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Last 20 Years Update of DPEDA-Based Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Reactions
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Malignant Pleural Effusion: Diagnosis and Treatment—Up-to-Date Perspective
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Defining the Role of IgE Against Cross-Reactive Carbohydrates in Dogs
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
The Role of Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Their Therapeutic Potential
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Gordon Decomposition of the Magnetizability of a Dirac One-Electron Atom in an Arbitrary Discrete Energy State

Recent Articles

35 pages, 2984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Target Ship Recognition and Tracking with Data Fusion Based on Bi-YOLO and OC-SORT Algorithms for Enhancing Ship Navigation Assistance

by Shuai Chen, Miao Gao, Peiru Shi, Xi Zeng and Anmin Zhang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(2), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020366 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

With the ever-increasing volume of maritime traffic, the risks of ship navigation are becoming more significant, making the use of advanced multi-source perception strategies and AI technologies indispensable for obtaining information about ship navigation status. In this paper, first, the ship tracking system was optimized using the Bi-YOLO network based on the C2f_BiFormer module and the OC-SORT algorithms. Second, to extract the visual trajectory of the target ship without a reference object, an absolute position estimation method based on binocular stereo vision attitude information was proposed. Then, a perception data fusion framework based on ship spatio-temporal trajectory features (ST-TF) was proposed to match GPS-based ship information with corresponding visual target information. Finally, AR technology was integrated to fuse multi-source perceptual information into the real-world navigation view. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a mAP0.5:0.95 of 79.6% under challenging scenarios such as low resolution, noise interference, and low-light conditions. Moreover, in the presence of the nonlinear motion of the own ship, the average relative position error of target ship visual measurements is maintained below 8%, achieving accurate absolute position estimation without reference objects. Compared to existing navigation assistance, the AR-based navigation assistance system, which utilizes ship ST-TF-based perception data fusion mechanism, enhances ship traffic situational awareness and provides reliable decision-making support to further ensure the safety of ship navigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safe Maneuvering, Efficient Navigation and Intelligent Management for Ships)

19 pages, 2983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Color Analysis, Firmness Testing, and visNIR Spectroscopy for Comprehensive Tomato Quality Assessment and Shelf-Life Prediction

by Sotirios Tasioulas, Jessie Watson, Dimitrios S. Kasampalis and Pavlos Tsouvaltzis

Agronomy 2025, 15(2), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15020478 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

This study evaluates the potential of integrating visible and near-infrared (visNIR) spectroscopy, color analysis, and firmness testing for non-destructive tomato quality assessment and shelf-life prediction. Tomato fruit (cv. HM1823) harvested at four ripening stages were monitored over 12 days at 22 °C to investigate ripening stage-specific variations in key quality parameters, including color (hue angle), firmness (compression), and nutritional composition (pH, soluble solids content, and titratable acidity ratio). Significant changes in these parameters during storage highlighted the need for advanced tools to monitor and predict quality attributes. Spectral data (340–2500 nm) captured using advanced and cost-effective portable spectroradiometers, coupled with chemometric models such as partial least squares regression (PLSR), demonstrated reliable predictions of shelf-life and nutritional quality. The near-infrared spectrum (900–1700 nm) was particularly effective, with variable selection methods such as genetic algorithm (GA) and variable importance in projection (VIP) scores enhancing model accuracy. This study highlights the promising role of visNIR spectroscopy as a rapid, non-destructive tool for optimizing postharvest management in tomato. By enabling real-time quality assessments, these technologies support sustainable agricultural practices through improved decision-making, reduced postharvest losses, and enhanced consumer satisfaction. The findings also validate the utility of affordable spectroradiometers, offering practical solutions for stakeholders aiming to balance cost efficiency and reliability in postharvest quality monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Proximal and Remote Sensing for Optimizing Agricultural and Horticultural Production and Postharvest Systems)

17 pages, 1231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Topology Optimization and Testing of Connecting Rod Based on Static and Dynamic Analyses

by Mahalingam Nainaragaram Ramasamy, Aleš Slíva, Prasath Govindaraj and Akash Nag

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 2081; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15042081 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

This research article outlines our aim to perform topology optimization (TO) by reducing the mass of the connecting rod of an internal combustion engine based on static structural and dynamic analyses. The basic components of an internal combustion engine like the connecting rods, pistons, crankshaft, and cylinder liners were designed using Autodesk Inventor Professional 2025. Using topology optimization, we aimed to achieve lesser maximum von Mises stress during static structural analysis and maintain a factor of safety (FOS) above 2.5 during rigid body dynamics. A force of 64,500 N was applied at the small end of the connecting rod while the big end was fixed. Topology optimization was carried out using ANSYS Discovery software at various percentages on a trial-and-error basis to determine better topology with lesser maximum von Mises stress. Target reduction was set to 4%, and as a result, 5.66% mass reduction from the original design and 6.25% reduced maximum von Mises stress was achieved. Later, transient analysis was carried out to evaluate the irregular motion loads and moments acting on the connecting rod at 1000 rpm. The results showed that the FOS remained above 2.5. Finally, the optimized connecting rod was simulated and verified for longevity using Goodman fatigue life analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer-Aided Design in Mechanical Engineering)

