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15 pages, 2964 KiB  
Article
Do Faster-Growing Holoparasitic Plant Species Exhibit Broader Niches and Wider Global Distributions?
by Quanzhong Zhang and Jinming Hu
Plants 2025, 14(6), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060831 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Parasitic organisms, as an important component of ecosystems, have long been a focal point in ecological research, particularly concerning the relationship between their growth characteristics, ecological niche, and distribution patterns. This study selects the holoparasitic plant species Cuscuta campestris Yunck., Cuscuta australis R.Br., [...] Read more.
Parasitic organisms, as an important component of ecosystems, have long been a focal point in ecological research, particularly concerning the relationship between their growth characteristics, ecological niche, and distribution patterns. This study selects the holoparasitic plant species Cuscuta campestris Yunck., Cuscuta australis R.Br., and Cuscuta chinensis Lam. from the Cuscuta subgenus Grammica as model species to explore the relationship between the growth rate, ecological niche breadth, and global distribution patterns of parasitic plants. Through greenhouse experiments and data analysis, the main findings of this study indicate a strong positive correlation between the growth rate, ecological niche breadth, number of global occurrence points, and global distribution area for C. campestris, C. australis, and C. chinensis. The significant correlation between growth rate and ecological niche breadth suggests that the intrinsic growth characteristics of parasitic plants may significantly influence their realized ecological niche. Furthermore, the experimental results show that when C. campestris, C. australis, and C. chinensis parasitize non-native hosts from the Americas, they produce greater biomass than when parasitizing native hosts from China. In conclusion, this study provides new support for ecological theories regarding species adaptability, distribution patterns, and environmental influences, and offers directions for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity Management and Conservation: Exploring the Dynamics of Alien and Native Plant Species)
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16 pages, 2140 KiB  
Article
Anticancer Activity of Melittin-Containing Bee Venom Fraction Against Glioblastoma Cells In Vitro
by Agata Małek, Maciej Strzemski, Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak and Jacek Kurzepa
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(6), 2376; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062376 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Previous observations indicating a lower incidence of various types of cancer in beekeepers suggest that greater exposure to stings reduces the risk of cancer development. However, it is not known which of the active compounds of the bee venom (BV) may be responsible [...] Read more.
Previous observations indicating a lower incidence of various types of cancer in beekeepers suggest that greater exposure to stings reduces the risk of cancer development. However, it is not known which of the active compounds of the bee venom (BV) may be responsible for the observed properties. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-glioblastoma effect of the main BV fractions. In addition, the effect of BV fractions on the activity of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) was assessed. Commercially available BV was divided into three fractions containing one of the main BV components: apamin (fraction #1), phospholipase A2 (fraction #2), or melittin (fraction #3). The viability of glioblastoma lines (LN18 and LN229) compared to a physiological line (human MO3.13) was assessed using the MTT. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity was assessed using gelatin zymography. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 and 2 (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) levels in cell culture media were measured with the ELISA method. The fraction containing apamin did not show cytotoxic activity up to a concentration of 100 µg/mL. The fraction containing phospholipase A2 partially reduced the cells’ viability at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. The greatest activity was demonstrated by the melittin-containing fraction which completely reduced the viability of glioma cells from a concentration of 2.5 μg/mL and inhibited the activity of the assessed metalloproteinases in a dose-dependent manner. After 72 h of incubation, the highest concentrations of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 (approximately 150 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL, respectively) were observed in the LN229 line. In all tested lines, fraction #3, crude BV, and melittin reduced the secretion of both inhibitors into the medium in a dose-dependent manner. The melittin-containing fraction possessed anti-glioma properties in vitro, suggesting that melittin may be the main anticancer compound of BV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bioactives and Nutraceuticals)
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22 pages, 2268 KiB  
Review
From a Multichannel to an Optichannel Strategy in Retail
by Sílvia Faria and João M. S. Carvalho
J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20010045 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
This paper presents the first systematic literature review (SLR) that includes the concept of an optichannel strategy, examining the main principles, key characteristics, and implications for retailers when switching from a multichannel to an optichannel approach. The SLR was made using Web of [...] Read more.
This paper presents the first systematic literature review (SLR) that includes the concept of an optichannel strategy, examining the main principles, key characteristics, and implications for retailers when switching from a multichannel to an optichannel approach. The SLR was made using Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to find literature on the optichannel model in retail. The results show a paradigm shift in retailing from a multichannel, passing through omnichannel and phygital, to an optichannel strategy. This shift means marketers are now adopting a more customer-centric approach to brand management and consumer behaviour. This article has practical and managerial implications for researchers and practitioners. For researchers, the study explains how retailers evolved from multi- to cross-, omni-, phygital, and optichannel strategies. For practitioners, this paper indicates future ways to allow retailers to manage their customers’ needs, ensuring a positive impact on customer experience and the company’s commercial and financial performance. Full article
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52 pages, 29859 KiB  
Review
2D Object Detection: A Survey
by Emanuele Malagoli and Luca Di Persio
Mathematics 2025, 13(6), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13060893 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Object detection is a fundamental task in computer vision, aiming to identify and localize objects of interest within an image. Over the past two decades, the domain has changed profoundly, evolving into an active and fast-moving field while simultaneously becoming the foundation for [...] Read more.
