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Recent Articles  

18 pages, 600 KiB  
Review
Evaluating the Impact of Kefir Consumption on Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review
by Anna González-Rascón, Elda Georgina Chávez-Cortéz, Angélica Hurtado-Camarena, Nicolás Serafín-Higuera, Sandra Castillo-Uribe, Víctor Manuel Martínez-Aguilar, Bertha Arelly Carrillo-Ávila and Viviana Pitones-Rubio
Dent. J. 2025, 13(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13020086 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the most common illnesses in the oral cavity and represent a public health concern globally. In recent decades, diverse studies showed that Kefir, a traditional beverage that can be milk- or water-based, contains a complex [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the most common illnesses in the oral cavity and represent a public health concern globally. In recent decades, diverse studies showed that Kefir, a traditional beverage that can be milk- or water-based, contains a complex microbial community and has health benefits. The goal of this review was to update the current knowledge of kefir consumption and its impact on oral health. Methods: The search of a combination of keywords—kefir; dental caries; probiotics; microbiota; periodontal diseases; biofilm; and oral health—was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases for studies in human subjects. Discussion: The research suggests that kefir consumption may aid in decreasing counts of microorganisms typically associated with oral illness. Conclusions: Kefir has the potential to inhibit certain oral pathogens and reduce biofilm formation by promoting diversity within the oral microbiota, suggesting that kefir could be a promising adjuvant treatment for dental caries and periodontal diseases by improving oral health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Preventive Dentistry)
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13 pages, 3178 KiB  
Article
Failure Mechanisms of Ester-Based Magnetic Fluid Seals at High Speeds: Thermal Dissipation and Fluid Loss
by Jixian Yang, Decai Li and Licong Jin
Magnetochemistry 2025, 11(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry11020018 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Magnetic fluid seals are well known for their zero-leakage performance but are limited at high rotational speeds due to heat generation and fluid loss. This study experimentally investigates the failure mechanisms of ester-based magnetic fluid seals at high speeds, specifically focusing on thermal [...] Read more.
Magnetic fluid seals are well known for their zero-leakage performance but are limited at high rotational speeds due to heat generation and fluid loss. This study experimentally investigates the failure mechanisms of ester-based magnetic fluid seals at high speeds, specifically focusing on thermal dissipation and fluid loss. A custom-designed high-speed rotary seal test platform was developed, and experimental studies were conducted to evaluate sealing performance. Our results showed significant temperature increases and fluid loss at higher rotational speeds, with a noticeable fluid ejection phenomenon occurring at approximately 13.7 m/s, and the sealing gap temperature reached 92 °C at 9000 rpm under uncooled conditions. This study experimentally verified that the main failure mechanisms of magnetic fluid seals at high speeds are centrifugal force and thermal dissipation, and proposed future design directions. This research provides key insights into the failure of high-speed magnetic fluid seals and offers a potential approach for improved high-speed sealing performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ferrofluids: Electromagnetic Properties and Applications)
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20 pages, 1201 KiB  
Review
Scaffold-Free Strategies in Dental Pulp/Dentine Tissue Engineering: Current Status and Implications for Regenerative Biological Processes
by Mohammad Samiei, Martin Conrad Harmsen, Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia, Jaleh Barar and Xenos Petridis
Bioengineering 2025, 12(2), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12020198 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Conventionally, root canal treatment is performed when the dental pulp is severely damaged or lost due to dental trauma or bacterial endodontic infections. This treatment involves removing the compromised or infected pulp tissue, disinfecting the root canal system, and sealing it with inert, [...] Read more.
Conventionally, root canal treatment is performed when the dental pulp is severely damaged or lost due to dental trauma or bacterial endodontic infections. This treatment involves removing the compromised or infected pulp tissue, disinfecting the root canal system, and sealing it with inert, non-degradable materials. However, contemporary endodontic treatment has shifted from merely obturating the root canal system with inert materials to guiding endodontic tissue regeneration through biological approaches. The ultimate goal of regenerative endodontics is to restore dental pulp tissue with structural organization and functional characteristics akin to the native pulp, leveraging advancements in tissue engineering and biomaterial sciences. Dental pulp tissue engineering commonly employs scaffold-based strategies, utilizing biomaterials as initial platforms for cell and growth factor delivery, which subsequently act as scaffolds for cell proliferation, differentiation and maturation. However, cells possess an intrinsic capacity for self-organization into spheroids and can generate their own extracellular matrix, eliminating the need for external scaffolds. This self-assembling property presents a promising alternative for scaffold-free dental pulp engineering, addressing limitations associated with biomaterial-based approaches. This review provides a comprehensive overview of cell-based, self-assembling and scaffold-free approaches in dental pulp tissue engineering, highlighting their potential advantages and challenges in advancing regenerative endodontics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue Engineering for Regenerative Dentistry)
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28 pages, 3557 KiB  
Article
Spatial and Temporal Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment in the West Bank, Palestine
by Sandy Alawna and Xavier Garcia
Environments 2025, 12(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12020069 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Climate change is widely recognized as an inevitable phenomenon, with the Mediterranean region expected to experience some of the most severe impacts. Countries in this region, including Palestine, are already observing significant effects on key sectors such as agriculture, water resources, industry, and [...] Read more.