13 pages, 441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Secondary Infections on the Outcomes of Patients with Hematological Malignancies and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Results from the HM-COV 3.0 Study

by Flavia Petrucci, Chiara Pellicano, Francesco Cogliati Dezza, Serena Valeri, Sara Covino, Francesco Iannazzo, Francesca Infante, Antonietta Gigante, Federica Sacco, Agnese Viscido, Alessandra Iacovelli, Edoardo Rosato, Paolo Palange, Claudio Maria Mastroianni and Alessandra Oliva

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020274 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

Patients with hematological malignancies (HMs) are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 and secondary infections, which further complicate their outcomes. This study evaluated the impact of secondary infections (SIs) on mortality in hospitalized HM patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and identified risk factors associated with SIs. We included 217 patients with HMs and COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary hospital in Rome, from April 2020 to September 2022. SIs occurred in 44.2% of patients, with bloodstream infections (42.7%) and respiratory infections (30.5%) being most frequent; among the latter, COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) was observed in 41.4% of cases. Viral reactivations, predominantly CMV, occurred in 9.2% of patients. The overall mortality rate was 29%, with higher mortality observed in patients with SIs (47.4% vs. 14.7%, p < 0.01). Risk factors for SIs included severe COVID-19 (OR = 2.957, p < 0.05) and prolonged hospitalization (OR = 1.095, p < 0.001). Severe COVID-19 (OR = 8.229, p < 0.001), intensive care unit (ICU) admission (OR = 15.232, p < 0.001), chronic steroid therapy (OR = 2.803, p < 0.05), SIs (OR = 2.892, p < 0.05), and viral reactivation (OR = 6.269, p < 0.01) were independent predictors of mortality. SIs and viral reactivations are common in patients with HMs and SARS-CoV-2 infection and significantly increase mortality, highlighting the need for timely management and preventive strategies in this vulnerable population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Complications and Co-infections)

9 pages, 1075 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Taxifolin as a Therapeutic Potential for Weight Loss: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study

by Yorito Hattori, Yuriko Nakaoku, Soshiro Ogata, Satoshi Saito, Kunihiro Nishimura and Masafumi Ihara

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040706 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The current approach to obesity care, which primarily focuses on weight loss, is often insufficient because of the challenges in maintaining long-term results. Therefore, novel, safe, and sustainable medications for obesity are highly anticipated. Taxifolin, a natural bioactive flavonoid, was found to exert pleiotropic protective effects against various diseases. Our experimental in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that taxifolin administration contributes to weight loss. Accordingly, we hypothesized that long-term oral intake of taxifolin was clinically associated with weight loss. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted on participants who consistently monitored their body weight during routine clinic visits between January 2021 and July 2021. Body weight changes of the patients who received 300 mg/day of taxifolin were compared with those of patients who did not receive taxifolin. Results: The study enrolled a total of 62 patients: 36 received taxifolin and 26 did not receive taxifolin. Long-term intake of taxifolin showed greater weight loss than those not receiving taxifolin over a mean follow-up of 176.1 and 177.7 days, respectively (−1.6 vs. −0.3 kg; p = 0.026). Furthermore, long-term taxifolin intake was an independent predictor of increased weight loss (adjusted β [mean difference] −0.14, 95% confidence interval [−2.69, −0.18], p = 0.026). No adverse events were observed. Conclusions: Long-term daily oral intake of taxifolin may safely and sustainably prevent or manage obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyphenols in Foods and Their Impact on Human Health and Diseases)

21 pages, 3773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gut Microbiota and Neurotransmitter Regulation: Functional Effects of Four Traditional Chinese Fermented Soybean (Sojae Semen Praeparatum)

by Lin Zhang, Huo Su, Siqi Wang, Yujie Fu and Manyuan Wang

Foods 2025, 14(4), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14040671 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the potential disease prevention and treatment functions of four types of traditional Chinese fermented Sojae Semen Praeparatum (SSP) by analyzing their nutritional active components and their effects on the gut microbiota. Raw soybeans and the four SSPs were administered as dietary supplements to normal SD rats for 6 weeks. Fecal samples were collected at weeks 0, 2, and 6 to assess changes in the gut microbiota. Our results revealed that different fermentation methods resulted in variations in soybean isoflavone content. Fermented soybeans promoted the growth of beneficial microorganisms associated with short-chain fatty acid production in the gut microbiota, such as Christensenellaceae_R_7_group, compared to unfermented soybeans. Supplementation with SSPs fermented with different processes increased the diversity of the rat gut microbiota, except for the fermented group of qingwenjiedu decoction (QW). The dominant gut microbiota in the fermented group of Artemisia Annuae Herba and Mori Folium (QS) exhibited anti-inflammatory effects, while the dominant gut microbiota in the fermented group of Ephedrae Herba and Perillae Folium (MZ) showed antidepressant effects. In the neurotransmitter analysis, MZ reduced gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels, the fermented group without Chinese medicine (DD) decreased dopamine levels, and both QS and QW increased norepinephrine levels. Correlation analysis highlighted connections between gut microbiota, neurotransmitters, an chemical levels. The results indicate that SSPs may contribute uniquely to health by maintaining intestinal balance and improving neurological disorders while predicting a potential association between neurotransmitters and gut microbiota by correlation analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, and Novel Foods)

