the incorporation of edible insects into food across Poland and Spain. By aligning technical advancements with consumer preferences, this research bridges the gap between laboratory innovation and market feasibility, contributing to the development of sustainable functional foods. The study optimized the process of enzyme hydrolysis using serine protease from Cucurbita ficifolia, thereby enhancing DPPH scavenging capacity increased from 3.15 ± 0.53 to 8.17 ± 0.62 µM Trolox/mL and ABTS decolorization capacity increased from 4.29 ± 0.01 to 10.29 ± 0.01 µM Trolox/mL after 5 h of hydrolysis. Consumer surveys incorporating the Food Neophobia, Insect Phobia, and Entomophagy Scales revealed demographic and cultural influences on entomophagy acceptance. Among respondents, 27.1% in Poland and 25.7% in Spain had previously consumed insect-based products, while Polish participants showed a higher willingness to adopt insect-enriched foods. The study confirmed that hydrolysis enhances the antioxidant activity of T. molitor protein hydrolysates and that demographic and cultural factors significantly influence consumer acceptance of insect-based foods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Designing Novel Foods: Nutritional Profiles and Consumer Perceptions)
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