Climate change is widely recognized as an inevitable phenomenon, with the Mediterranean region expected to experience some of the most severe impacts. Countries in this region, including Palestine, are already observing significant effects on key sectors such as agriculture, water resources, industry, and health. Consequently, there is a need for multidimensional analyses of vulnerability. This study applied a Climate Change Vulnerability (CCV) index to assess spatial and temporal changes in vulnerability across different governorates in the West Bank, Palestine. Climate change vulnerability maps for the West Bank were developed using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) matrices, incorporating various indicators across categories such as Health, Socio-demographic, Agriculture, Service, Housing, and Economic components. The findings indicate that socio-demographic factors contribute significantly to the West Bank’s overall vulnerability to climate change. Although the overall vulnerability has decreased over time, the developed maps reveal that 76% of the West Bank’s population resides in areas classified as highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. In contrast, 10% of the population lives in areas classified as low to very low in terms of vulnerability, including the governorates of Tubas, Salfit, Qalqiliya, and Jericho and Al-Aghwar. These results are invaluable for policymakers, offering guidance on selecting appropriate mitigation and adaptation measures, particularly in highly vulnerable areas, to reduce the impacts of climate change across the region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Risk and Climate Change III)
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12 pages, 2491 KiB  
Article
Force Sensor for Instrumented Patellar Prostheses: Development and Characterization
by Vera Maioli, Matteo Zauli, Angelo Cappello and Luca Cristofolini
Sensors 2025, 25(4), 1226; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041226 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
The development of an instrumented patellar prosthesis, able to measure the contact forces at the patellofemoral joint, can significantly aid in investigating the causes of total knee arthroplasty failures due to patellar complications. This study focuses on developing and validating an instrumented patellar [...] Read more.
The development of an instrumented patellar prosthesis, able to measure the contact forces at the patellofemoral joint, can significantly aid in investigating the causes of total knee arthroplasty failures due to patellar complications. This study focuses on developing and validating an instrumented patellar prosthesis to measure contact forces in the patellofemoral joint. A piezoresistive force sensor was characterized and integrated into a conditioning circuit, with the aim of its implementation in the prosthesis. To measure medial and lateral forces independently, the sensors were trimmed in half. Compression tests (up to 2000 N) assessed sensor performance in terms of linearity (R2 = 0.998 intact vs. 0.989 trimmed), repeatability (0.9% intact vs. 0.8% trimmed), and accuracy (1.7% intact vs. 2.3% trimmed) for forces up to 250 N. Higher force levels resulted in increased errors, but at a rate still comparable to that of existing sensors in the literature. Key considerations for the design of the instrumented prosthesis, such as minimizing point and shear loads, were identified. A prototype prosthesis capable of housing the sensor was proposed. The integrated system shows potential for improving the understanding of Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) failures through in vitro studies and could serve as an intraoperative tool for the evaluation of bone resections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Sensors)
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16 pages, 6188 KiB  
Article
Tröger’s Base Polyimide Membranes with Enhanced Mechanical Robustness for Gas Separation
by Xingfeng Lei, Zixiang Zhang, Yuyang Xiao, Qinyu Yu, Yewei Liu, Xiaohua Ma and Qiuyu Zhang
Polymers 2025, 17(4), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17040524 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
The rigid V-shaped Tröger’s base (TB) unit has been proven efficacious in creating microporosity, making TB-based polyimides (PIs) exhibiting significant advantages in simultaneously increasing gas permeability and selectivity for the separation industry. However, TB-based PIs commonly display undesired mechanical [...] Read more.
The rigid V-shaped Tröger’s base (TB) unit has been proven efficacious in creating microporosity, making TB-based polyimides (PIs) exhibiting significant advantages in simultaneously increasing gas permeability and selectivity for the separation industry. However, TB-based PIs commonly display undesired mechanical performance due to the low molecular weight resulting from the evident steric hindrance and low reactivity of TB-containing diamines. Herein, a novel diamine-containing bisimide linkage (BIDA) has been synthesized and then polymerized with paraformaldehyde via a moderate “TB polymerization” strategy to furnish polymers simultaneously, including imide linkages and TB units in the polymer main chains, namely, TB-PIs. This TB polymerization strategy avoids the direct polymerization of dianhydride with low-reactivity TB diamine. After incorporating a meta-methyl substituent into BIDA diamine, the m-MBIDA diamine-derived m-MTBPI ultimately exhibits a high molecular weight, good tensile strength (90.4 MPa) and an outstanding fracture toughness (45.1 MJ/m3). And more importantly, the m-MTBPI membrane displays an evidently enhanced gas separation ability in comparison with BIDA-derived TBPI, with overall separation properties much closer to the 1991 Robeson upper bound. Moreover, no sign of plasticization appears for the m-MTBPI membrane when separating a high-pressure CO2/CH4 mixture (v/v = 1/1) up to 20 bar, with the CO2/CH4 mixed-gas separation performance approaching the 2018 upper bound. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Polymer Materials)
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20 pages, 8734 KiB  
Article
Diagnostic Performance of an Artificial Intelligence Software for the Evaluation of Bone X-Ray Examinations Referred from the Emergency Department
by Alejandro Díaz Moreno, Raquel Cano Alonso, Ana Fernández Alfonso, Ana Álvarez Vázquez, Javier Carrascoso Arranz, Julia López Alcolea, David García Castellanos, Lucía Sanabria Greciano, Manuel Recio Rodríguez, Cristina Andreu-Vázquez, Israel John Thuissard Vasallo and Vicente Martínez De Vega
Diagnostics 2025, 15(4), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15040491 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The growing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in musculoskeletal radiographs presents significant potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and optimize clinical workflow. However, assessing its performance in clinical environments is essential for successful implementation. We hypothesized that our AI applied to urgent [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The growing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in musculoskeletal radiographs presents significant potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and optimize clinical workflow. However, assessing its performance in clinical environments is essential for successful implementation. We hypothesized that our AI applied to urgent bone X-rays could detect fractures, joint dislocations, and effusion with high sensitivity (Sens) and specificity (Spec). The specific objectives of our study were as follows: 1. To determine the Sens and Spec rates of AI in detecting bone fractures, dislocations, and elbow joint effusion compared to the gold standard (GS). 