18 pages, 518 KiB

Open AccessReview

Osimertinib in the Treatment of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Mutant Early and Locally Advanced Stages of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

by Antonello Veccia, Mariachiara Dipasquale, Martina Lorenzi, Sara Monteverdi, Stefania Kinspergher, Elena Zambotti and Orazio Caffo

Cancers 2025, 17(4), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17040668 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

The treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients was dramatically revolutionized by the introduction of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in clinical practice, both in advanced and locally advanced/early stages. The present work focuses on osimertinib use in locally advanced and early NSCLC stages. Phase 3 clinical trials have supported the use of osimertinib as the new standard of care, both in the adjuvant setting and in locally advanced disease. The ADAURA study reported an overall survival (OS) advantage for adjuvant osimertinib in completely resected stage II-IIIA EGFR-mutant tumors, while the LAURA study proved a statistically significant benefit in progression-free survival (PFS) and a delay of central nervous system metastasis development in EGFR-mutant patients treated with osimertinib maintenance after concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced disease. In the neoadjuvant setting, data on osimertinib’s efficacy are conflicting; therefore, the Neo-ADAURA study is evaluating the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant osimertinib alone or in combination with chemotherapy in patients with stage II-IIIB NSCLC and common EGFR mutations. We discuss several issues that need to be clarified, such as the efficacy of the drug on uncommon mutations, the long-term impact on survival, and the management of resistance mechanisms. Moreover, we report the studies that are trying to identify potential biomarkers of response, such as the circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), with the aim of selecting patients who will benefit most from osimertinib. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Driven Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Diagnostic Technologies and Therapeutic Strategies)

12 pages, 730 KiB

Open AccessReview

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Locoregional Treatments for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms

by Graziella Masciangelo, Davide Campana, Claudio Ricci, Elisa Andrini, Emilija Rakichevikj, Pietro Fusaroli and Andrea Lisotti

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(2), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32020113 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) represent approximately 2% of all solid pancreatic tumors. The incidence of pNENs has been increasing in the last decade. The clinical manifestations of pNENs range from hormone secretion syndromes in functioning neoplasms (F-pNENs) to local infiltration or distant metastases in late-stage diagnoses or incidental findings in small non-functioning neoplasms (NF-pNENs). While surgery is the gold-standard treatment for larger and more aggressive tumors, small and low-grade tumors (G1) may be followed-up due to the indolent course of disease. Recently, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided ablative techniques, such as ethanol injection (EUS-EI) and radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA), have emerged as promising options for loco-regional ablations in selected cases. Despite promising safety profile and efficacy, high-quality evidence is needed to support their widespread adoption. This article reviews the current state of EUS-guided locoregional therapies, patient selection criteria, procedural details, and associated risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Oncology)

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13 pages, 882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Descriptive Analysis of Pediatric Studies Included in the European Union Post-Authorization Study Register from 2010 to 2023

by Annalisa Landi, Giorgio Reggiardo, Antonella Didio, Annunziata D’Ercole, Adriana Ceci, Grace Shalom Govere, Donato Bonifazi, Fedele Bonifazi, Salvatore Crisafulli, Gianluca Trifirò, Florentia Kaguelidou, Katja Marja Hakkarainen, Katarina Gvozdanović, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Andrealuna Ucciero and Mariagrazia Felisi

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17010024 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This work aimed to analyze pediatric Post-Authorization Studies (PASs) registered in the European Union electronic Register of Post-Authorization Studies (EU PAS Register) from September 2010 to April 2023 to identify trends in terms of timing, age groups, and therapeutic areas and to discuss pediatric specificities and sources of funding for the PASs. Methods: A screening process identified PASs conducted exclusively on the pediatric population, and instructions were provided to ensure standardized data collection from the EU PAS Register. A univariate linear regression descriptive analysis was performed to assess trends over time, while a multivariate linear regression analysis helped explore additional characteristics of these studies. Results: Of the 2574 PASs extracted from the EU PAS Registry, 165 were included in this analysis. The majority of pediatric PASs were observational studies (86%), and most of them utilized secondary data (53%). The annual number of PASs increased significantly between 2010 and 2023. As envisaged, the largest part was funded by pharmaceutical companies (62%). Anti-infectives for systemic uses (25%), medicines for the nervous system (18%), and antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (15%) resulted in the most studied drugs. Conclusions: Our findings show that post-marketing observational research in pediatric populations has increased over time. Nevertheless, industry–academia collaboration should be encouraged, and regulatory guidance is needed to prioritize research in areas of unmet therapeutic need. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Recent Advances and Critical Issues in Pediatrics: a Collection of Feature Review Articles)