2. To evaluate the concordance rate between AI and radiology residents (RR). 3. To compare the proportion of doubtful results identified by AI and the RR, and the rates confirmed by GS. Methods: We conducted an observational, double-blind, retrospective study on adult bone X-rays (BXRs) referred from the emergency department at our center between October and November 2022, with a final sample of 792 BXRs, categorized into three groups: large joints, small joints, and long-flat bones. Our AI system detects fractures, dislocations, and elbow effusions, providing results as positive, negative, or doubtful. We compared the diagnostic performance of AI and the RR against a senior radiologist (GS). Results: The study population’s median age was 48 years; 48.6% were male. Statistical analysis showed Sens = 90.6% and Spec = 98% for fracture detection by the RR, and 95.8% and 97.6% by AI. The RR achieved higher Sens (77.8%) and Spec (100%) for dislocation detection compared to AI. The Kappa coefficient between RR and AI was 0.797 for fractures in large joints, and concordance was considered acceptable for all other variables. We also analyzed doubtful cases and their confirmation by GS. Additionally, we analyzed findings not detected by AI, such as chronic fractures, arthropathy, focal lesions, and anatomical variants. Conclusions: This study assessed the impact of AI in a real-world clinical setting, comparing its performance with that of radiologists (both in training and senior). AI achieved high Sens, Spec, and AUC in bone fracture detection and showed strong concordance with the RR. In conclusion, AI has the potential to be a valuable screening tool, helping reduce missed diagnoses in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Radiological Imaging Analysis and Diagnosis)
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14 pages, 892 KiB  
Article
Deciphering Viral Replication Dynamics in Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Quantitative Approach
by Carole J. Burgener, Emi N. Barker, Teodoru Soare, Diana-Gabriela Soare, Andrea M. Spiri, Alexandra J. Malbon, Marina L. Meli and Anja Kipar
Viruses 2025, 17(2), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020279 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a complex immune-mediated disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV). Despite advancements in understanding its pathogenesis, challenges persist in elucidating viral factors related to virion composition and replication. This study examined FCoV-infected cats with and without FIP for potential [...] Read more.
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a complex immune-mediated disease caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV). Despite advancements in understanding its pathogenesis, challenges persist in elucidating viral factors related to virion composition and replication. This study examined FCoV-infected cats with and without FIP for potential associations with or variation in expression ratios for different viral genes. We analyzed tissue samples with FIP lesions from 46 cats with FIP and mesenteric lymph nodes from 10 FCoV-infected cats (7b RT-qPCR positive) without FIP with three RT-qPCR assays, targeting (sub)-genomic RNAs of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and envelope (E) genes. In cats with FIP, the RdRp mRNA assay yielded the highest copy numbers, followed by the combined RdRp gRNA and mRNA assay; the E mRNA assay yielded the lowest copy numbers. In cats without FIP, significantly fewer viral RNA copies were detected regardless of the assay. Viral gene expression was not detected in six and was observed only at low levels in one or more assays in four samples. The observed correlation between assays and the intragroup correlation assay indicate consistent transcription of both the structural E protein and RdRp genes within FIP lesions in cats with FIP but not in cats with systemic FCoV infection alone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)
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25 pages, 879 KiB  
Review
Lactic Acid Bacteria Diversity in Fermented Foods as Potential Bio-Resources Contributing to Alleviate Malnutrition in Developing Countries: Nigeria as a Case Study
by Elizabeth T. Adesemoye, Abiodun I. Sanni, Giuseppe Spano, Vittorio Capozzi and Mariagiovanna Fragasso
Fermentation 2025, 11(2), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11020103 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Fermented products represent ecological niches for developing microorganisms of interest as bio-resources for improving human well-being. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are frequently associated with food fermentations and represent relevant biotechnological resources for enhancing the overall quality of foods and beverages. Among the other [...] Read more.
Fermented products represent ecological niches for developing microorganisms of interest as bio-resources for improving human well-being. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are frequently associated with food fermentations and represent relevant biotechnological resources for enhancing the overall quality of foods and beverages. Among the other potential applications, LAB isolated from traditional fermented foods can play a significant role in addressing malnutrition in developing countries, positively modulating the finished products’ nutritional quality. Nigeria represents an excellent model region to explore this topic as (i) it is a country where the magnitude of phenomena associated with malnutrition is high; (ii) there is a significant effort linked to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN); and (iii) there is an interesting diversity of traditional fermented foods and beverages. In nations such as Nigeria, fermented foods are integral to infant and young child nutrition, often serving as complementary foods. This review proposes a detailed overview of traditional Nigerian fermented products, including ogi, gari, fufu, lafun, kunu-zaki, masa, wara, kobele, abacha, pito, and burukutu. An overview of the microbial diversity associated with these matrices is also provided, considering a specific focus on LAB responsible for the spontaneous fermentation of various Nigerian foods. We underlined the potential of different LAB species/stains to produce vitamins naturally, particularly B-group vitamins, suggesting strategies that can be followed for in situ biofortification, enhancing the nutritional value of fermented products. In general, the review, summarizing data on microbial diversity presented in principal traditional fermented foods and beverages in Nigeria, supports future studies to exploit the potential of LAB species/strains from fermented foods to combat micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries, such as Nigeria, with the objective to mitigate hidden hunger and alleviate malnutrition in vulnerable populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Fermentation for Food and Beverages 2024)
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7 pages, 2200 KiB  
Communication
Structured Reporting in Radiology Residency: A Standardized Approach to Assessing Interpretation Skills and Competence
by Denise Castro, Siddharth Mishra, Benjamin Y. M. Kwan, Muhammad Umer Nasir, Alan Daneman and Donald Soboleski
Int. Med. Educ. 2025, 4(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/ime4010002 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
The field of radiology heavily relies on image interpretation and reporting. Radiology residents undergo evaluations primarily based on their interpretation skills, often encountering varied cases with differing complexities. Assessing resident performance in such a diverse setting poses challenges due to variability in judgment [...] Read more.