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18 pages, 331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Personalized Culinary Medicine: Qualitative Analyses of Perceptions from Participants in Action and Contemplation Stages of Change Through a One-Year Bi-Center Randomized Controlled Trial

by Adi Finkelstein, Maggi A. Budd, Brianna E. Gray, Jacob Mirsky, Amir Tirosh and Rani Polak

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040704 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: A high-quality diet is linked to cardiometabolic risk reduction. Culinary medicine interventions are effective in improving nutrition and health outcomes. While personalized nutrition is usually related to improving patient outcomes through knowledge about gene-nutrient interactions, tailoring interventions based on participant motivation and biopsychosocial environment may improve outcomes. The stage of change framework categorized participants based on current behaviors and intentions for future behaviors. Our goal was to assess participant perceptions regarding accomplishments, challenges, and needs up to one year following a culinary medicine program according to their stage of change at entry. Methods: Participant perceptions were collected at (1) the intervention end (open-ended questionnaire), (2) six months (semi-structured interview), and (3) twelve months (open-ended questionnaire). Analysis was performed inductively following a thematic analysis approach. Results: Twenty-four participants completed 70 perspectives (58/12 from participants who entered at a contemplation/action stage of change). Perceptions were related to (1) acquire culinary and nutritional knowledge: improve knowledge about healthy nutrition, use new recipes, and ask for hands-on cooking classes; (2) improve culinary and self-regulatory skills: improve confidence in the kitchen, expand cooking skills, organizing and planning, and creativity and pleasure; (3) adopt home cooking and healthy nutrition: adopt home-cooking habits, spreading home cooking to other family members, improve nutrition habits throughout the day, and decrease consumption of ultra-processed food; and (4) address the sustainability of health changes: achievements in maintaining long-term health changes, challenges in maintaining long-term health changes, and facilitators for a long-term change. Conclusions: These results provide one-year-long information about participant facilitators, barriers, and needs for making home-cooking changes categorized to the participant stage of change at program entry. This information can help reform effective personalized culinary medicine programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

23 pages, 4584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Foggy Drone Teacher: Domain Adaptive Drone Detection Under Foggy Conditions

by Guida Zheng, Benying Tan, Jingxin Wu, Xiao Qin, Yujie Li and Shuxue Ding

Drones 2025, 9(2), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9020146 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

With the growing use of drones, efficient detection algorithms are crucial, especially under adverse weather conditions. Most existing drone detection algorithms perform well only in clear weather, resulting in significant performance drops in foggy conditions. This study focuses on improving drone detection in foggy environments using the Mean Teacher framework for domain adaptation. The Mean Teacher framework’s performance relies on the quality of the teacher model’s pseudo-labels. To enhance the quality of the pseudo-labels from the teacher model, we introduce Foggy Drone Teacher (FDT), which includes three key components: (1) Adaptive Style and Context Augmentation to reduce domain shift and improve pseudo-label quality; (2) Simplified Domain Alignment with a novel adversarial strategy to boost domain adaptation; and (3) Progressive Domain Adaptation Training, a two-stage process that helps the teacher model produce more stable and accurate pseudo-labels. In addition, owing to the lack of publicly available data, we created Foggy Drone Dataset (FDD) to support this research. Extensive experiments show that our model achieves a 21.1-point increase in

A P_{0.5}

compared to the baseline and outperforms state-of-the-art models. This method significantly improves drone detection accuracy in foggy conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection, Identification and Tracking of UAVs and Drones)

14 pages, 2488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Performance of Body-Centered Cubic-Based Dual-Phase Composite Eutectic High-Entropy Alloys Prepared by Si Doping

by Saike Liu, Aoxiang Li, Kaiwen Kang, Jinshan Zhang, Di Huang, Chunning Che, Yiteng Jiang, Mingkun Xu, Borui Zhang, Yaqing Li and Gong Li

Metals 2025, 15(2), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15020207 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

AlCrFeNi-based high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as a prominent research system, attracting significant interest due to their compositional diversity and the tunability of their phase structures. However, in practical applications, single-phase AlCrFeNi-based HEAs often face a trade-off between toughness and strength. Therefore, designing multi-phase composite eutectic high-entropy alloys (EHEAs) to optimize their mechanical properties and microstructure has become a key research focus. Si, a common non-metallic element, plays a significant role in strengthening metal materials. In this paper, AlCrFeNi with Si doping strengthening (AlCrFeNi)100-xSix composite EHEAs were successfully fabricated. A systematic analysis was conducted to investigate the impacts of Si doping on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AlCrFeNi-based composite EHEAs. This study shows that with increasing Si content, the biphasic lamellar composite structure at the grain boundaries gradually expands, forming flower petals. The precipitate structure within the grains evolves into flower disks, which form a sunflower-like composite structure in the alloy. The volume fraction of lamellar structures increases in the petals, accompanied by grain refinement. Furthermore, the yield strength of the alloy increases from 1131 MPa to 1360 MPa with increasing Si content. This provides guidance for the design of high-performance composite EHEAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Development of Metal Matrix Composites)

13 pages, 548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of C-Reactive Protein in Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) Etiologic Criteria for Critically Ill Patients: A Retrospective Claims Database Study

by Shinya Suganuma, Naoki Kanda, Minoru Yoshida, Tomoka Miyagi and Kensuke Nakamura

Nutrients 2025, 17(4), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040705 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) is suggested by major societies. The etiologic criteria for inflammation in critically ill patients remain unclear. Because an initial nutritional assessment is recommended within 48 h, it is also possible to use C-reactive protein (CRP) up to 3 days after admission. The purpose of the present study is to explore the utility of CRP in identifying malnutrition and to determine whether a nutritional assessment incorporating CRP criteria can effectively identify malnourished patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of ICU patients. The primary outcome was a composite of in-hospital mortality, Barthel index < 60 at discharge, and length of hospital stay of 14 days or more. The area under the curve (AUC) for the primary outcome was calculated using CRP between days 0 and 2. We divided the patients into four groups using inflammation criteria with the optimal cut-off and low body mass index (BMI) criteria of the GLIM: CRP+/−, and BMI+/−. Results: A total of 38,981 patients were included. The AUC of the highest CRP between days 0 and 2 was 0.65, which was higher than the CRP on day 0 and the highest CRP between days 0 and 1 (0.59 and 0.63). The AUC and optimal cut-offs varied depending on diagnoses, with a maximum of 0.75 in neurology. The optimal cut-off for the maximum CRP was 3.82 mg/dL. In the four groups of CRP+BMI+, CRP+BMI-, CRP-BMI+, and CRP-BMI-, the in-hospital mortality values were 22.7, 14.4, 10.8, and 4.8% (p < 0.001 between all the groups). Conclusions: In an initial nutritional assessment of critically ill patients, it would be appropriate to use the maximum CRP over 3 days from ICU admission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Importance of a Clinical Diet and Nutritional Management for Patients)

19 pages, 7309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Weed Infestations in Row Crops Using Aerial RGB Imaging and Deep Learning

by Plamena D. Nikolova, Boris I. Evstatiev, Atanas Z. Atanasov and Asparuh I. Atanasov

Agriculture 2025, 15(4), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15040418 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

One of the important factors negatively affecting the yield of row crops is weed infestations. Using non-contact detection methods allows for a rapid assessment of weed infestations’ extent and management decisions for practical weed control. This study aims to develop and demonstrate a methodology for early detection and evaluation of weed infestations in maize using UAV-based RGB imaging and pixel-based deep learning classification. An experimental study was conducted to determine the extent of weed infestations on two tillage technologies, plowing and subsoiling, tailored to the specific soil and climatic conditions of Southern Dobrudja. Based on an experimental study with the DeepLabV3 classification algorithm, it was found that the ResNet-34-backed model ensures the highest performance compared to different versions of ResNet, DenseNet, and VGG backbones. The achieved performance reached precision, recall, F1 score, and Kappa, respectively, 0.986, 0.986, 0.986, and 0.957. After applying the model in the field with the investigated tillage technologies, it was found that a higher level of weed infestation is observed in subsoil deepening areas, where 4.6% of the area is infested, compared to 0.97% with the plowing treatment. This work contributes novel insights into weed management during the critical early growth stages of maize, providing a robust framework for optimizing weed control strategies in this region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)

18 pages, 1266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Meta-Data-Guided Robust Deep Neural Network Classification with Noisy Label

by Jie Lu, Yufeng Wang, Aiju Shi, Jianhua Ma and Qun Jin

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 2080; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15042080 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

Deep neural network (DNN)-based classifiers have witnessed great applications in various fields. Unfortunately, the labels of real-world training data are commonly noisy, i.e., the labels of a large percentage of training samples are wrong, which negatively affects the performance of a trained DNN classifier during inference. Therefore, it is challenging to practically formulate a robust DNN classifier using noisy labels in training. To address the above issue, our work designs an effective architecture for training the robust DNN classifier with noisy labels, named a cross dual-branch network guided by meta-data on a single side (CoNet-MS), in which a small amount of clean data, i.e., meta-data, are used to guide the training of the DNN classifier. Specifically, the contributions of our work are threefold. First, based on the principle of small loss, each branch using the base classifier as a neural network module infers partial samples with pseudo-clean labels, which are then used for training another branch through a cross structure that can alleviate the cumulative impact of mis-inference. Second, a meta-guided module is designed and inserted into the single branch, e.g., the upper branch, which dynamically adjusts the ratio between the observed label and the pseudo-label output by the classifier in the loss function for each training sample. The asymmetric dual-branch design makes two classifiers diverge, which facilitates them to filter different types of noisy labels and avoid confirmation bias in self-training. Finally, thorough experiments demonstrate that the trained classifier with our proposal is more robust: the accuracy of the classifier trained with our proposed CoNet-MS on multiple datasets under various ratios of noisy labels and noise types outperforms other classifiers of learning with noisy labels (LNLs), including the state-of-the-art meta-data-based LNL classifier. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Neural Networks for NLP (Natural Language Processing))