The field of radiology heavily relies on image interpretation and reporting. Radiology residents undergo evaluations primarily based on their interpretation skills, often encountering varied cases with differing complexities. Assessing resident performance in such a diverse setting poses challenges due to variability in judgment among assessors. One aspect of training that can be standardized is the reporting process. Developing a structured reporting system could aid in evaluating resident milestones and achievement of Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs), facilitating standardized assessment and comparison among peers. From our experiences, we describe a logical reasoning pathway followed by residents in their training, progressing from recognizing abnormalities to describing findings, identifying associated positive and negative findings, and recommending appropriate management. Each step provides evidence of milestone achievement and can be assessed through structured reporting. We propose that a grading system can be applied to assess perception skills, description accuracy, recognition of associated findings, formulation of differential diagnoses, recommendations, and consultation with clinicians. Comparison between junior and senior resident reports allows for monitoring progression and identifying areas for improvement. Although implementing this grading system poses challenges, it offers potential benefits in providing standardized assessment and guiding individualized learning curves for residents. Despite its limitations, once established, the system could enhance residency training in diagnostic imaging. Full article
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13 pages, 3040 KiB  
Article
Development and Application of a UPLC–MRM–MS Method for Quantifying Trimethylamine, Trimethylamine-N-Oxide, and Related Metabolites in Individuals with and Without Metabolic Syndrome
by Mohammed E. Hefni and Cornelia M. Witthöft
Separations 2025, 12(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12020053 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is associated with various chronic diseases. TMAO is a downstream oxidative metabolite of trimethylamine (TMA) that is generated by the gut microbiota from dietary choline, carnitine, and betaine. Current analytical methods predominantly target TMAO only, due to the challenge of efficiently [...] Read more.
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is associated with various chronic diseases. TMAO is a downstream oxidative metabolite of trimethylamine (TMA) that is generated by the gut microbiota from dietary choline, carnitine, and betaine. Current analytical methods predominantly target TMAO only, due to the challenge of efficiently extracting and quantifying TMA. The present study demonstrates a simple and rapid UPLC–MRM–MS method for concurrent quantification of TMAO, TMA, and related precursors (choline, betaine, and various carnitines) following a methanol extraction from plasma and derivatization using iodoacetonitrile (IACN). Pure methanol resulted in a higher extractability of TMA (up to two-fold) compared to both pure acetonitrile and various methanol/acetonitrile mixtures. The quantification method showed high linearity within the tested range of 0.0625–100 μmol/L (determination coefficient > 0.999) and an intra- (n = 3) and inter-day (n = 9) precision of 2–8% along with an average recovery of above 94% for all metabolites (TMAO, TMA, choline, betaine, L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and propionyl-L-carnitine). The method’s applicability was confirmed through a comparison of TMAO and its precursor concentrations in plasma samples of overnight-fasted subjects with (n = 12) and without (n = 21) metabolic syndrome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis in Biomedical Research and Clinical Laboratory)
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9 pages, 502 KiB  
Brief Report
Midkine Serum Levels in Inflammatory and Non-Inflammatory Dilated Cardiomyopathy
by Ulrich Grabmaier, Bartolo Ferraro, Kristin Lehnert, Astrid Petersmann, Stephan B. Felix and Ludwig T. Weckbach
Biomedicines 2025, 13(2), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13020504 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Objectives: This retrospective study examines midkine, an inflammatory cytokine, as a potential serological biomarker to distinguish dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMi). Identifying such a biomarker is crucial for effective treatment of these two entities. Methods: The study included [...] Read more.
Objectives: This retrospective study examines midkine, an inflammatory cytokine, as a potential serological biomarker to distinguish dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMi). Identifying such a biomarker is crucial for effective treatment of these two entities. Methods: The study included 54 patients with heart failure, reduced left ventricular systolic function, and suspected cardiac inflammation. Endomyocardial biopsies were obtained from all 54 patients to differentiate between DCM and DCMi. Blood sera were collected from these patients the same day the endomyocardial biopsy was performed and compared with those of 13 age-matched healthy individuals for different measurements such as midkine and NT-proBNP. Patients were followed up to a median of 194 days after the baseline visit. Results: Endomyocardial biopsies from patients with DCMi were associated with more infiltrating immune cells such as CD68+ macrophages and CD3+ T cells and a more frequent presence of a viral genome than those from patients with DCM. Both groups showed similar improvements in LV function and dimensions over time. MK serum levels were significantly higher in DCM/ DCMi patients than in healthy individuals but did not differ significantly between DCM and DCMi. MK levels did not significantly correlate with NYHA class, NT-proBNP, LVEDD, or LVEF, except for a weak correlation with LVEF at follow-up. Conclusions: Midkine serum levels were significantly higher in patients with a DCM phenotype and severely reduced systolic function. However, these levels could not distinguish between DCM and DCMi and showed no correlation with baseline or follow-up parameters. Therefore, midkine cannot be used as a biomarker to distinguish between DCM and DCMi. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)
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15 pages, 2086 KiB  
Case Report
Salvage Ultrasound-Guided Robot-Assisted Video-Endoscopic Inguinal Lymphadenectomy (RAVEIL) as a Metastasis-Directed Therapy (MDT) in Oligoprogressive Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC): A Case Report and Review of the Literature
by Rafał B. Drobot, Marcin Lipa and Artur A. Antoniewicz
Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(2), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32020115 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Background: Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains challenging due to progression despite androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Current treatments, including androgen receptor-targeted agents, chemotherapy, bone-targeted agents, and PARP inhibitors, extend survival but face challenges, such as resistance, adverse effects, and limited durability. Metastasis-directed [...] Read more.
Background: Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains challenging due to progression despite androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Current treatments, including androgen receptor-targeted agents, chemotherapy, bone-targeted agents, and PARP inhibitors, extend survival but face challenges, such as resistance, adverse effects, and limited durability. Metastasis-directed therapies (MDTs), such as stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), show promise in oligometastatic disease, but their role in oligoprogressive mCRPC is unclear. Salvage lymphadenectomy is rarely pursued due to invasiveness and limited data. This is the first report of robotic surgery as an MDT in this setting, demonstrating the potential of salvage robot-assisted video-endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (RAVEIL) to manage oligoprogressive mCRPC and delay systemic progression. Methods: A 47-year-old male with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (Gleason 10) underwent ADT, docetaxel chemotherapy, and radical retropubic prostatectomy with super-extended pelvic and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy. Upon progression to oligoprogressive mCRPC, 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT detected a single metastatic inguinal lymph node. Salvage RAVEIL was performed using the da Vinci X™ Surgical System, guided by preoperative ultrasound mapping. Results: Histopathology confirmed metastasis in one of the eight excised lymph nodes. The patient achieved undetectable PSA levels and prolonged biochemical progression-free survival. Minor complications (lymphorrhea, cellulitis) resolved without sequelae. No further progression was observed for over 14 months. Conclusions: This case highlights RAVEIL as a viable MDT option for oligoprogressive mCRPC, potentially extending progression-free intervals while minimizing systemic treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)
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22 pages, 471 KiB  
Article
Implementing Competency-Based Education Through the Personalized Monitoring of Primary Students’ Progress and Assessment
by Jovita Ponomariovienė, Daiva Jakavonytė-Staškuvienė and Frédéric Torterat
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15020252 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Competency-based education is an educational paradigm with the primary goal of combining theoretical knowledge and practical skills, giving students the opportunity to effectively apply learning outcomes in real-life situations. This approach focuses on preparing students for life’s challenges by nurturing them as independent, [...] Read more.
Competency-based education is an educational paradigm with the primary goal of combining theoretical knowledge and practical skills, giving students the opportunity to effectively apply learning outcomes in real-life situations. This approach focuses on preparing students for life’s challenges by nurturing them as independent, critical, and creative thinkers who can adapt to an ever-changing environment. This article examines the process of competency-based assessment and progress monitoring in primary grades. The study conducted a qualitative content analysis of observed lessons and teacher interviews to reveal how assessment and continuous progress monitoring can contribute to comprehensive student development. Ten primary school teachers participated in the study, responding to researchers’ questions about competency-based education and their practices in assessment and progress monitoring. The article presents the results of a qualitative study aimed at evaluating the process of competence-based assessment and progress monitoring in primary school classrooms. The study results revealed that, in assessing student progress, teachers find it important for students to not only demonstrate knowledge in different situations but also gain a clearer understanding of their learning goals and have opportunities for growth. Such an assessment system not only helps students develop self-reflection but also encourages them to take responsibility for their learning process, continually improve, and strive for higher competency achievement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Curriculum and Instruction)
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12 pages, 1069 KiB  
Article
Portable Smoking Ovens: What Are the PAH Levels in Grilled and Smoked Rainbow Trout?
by Paul Uiuiu, Daniel Cocan, Călin Lațiu, Radu Constantinescu, Vioara Mireșan, Tudor Papuc, Raul-Lucian Savin, Andrada Ihuț, Camelia Răducu, Anca Becze, Cristina Craioveanu and Bogdan Alin Vlaic
Fishes 2025, 10(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10020082 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Fish smoking is one of the oldest preservation methods and has traditional forms in most parts of the world, each with distinct variables. The presence of PAHs in smoked fish is of great concern for producers and consumers alike, as PAHs have great [...] Read more.
Fish smoking is one of the oldest preservation methods and has traditional forms in most parts of the world, each with distinct variables. The presence of PAHs in smoked fish is of great concern for producers and consumers alike, as PAHs have great negative effects on human health. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content level in smoked rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) processed using a commercial portable grilling and smoking oven. Sawdust of hardwood (beech, cherry, sour cherry, walnut, and plum) and softwood (fir, willow) were used to produce aromatic essences. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that different tree species tend to accumulate different PAHs in different concentrations. In the case of the generalized additive model (GAM) analyzing fish meat, fir tree reduced the concentration of PAHs in fish meat. When GAM analyzed fish skin, cherry, sour cherry, and willow trees significantly reduced the concentrations of PAHs in fish skin compared to beech trees. Furthermore, the results regarding the skin of the fish suggest that it acts as a protective barrier, trapping smoke particulates and reducing the penetration of PAHs into the meat. The present method clearly shows that, at least in the case of Benzo[a]pyrene, it is safer than traditional methods of smoking. This highlights the need for further research into the physicochemical properties of fish tissue and their impact on PAH accumulation. Full article
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19 pages, 6213 KiB  
Article
A Protein-Based Approach for Greek Yogurt Authentication via an HRMS Technique (MALDI-TOF MS) and Milk Powder Detection as a Fraudulent Addition
by Evangelia Krystalli, Nikolaos Thomaidis, Anastasia S. Kritikou and Christos Kokkinos
Foods 2025, 14(4), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14040693 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
The popularity of Greek-style yogurt (made from cow, ewe, and goat milk) has grown significantly in recent years thanks to its high protein content, nutritional value, and unique creamy texture, making it vulnerable to illegal practices, such as adulteration. In the present work, [...] Read more.
The popularity of Greek-style yogurt (made from cow, ewe, and goat milk) has grown significantly in recent years thanks to its high protein content, nutritional value, and unique creamy texture, making it vulnerable to illegal practices, such as adulteration. In the present work, a fast and reliable matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)-based methodology was developed for the detection of yogurt adulteration with cow milk powder, exploiting the intact protein profile. An integrated protein-based workflow was established for the detection of as little as 1% cow milk powder addition into cow and goat milk yogurt. Simultaneously, markers for yogurt classification based on their animal origin (cow, ewe, or goat), type (traditional or strained), and thermal treatment of milk were revealed for the first time. Statistical analysis using chemometric tools, such as unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) recognition techniques, were implemented for the discrimination/classification of the yogurt samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artisanal Foods of Animal Origin: Study on Processing, Characterization, Quality, Safety, Sustainability and Health Benefits)
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33 pages, 6152 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Guide to Enzyme Immobilization: All You Need to Know
by Marina Simona Robescu and Teodora Bavaro
Molecules 2025, 30(4), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040939 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization plays a critical role in enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of biocatalysis, addressing key challenges such as limited enzyme stability, short shelf life, and difficulties in recovery and recycling, which are pivotal for green chemistry and industrial applications. Classical approaches, including [...] Read more.