21 pages, 4978 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Enhanced Local Optimization Algorithm for GNSS Shadow Matching in Mobile Phones

by Xianggeng Han, Nijia Qian, Jingxiang Gao, Zengke Li, Yifan Hu, Liu Yang and Fangchao Li

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(4), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17040677 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

In the context of mobile phones, the local optimal global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) shadow matching algorithm, which is based on the urban three-dimensional model, can effectively reduce the error of GNSS pseudo-range single-point positioning. However, the positioning accuracy of this algorithm is susceptible to noise, and its continuous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scoring method does not fully exploit the probability density and probability distribution information contained in the SNR. Therefore, this paper proposes two improvements for the local optimal shadow matching algorithm: (1) utilizing low-pass filtering to filter SNR, thereby reducing the influence of noise on the algorithm and (2) introducing a probability-based SNR scoring method to fully leverage the probability density and probability distribution information of SNR. In dynamic single-point positioning, the improved algorithm attains an absolute positioning accuracy of up to 3 m, representing a decimeter-level enhancement over the original algorithm. Experiments confirm that using the SNR statistical information of non-line of sight (NLOS) and line-of-sight (LOS) as prior information results in better positioning accuracy compared to when this information is distorted by multipath effects. Additionally, to address the issue of high time complexity in the shadow matching algorithm, especially when considering local optima, this paper presents a scheme to simplify the algorithm’s flow, reducing its time complexity by approximately 75%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Perception and Robust Positioning Methods in GNSS-Denied Environments)

23 pages, 1197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Stress Loading Effect on Fatigue Response of Asphalt Binder Based on Dynamic Shear Rheometer Testing

by Guoqing Wang, Yiping Ling, Qunle Du and Huayang Yu

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040610 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

Fatigue damage to asphalt pavements due to continuous loading occurs mainly at the binder–aggregate interface or within the asphalt binder. The mechanical response of asphalt binder under variable stress conditions was comprehensively analyzed by repeated loading tests. The viscoelastic intervals of three asphalt binders (Pen70–80, Pen60–70, and SBS) were determined by stress scanning tests, and two different sizes of stresses were selected for constant stress time scanning inside and outside of the intervals based on the experimental thresholds, to provide a reference for the selection of load combinations for variable stress fatigue tests. Cyclic loading of the samples using DSR focused on the complex shear modulus and phase angle behavior of asphalt binder samples under linear viscoelastic (LVE) and nonlinear viscoelastic (NLVE) stresses. The study reveals that under LVE and NLVE stresses, asphalt binders exhibit different mechanical behaviors, each indicating different aspects of damage accumulation and recovery capabilities. Under LVE stress, asphalt binders demonstrate an initial rapid decay of modulus, followed by a phase of slowed degradation and then a swift decline leading to fatigue failure. This pattern contrasts with the response under NLVE stress, where a more pronounced and quicker degradation is observed in both the initial and final phases, indicating significant initial damage. Analyzing the experimental results, at small stresses within the online viscoelastic interval, the modulus decay of asphalt specimens mainly occurs at the late loading stage, and the phase angle growth also occurs mainly at the late loading stage, while at large stresses, the asphalt specimens produce a large amount of modulus decay at the early loading stage. Furthermore, the study explores the NLVE-LVE loading mode, observing a rapid recovery phase in the early stages of the second phase. This phase is characterized by an increase in modulus accompanied by a decrease in phase angle, indicating an increase in the elasticity of the specimen. However, in the LVE-NLVE mode, a rapid accumulation of damage is observed without a similar recovery phase, highlighting the impact of NLVE stress on inducing irreversible damage. The findings suggest a complex interplay between the type of stress applied and the mechanical response of asphalt binders, with significant implications for understanding the fatigue and recovery behavior of asphalt materials under variable stress conditions. The aim is to investigate the mechanical response and damage evolution law of asphalt binder under repeated loading of variable stress to provide reference for material selection and development of durable pavements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

14 pages, 1424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of the Diurnal Light and Temperature Fluctuations on the Growth, Photosynthesis and Biochemical Composition of Terrestrial Oleaginous Microalga Vischeria sp. WL1 (Eustigmatophyceae)

by Xinhong Guo, Zhengke Li, Daxi Wang, Xiaolong Yuan, Xiaojiao Wang, Huidan Xue, Qiao Zeng and Xiang Gao

Diversity 2025, 17(2), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020135 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