Enzyme immobilization plays a critical role in enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of biocatalysis, addressing key challenges such as limited enzyme stability, short shelf life, and difficulties in recovery and recycling, which are pivotal for green chemistry and industrial applications. Classical approaches, including adsorption, entrapment, encapsulation, and covalent bonding, as well as advanced site-specific methods that integrate enzyme engineering and bio-orthogonal chemistry, were discussed. These techniques enable precise control over enzyme orientation and interaction with carriers, optimizing catalytic activity and reusability. Key findings highlight the impact of immobilization on improving enzyme performance under various operational conditions and its role in reducing process costs through enhanced stability and recyclability. The review presents numerous practical applications of immobilized enzymes, including their use in the pharmaceutical industry for drug synthesis, in the food sector for dairy processing, and in environmental biotechnology for wastewater treatment and dye degradation. Despite the significant advantages, challenges such as activity loss due to conformational changes and mass transfer limitations remain, necessitating tailored immobilization protocols for specific applications. The integration of immobilization with modern biotechnological advancements, such as site-directed mutagenesis and recombinant DNA technology, offers a promising pathway for developing robust, efficient, and sustainable biocatalytic systems. This comprehensive guide aims to support researchers and industries in selecting and optimizing immobilization techniques for diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, food processing, and fine chemicals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Trends of Biocatalysis in Organic Chemistry and Enzyme Engineering–2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 22455 KiB  
Article
Highly Efficient Cutting of Quartz Glass with Low Roughness and Minor Chipping Using Bessel Laser Beams
by Lei Xiong, Yuhang An, Ling Zhang, Cheng Tang, Tianci Zhang, Aibin Zuo and Wenyan Gao
Photonics 2025, 12(2), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12020162 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
The conventional method of cutting quartz glass with a knife often leads to undesirable effects, such as chipping, debris generation, and an inconsistent cut quality. Additionally, implementing the current methods of laser ablation cutting and crack control cutting presents challenges in ensuring both [...] Read more.
The conventional method of cutting quartz glass with a knife often leads to undesirable effects, such as chipping, debris generation, and an inconsistent cut quality. Additionally, implementing the current methods of laser ablation cutting and crack control cutting presents challenges in ensuring both the quality of the cut and the efficiency of the process. Previous reports have documented a single direct cut of thin quartz glass, albeit at a thickness of only 200 μm. In this study, we utilized a pulse-width-tunable Gaussian beam, in combination with an axicon and a beam-reducing mirror, to generate a high-quality Bessel beam. This process endows the quartz glass with a nano-porous structure with a thickness of 1 mm, enabling high-quality cutting in a single pass. The effects of laser-cutting speed and pulse width on the cutting cross-section and cut surface were investigated. The results of the experiments show that using the optimal cutting speed and pulse width significantly improved cutting quality, reduced surface damage and sputtering, enabled the penetration of the modified cutting cross-section throughout the material, and decreased cutting cross-section roughness to 607 nm Ra. This technique holds promise for the laser-processing industry, enhancing both the quality and efficiency of cutting 1 mm thick quartz glass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Lasers and Their Applications, 2nd Edition )
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11 pages, 2351 KiB  
Article
Extraction of Rhenium with Trialkylbenzylammonium Chloride
by I. A. Kalina, E. V. Zlobina, Zh. Zh. Bekishev, A. G. Ismailova, Kh. S. Tassibekov, Z. A. Iskakov, B. Zh. Toksanbayev, A. T. Kumarbekova and A. S. Fomenko
Metals 2025, 15(2), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15020212 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the extraction of rhenium using trialkylbenzyl ammonium chloride (TABAC) as an alternative to trialkylamine (TAA) for recovering rhenium from highly diluted solutions. Rhenium, present as ReO4− over a wide acidity range, was extracted via an anion exchange mechanism [...] Read more.
This study investigates the extraction of rhenium using trialkylbenzyl ammonium chloride (TABAC) as an alternative to trialkylamine (TAA) for recovering rhenium from highly diluted solutions. Rhenium, present as ReO4− over a wide acidity range, was extracted via an anion exchange mechanism in single-stage experiments monitored by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Key variables, including pH, acid concentration, and the concentrations of extractant and metal, were examined. The results demonstrated a high extraction efficiency exceeding 99% within a pH range of 2 to 7 and from solutions containing sulfuric or hydrochloric acid at concentrations of 0.1 to 3.0 M (mol/L). However, extraction from nitric acid solutions was less efficient, with less than 30% recovery. Performance for both TAA-kerosene and TABAC-kerosene followed the order H2SO4 > HCl > HNO3. The optimal TABAC concentration was 10−2 M (mol/L) in kerosene. TABAC also showed higher selectivity than TAA, with separation coefficients Re/Mo = 66.8 and Re/W = 55.8 in 0.1–1.0 M (mol/L) sulfuric acid. Based on equilibrium studies, the complexes formed during extraction were identified as [R3R′NH]ReO4. This approach may offer environmentally friendly and cost-effective benefits for large-scale industrial applications, enabling efficient recovery of valuable rhenium while reducing waste and environmental impact. Full article
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21 pages, 2272 KiB  
Article
Methane–Natural Clay Interfacial Interactions as Revealed by High-Pressure Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
by Salim Ok, Julia M. Sheets, Susan A. Welch and David R. Cole
Fuels 2025, 6(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels6010016 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
The current investigation aims to offer fundamental, molecular- to microscopic-level descriptions of methane gas inside natural source clay minerals. Texas montmorillonite (STx-1), Georgia kaolinite (KGa-2), and Ca2+-saturated Texas montmorillonite (Ca-STx-1, Ca-bentonite) were utilized as subsurface model clay minerals for elucidating nano-confinement [...] Read more.
The current investigation aims to offer fundamental, molecular- to microscopic-level descriptions of methane gas inside natural source clay minerals. Texas montmorillonite (STx-1), Georgia kaolinite (KGa-2), and Ca2+-saturated Texas montmorillonite (Ca-STx-1, Ca-bentonite) were utilized as subsurface model clay minerals for elucidating nano-confinement behaviors of 13C-labeled methane gas. High-pressure magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to describe the interactions between methane and the clays by varying temperature and pressure. Proton-decoupled 13C-NMR spectra were acquired at 28.2 bar at 307 K, 32.6 bar at 346 K, 56.4 bar at 307 K, 65.1 bar at 346 K, 112.7 bar at 307 K, and 130.3 bar at 346 K. In the pure state, no significant thermal effect on the behavior of methane was observed. However, there was a perceptible variation in the chemical shift position of confined methane in the mixtures with the clays up to 346 K. Conversely, the 13C-NMR chemical shift of methane altered by varying pressure in a pure state, and the mixtures with clays, attributed to the interaction of methane with the clay surfaces or the nanopore network of the clay–silica mixed phase. Pressure-induced shifts in methane peak positions were observed: 0.25 ppm (28.2–56.4 bar) and 0.47 ppm (56.4–112.3 bar) at 307 K. For methane in a montmorillonite mixture, shifts were 0.32 ppm for bulk-like methane and 0.20 ppm for confined methane under similar conditions. At 346 K, increasing pressure from 65.1 to 130.3 bar caused shifts exceeding 0.50 ppm, with bulk-like methane showing a 0.64 ppm shift and confined methane a 0.57 ppm shift. There was only one 13C-NMR methane peak in the mixture with either kaolinite (KGa-2) or Ca-bentonite with line broadening compared to that of pure methane. Still, two peaks were observed in the mixture with STx-1, explained by the imbibition and mobility of methane in the pore network. Full article
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12 pages, 2700 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazoles in an Eco-Friendly L-Proline–Ethylene Glycol Mixture
by Thiên Thuý Trang Nguyễn, Jean-François Longevial and Stéphanie Hesse
Molecules 2025, 30(4), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040938 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
The hazardousness of solvents used in synthetic organic chemistry is well established. In this context, it is relevant to search for safer and greener alternatives. Within the last decades, deep eutectic solvents have been considered as possible and promising alternatives. Consequently, this study [...] Read more.
The hazardousness of solvents used in synthetic organic chemistry is well established. In this context, it is relevant to search for safer and greener alternatives. Within the last decades, deep eutectic solvents have been considered as possible and promising alternatives. Consequently, this study aims at using deep eutectic solvents to synthesize an emerging class of heteroaromatic compounds named thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazoles, for which interest is growing in the field of organics, electronics, and biology. To address this challenge, we developed a straightforward synthetic protocol consisting of condensing dithiooxamide and aromatic aldehyde in deep eutectic solvents to yield the desired thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole without further purification. The first hit was obtained with the well-known L-proline:glycerol (1:2) mixture at 130 °C. However, dithiooxamide is degraded under these conditions, leading to the formation of impurities that may arise from the consequent amount of reactive L-proline. Reaction conditions were optimized by modifying the deep eutectic solvent nature and proportions, applying various temperatures, changing the activation and heating source, or adding auxiliary oxidants. As a consequence, eight thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazoles were synthesized in equal or better yields (20 to 75%) than the reported procedure under safe and eco-friendly conditions in a mixture of L-proline and ethylene glycol (1:50) with sodium metabisulfite at 130 °C for one hour. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Green Chemistry Section)
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10 pages, 5842 KiB  
Case Report
Frontal Variant Alzheimer’s Disease or Primary Psychiatric Disorder? A Case Report
by Siew Fai Liew and Weishan Li
Reports 2025, 8(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8010024 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Background and Clinical Significance: In our case study, the patient experienced approximately a year-long delay in her diagnosis, where her initial diagnosis was mistakenly a primary psychiatric disorder, resulting in undue stress on her family. The aim of this case study is [...] Read more.
Background and Clinical Significance: In our case study, the patient experienced approximately a year-long delay in her diagnosis, where her initial diagnosis was mistakenly a primary psychiatric disorder, resulting in undue stress on her family. The aim of this case study is to raise awareness of frontal variant Alzheimer’s dementia (fvAD) and to increase knowledge amongst clinicians about this disorder, its management and the need for long-term follow up in specialized clinics. Case Presentation: In January 2023, a 56-year-old woman first presented with a 4-month history of worsening cognitive symptoms with considerable overlapping mood symptoms. Her Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was 20/28, whereas her Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) score was 6/18. Upon neuropsychological evaluation, she demonstrated multidomain cognitive deficits, where impairments were most prominent in executive dysfunction, learning, memory and semantic fluency. There was evidence of progressive neurodegenerative changes, with brain MRI (April 2024) showing predominant bilateral frontal and parietal volume loss, sparing the occipital and temporal lobes. Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) was diffusely positive. A diagnosis of fvAD (frontal variant Alzheimer’s dementia) with BPSD was made. Other differential diagnoses included a major neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies (AD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)), frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and the psychiatric disorder of pseudodementia secondary to a mood disorder. Conclusions: This case presented significant challenges given the atypical neuropsychological profile and the complexity of the symptom presentation with significant neuropsychiatric overlay. The preliminary research findings underscore the complexity of fvAD, warranting future research using fundamental approaches. Full article
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24 pages, 13219 KiB  
Article
Deformation Mechanisms and Rainfall Lag Effects of Deep-Seated Ancient Landslides in High-Mountain Regions: A Case Study of the Zhongxinrong Landslide, Upper Jinsha River
by Xue Li, Changbao Guo, Wenkai Chen, Peng Wei, Feng Jin, Yiqiu Yan and Gui Liu
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(4), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17040687 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
In high-mountain canyon regions, many settlements are located on large, deep-seated ancient landslides. The deformation characteristics, triggering mechanisms, and long-term developmental trends of these landslides significantly impact the safety and stability of these communities. However, the deformation mechanism under the influence of human [...] Read more.