Dynamic changes in diurnal light and temperature are a natural phenomenon, particularly pronounced in arid environments. However, it remains unclear whether the coupling of diurnal light and temperature fluctuations contributes to the capability and evolution of lipid accumulation in arid terrestrial microalgae. Here, we characterized the effects of diurnal light and temperature fluctuations on the growth, photosynthesis, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and fatty acids in Vischeria sp. WL1, an oil-producing Eustigmatophyceae microalga sourced from an arid steppe. The photosynthetic activity parameters (F_v/F_m, PI_abs, ψ₀ and φ_E0) were the highest, while parameters of damage and energy dissipation (W_k and DI_O/RC) were the lowest, under the diurnal light cycle (DLC) among all conditions and then followed by the diurnal light–temperature cycle (DLTC). DLTC led to reduced growth and biomass but enhanced lipid accumulation, with lipid content reaching a maximum of 54.7% on day 4. This observation may suggest a carbon reallocation from carbohydrates toward lipid synthesis. DLTC resulted in an increase in the saturated fatty acids (SFA) content on day 12 and only in C18:2 among polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on day 4 while lowering eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentration and content on day 12. Together, our findings will contribute to the understanding of the adaptive strategies of terrestrial microalgae to the arid environment, as well as the beneficial clues for exploring terrestrial microalgae for oil production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Biodiversity and Ecology of Algae in China—2nd Edition)

18 pages, 829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Software Fault Localization Based on SALSA Algorithm

by Xin Fan, Zuxiong Shen, Zhenlei Fu and Yun Ge

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 2079; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15042079 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

In software development, debugging is the most tedious and time-consuming phase. Therefore, various automated fault localization techniques have been proposed to assist debugging. Among existing fault localization techniques, Spectrum-Based Fault Localization (SBFL) is one of the most extensively researched methods. Traditional SBFL techniques rely solely on the coverage of program execution for fault localization, which means they neglect the interactions between program entities and fault propagation paths during the execution of the program, resulting in a tie problem that reduces the accuracy of fault localization. To solve the above problem, this paper proposes SA-SBFL, a fault localization method based on the SALSA (Random Method for Link Structure Analysis) algorithm. First, a link graph of program entities is constructed, which includes interactions between program entities and fault propagation paths. Then, the suspicion values obtained from traditional SBFL methods are used as the initial weights of the link graph. Finally, the random walk model is employed to simulate the propagation of faults among program entities, analyze the importance of program entities in the fault propagation process, and obtain a ranking list of suspicious program entities. The experiments in this paper demonstrate that the SA-SBFL method significantly outperforms general SBFL methods. For instance, in the Defects4J dataset, the SA-SBFL technique outperforms traditional SBFL in terms of fault localization accuracy, with a 47% improvement in the Top-1 metric and a 10% increase in the Top-5 metric, and it also showed an average improvement of 19% in the EXAM metric. Full article

14 pages, 516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pinealectomy-Induced Melatonin Deficiency Exerts Age-Specific Effects on Sphingolipid Turnover in Rats

by Jane Tchekalarova, Irina Georgieva, Teodora Vukova, Sonia Apostolova and Rumiana Tzoneva

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(4), 1694; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041694 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

The existing body of literature, in conjunction with our recent studies, shows that melatonin dysfunction can accelerate the aging process, with this effect depending on the specific age of the subject. The present study aims to ascertain the impact of pinealectomy on sphingolipid (SL) turnover in young adult (3-month-old), middle-aged (14-month-old), and old (18-month-old) rats. Ceramide (Cer) levels, neutral (NSMase) and acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), acid ceramidase (ASAH1), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels in hippocampus and/or plasma, were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The accumulation of Cer and its metabolite second messenger S1P in the hippocampus and plasma was associated with increased levels and activity of hippocampal NSMase in the hippocampus and plasma. However, no such association was observed for hippocampal ASMase, whose levels and activity were reduced in middle-aged and old rats compared to young adult rats. Pinealectomy-induced melatonin deficiency in young adult rats showed an increase in hippocampal Cer content compared to the sham group. However, in contrast to young adult rats, pinealectomy had an inverse effect on age-related changes in hippocampal Cer, NSMase, and ASMase in middle-aged rats. Furthermore, pinealectomy exacerbated the age-related increase in S1P in the hippocampus of 18-month-old rats. Collectively, the results of the present study suggest that melatonin deficiency may influence the aging process by modulating SL turnover in an age-specific manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Molecular Neurobiology)

12 pages, 292 KiB

Open AccessReview

Quality of Service Criteria in Integrated Passenger Transport Systems: An Overview

by Milan Živković and Borna Abramović

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 2078; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15042078 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

Urban mobility (UM) refers to the movement of people and goods within urban areas. It is a multidimensional and dynamic aspect of urban life. Everyday mobility is constantly increasing. Therefore, encouraging a modal shift from private vehicles to more sustainable modes such as public passenger transport (PPT) often motivates the implementation of measures that improve service quality. Implementing improvements in public transport service quality is often expected to positively affect the demand for PPT. Therefore, quality of service (QoS) represents the basic criteria for the provided service. The European Standard EN 13816:2002 states the requirement to define, set a goal and measure the quality of service in PPT. It also provides guidelines for selecting appropriate measurement methods for determining the quality of service. Integrated passenger transport systems (IPTSs), because of their complexity and specificity (unified fare system, integrated and harmonised timetable, unified ticketing system and information system), should have different criteria levels. The current standard does not define specific criteria for IPTSs. Improving QoS criteria in IPTSs is essential for enhancing user satisfaction, making them more attractive, efficient and sustainable. This paper should determine basic QoS criteria for IPTSs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technologies in Public Transport and Logistics)