In high-mountain canyon regions, many settlements are located on large, deep-seated ancient landslides. The deformation characteristics, triggering mechanisms, and long-term developmental trends of these landslides significantly impact the safety and stability of these communities. However, the deformation mechanism under the influence of human engineering activities remains unclear. SBAS-InSAR (Small Baseline Subset-Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) technology, UAV LiDAR, and field surveys were utilized in this study to identify a large ancient landslide in the upper Jinsha River Basin: the Zhongxinrong landslide. It extends approximately 1220 m in length, with a vertical displacement of around 552 m. The average thickness of the landslide mass ranges from 15.0 to 35.0 m, and the total volume is estimated to be between 1.48 × 107 m3 and 3.46 × 107 m3. The deformation of the Zhongxinrong landslide is primarily driven by a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors, leading to the formation of two distinct accumulation bodies, each exhibiting unique deformation characteristics. Accumulation Body II-1 is predominantly influenced by rainfall and road operation, resulting in significant deformation in the upper part of the landslide. In contrast, II-2 is mainly affected by rainfall and river erosion at the front edge, causing creeping tensile deformation at the toe. Detailed analysis reveals a marked acceleration in deformation following rainfall events when the cumulative rainfall over a 15-day period exceeds 120 mm. The lag time between peak rainfall and landslide displacement ranges from 2 to 28 days. Furthermore, deformation in the high-elevation accumulation area consistently exhibits a slower lag response compared to the tensile deformation area at lower zones. These findings highlight the importance of both natural and anthropogenic factors in landslide risk assessment and provide valuable insights for landslide prevention strategies, particularly in regions with similar geological and socio-environmental conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geological Hazard Characterization and Assessment: Merging Remote Sensing with Direct Surveys)
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13 pages, 2806 KiB  
Article
GIS-Based Dashboards as Advanced Geospatial Applications for Climate Change Education and Teaching the Future
by Rafael De Miguel González, Juan Mar-Beguería, María Sebastián López and Ondrej Kratochvíl
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2025, 14(2), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14020089 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
ArcGIS Dashboard technology allows for the integration and visualization of various maps, charts, and indicators within a single interface, using databases underneath a geographic information system. The two dashboards of the European project Teaching the Future address the dual objective of (i) cartographically [...] Read more.
ArcGIS Dashboard technology allows for the integration and visualization of various maps, charts, and indicators within a single interface, using databases underneath a geographic information system. The two dashboards of the European project Teaching the Future address the dual objective of (i) cartographically displaying the evolution in four phases of climate change data experienced across the entire planet from 1954 to 2021 in vectorial cells measuring one degree of latitude by one degree of longitude and (ii) spatially representing three scenarios (low, medium, and high greenhouse gas emissions) up to the year 2100, showing potential temperature increases in those same cells. In addition to the maps, the different data and charts contribute to the understanding of anomalies relative to the average, the global increase in each selected area by zooming in on the map, and the evolution of both observed and projected data. Both dashboards represent an accurate and reliable treatment of the data, as well as a cartographic expression that is easy for map readers to understand, making them powerful resources for teaching climate change at any educational level, whether in higher education or schools and for a general audience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: Interdisciplinary Perspectives)
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21 pages, 1549 KiB  
Article
Nasturtium officinale Microshoot Culture Multiplied in PlantForm Bioreactor—Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Activity
by Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Magdalena Anna Malinowska, Aleksandra Gałka, Ivica Blažević, Azra Ðulović, Paulina Paprocka, Małgorzata Wrzosek and Agnieszka Szopa
Molecules 2025, 30(4), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040936 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (watercress) is an endangered species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutritional properties. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and biological activity of extracts from microshoot cultures grown in PlantForm bioreactors and the parent plant [...] Read more.
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (watercress) is an endangered species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutritional properties. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and biological activity of extracts from microshoot cultures grown in PlantForm bioreactors and the parent plant material. After 20 days of cultivation, the cultures achieved the best results both in terms of key active ingredient content and biological activity. The glucosinolates (GSL) profile by the UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS method showed that the dominant compounds were glucobrassicin (493.00 mg/100 g DW, 10 days) and gluconasturtiin (268.04 mg/100 g DW, 20 days). The highest total polyphenol content (TPC) was obtained after a 20-day growth period (2690 mg GAE/100 g DW). Among polyphenols, the dominant compounds in the extracts from in vitro cultures were sinapinic acid (114.83 mg/100 g DW, 10 days) and ferulic acid (87.78 mg/100 g DW, 20 days). The highest antioxidant potential assessed by ABTS and DPPH assays was observed for ethanol extracts. The best results for inhibiting hyperpigmentation (18.12%) were obtained for ethanol extracts and anti-elastase activity (79.78%) for aqueous extract from N. officinale microshoot cultures. The extracts from microshoot cultures inhibited the growth of bacteria, including Cutibacterium acnes (MIC = 0.625 mg/mL). Antioxidant tests and the chelating capacity of iron ions Fe2+ of the face emulsion with N. officinale extracts showed higher results than the control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Natural Ingredients in Skin Protection and Care)
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