12 pages, 368 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

The Clinical Phenotype of Early Selective Mutism and Later Autism Spectrum Disorder in Girls; A Case Series Analysis

by Hagit Nagar Shimoni, Efrat Zilbershot Fink and Yael Leitner

Children 2025, 12(2), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12020237 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: The presentation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in girls often differs from that of boys, leading to delayed diagnosis. Selective mutism presenting at a young age can obscure autism symptoms, particularly in girls who exhibit “masking” behaviors. In this study, we examined the early manifestation of selective mutism in four girls who were later diagnosed with ASD. Method: The study describes four case studies of girls who underwent an ASD diagnostic process. All were either diagnosed at an early age with selective mutism or had selective mutism suspected as a potential diagnosis during their preschool years. Clinical information was collected through detailed developmental history and clinical evaluations by a multidisciplinary team. Results: All girls were diagnosed at a young age with selective mutism by a child psychiatrist and later with ASD by a multidisciplinary team. They all demonstrated normal-range intelligence. This is in agreement with Muris and Steffenburg asserting that in a certain group of children, an early manifestation of selective mutism may be an early marker of ASD. Conclusions: Special follow-up should be given to girls diagnosed with selective mutism during their preschool years because this could be an early marker for a later ASD diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neurology & Neurodevelopmental Disorders)

12 pages, 755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Prior Selinexor Exposure on Outcomes of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: An Exploratory Analysis

by Bruno Almeida Costa, Danai Dima, Tomer Mark, Norah Layla Sadek, Stephen Ijioma, David Ray, Utkarsh Goel, George Dranitsaris, Tianxiang Sheng, Erin Moshier, Tarek H. Mouhieddine, Jack Khouri and Adriana Rossi

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(4), 1316; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14041316 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) has become a key treatment option for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), but factors impairing T-cell fitness may diminish efficacy. Our exploratory analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of prior treatment with a selinexor-containing regimen on CAR-T outcomes for RRMM patients. Methods: Data for this retrospective cohort study were sourced from electronic medical records at two US academic centers. Kaplan–Meier estimates assessed duration of response (DOR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS), reported as medians with interquartile ranges (IQRs). Cox proportional hazards regression analyzed factors potentially associated with PFS and OS, reported as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Among 45 patients exposed to selinexor before undergoing BCMA-directed CAR-T, median therapy line numbers for selinexor use and CAR-T were 7 and 9, respectively, with 24.4% receiving selinexor as part of bridging. At median follow-up of 68 months, median PFS and OS post CAR-T were 8.0 (IQR 3.1–39.5) and 35.9 (IQR 14.2–NR) months, respectively. Overall response rate to CAR-T was 89%, with a median DOR of 8.1 months (IQR 2.9–39.0). In our multivariable model, patients who received a selinexor-based regimen in the line of therapy preceding CAR-T showed a trend toward reduced risk of death (HR = 0.08; 95% CI 0.02–0.46) and/or disease progression (HR = 0.40; 95% CI 0.14–1.09). Conclusions: Prior selinexor exposure does not appear to compromise CAR-T outcomes in heavily pretreated RRMM, suggesting potential T-cell sparing. Our findings warrant larger, prospective studies to determine whether preemptive selinexor treatment can optimize CAR-T efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Therapies for Multiple Myeloma)

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29 pages, 468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Impact of EU Expenditures Under Agricultural Priorities on Energy Sustainability in CEE Countries

by Nicoleta Mihaela Doran, Gabriela Badareu, Marius Dalian Doran, Mihai Alexandru Firu and Anamaria Liliana Staicu

Agriculture 2025, 15(4), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15040417 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

This study examines the impact of EU agricultural expenditures on renewable energy production and energy efficiency in the agricultural sector across nine Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries over the period 2015–2022. The analysis is based on a panel dataset compiled from European Commission databases, incorporating annual expenditures under five Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) priorities, as well as indicators of renewable energy production and direct energy consumption in agriculture and forestry. Using panel regression models, the study assesses how different CAP funding priorities influence energy sustainability outcomes. The findings indicate that certain funding priorities significantly contribute to renewable energy adoption, while others have a limited effect, emphasizing the need for a more targeted policy approach. The results also highlight regional disparities in the effectiveness of CAP funding, suggesting that farm structure, institutional capacity, and climate conditions mediate the impact of EU expenditures on energy sustainability. These insights contribute to the ongoing discourse on optimizing EU funding mechanisms to support a sustainable agricultural transition in the CEE region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)

4 pages, 187 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Infrastructure-Oriented Efficient Materials Implemented with Fibers

by Jianzhe Shi, Xuyang Cao and Haitao Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040609 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025

Abstract

Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) and fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCCs) have been widely applied in infrastructure projects. In this Editorial, the research status of FRPs is first reviewed in terms of fibers, resin matrix, and application technology, and the research progress of FRCCs is then reviewed in terms of mechanical property and durability, as well as application technology. Based on the frontiers and challenges of FRPs and FRCCs, the prospects for future studies are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber-Reinforced Polymers and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete in Civil Engineering—2nd Edition)

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