Object detection is a fundamental task in computer vision, aiming to identify and localize objects of interest within an image. Over the past two decades, the domain has changed profoundly, evolving into an active and fast-moving field while simultaneously becoming the foundation for a wide range of modern applications. This survey provides a comprehensive review of the evolution of 2D generic object detection, tracing its development from traditional methods relying on handcrafted features to modern approaches driven by deep learning. The review systematically categorizes contemporary object detection methods into three key paradigms: one-stage, two-stage, and transformer-based, highlighting their development milestones and core contributions. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of each paradigm, detailing landmark methods and their impact on the progression of the field. Additionally, the survey examines some fundamental components of 2D object detection such as loss functions, datasets, evaluation metrics, and future trends. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Image Processing and Optimization Methods)
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25 pages, 23442 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Accuracy of Land-Use Change Models for Predicting Vegetation Loss Across Brazilian Biomes
by Macleidi Varnier and Eliseu José Weber
Land 2025, 14(3), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14030560 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Land-use change models are used to predict future land-use scenarios. Various methods for predicting changes can be found in the literature, which can be divided into two groups: baseline models and machine-learning-based models. Baseline models use clear change logics, such as proximity or [...] Read more.
Land-use change models are used to predict future land-use scenarios. Various methods for predicting changes can be found in the literature, which can be divided into two groups: baseline models and machine-learning-based models. Baseline models use clear change logics, such as proximity or distance from spatial objects. While machine-learning-based models use computational methods and spatial variables to identify patterns that explain the occurrence of changes. Considering these two groups of models, machine-learning-based models are much more widely used, even though their formulation is considerably more complex. However, the lack of studies comparing the performance of models from these two groups makes it impossible to determine the superiority of one over the other. Therefore, this article aims to evaluate and compare the accuracy of baseline and machine-learning-based models for study areas in three Brazilian biomes. Four baseline models (Euclidean distance from anthropic uses, Euclidean distance from vegetation suppressions, null change model, and random change model) and four machine-learning-based models (TerrSet artificial neural network, TerrSet SimWeigth, Weights of Evidence–Dinamica Ego. and Random Forest model) were trained considering the environmental context of the period from 1995 to 2000. The objective was to predict natural vegetation suppression from 2000 to the years 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. The predicted maps were evaluated by comparing them with reference land-use maps using rigorous accuracy methods. The results show that, regardless of the underlying method, the models presented similar performance in all situations. The results and discussions provide a contribution to understanding the strengths and weaknesses of various change models in different environmental contexts. Full article
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12 pages, 1426 KiB  
Article
Postoperative Outcomes of One-Step Implant-Based Breast and Ovarian Surgery in High-Penetrance Gene Mutation: A Single-Center Experience
by Buse Irem Koc, Sevket Barıs Morkavuk, Simay Akyuz, Guzin Aygun, Ozhan Ozdemir and Mehmet Ali Gulcelik
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(6), 1784; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14061784 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate skin-sparing mastectomy with implant reconstruction complication rates in patients operated on due to high penetrant gene profile. All patients went to skin-sparing mastectomy with implant reconstruction and risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy. The effect of radiotherapy and chemotherapy [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate skin-sparing mastectomy with implant reconstruction complication rates in patients operated on due to high penetrant gene profile. All patients went to skin-sparing mastectomy with implant reconstruction and risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy. The effect of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on wound healing is a frequently discussed topic in the literature. However, studies on the effect of these on patients undergoing implant-based reconstruction are rare. In our clinic, two surgeries are performed under the same anesthesia and it is aimed to investigate the effect of this situation on complications in this rare patient group. In this retrospective study, we report our clinical experience regarding complication rates due to these factors among the high penetrant gene group. Methods: Between June 2022 and June 2024, 61 patients were grouped according to demographic data. Post-operative complications were defined as any of the following: major complications which were active bleeding or wound dehiscence; minor complications which were hematoma, seroma, surgical-site infection, <20% skin or nipple necrosis, and reoperation due to wound dehiscence or any other complication. Patients were compared in terms of complications according to whether they received previous radiotherapy (RT), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CT), or underwent skin-reducing mammoplasty. Results: Patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, patients receiving preoperative RT, and patients undergoing skin-reducing mastectomy were compared in terms of major and minor complications. While neoadjuvant CT and preoperative RT only increased the risk of seroma, it was found that skin-reducing mastectomy had no significant effect on complication rates. Conclusions: Skin-sparing mastectomy with implant reconstruction and risk-reducing salphingo-oophorectomy is a comprehensive operation method in this patient group. Complication control can be achieved by performing two surgeries in a single anesthesia period, using the spy immunofluorescence device for vascularization control, and performing all surgeries with the same experienced team. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section General Surgery)
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17 pages, 442 KiB  
Article
Incidence, Compliance, and Risk Factor Associated with Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI) in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Patients: A Multicenter Study in an Upper Middle-Income Country
by Arulvani Rajandra, Nor’azim Mohd Yunos, Chin Hai Teo, Anjanna Kukreja, Nur Alwani Suhaimi, Siti Zuhairah Mohd Razali, Sazali Basri, Cindy Shuan Ju Teh, Chee Loon Leong, Ismaliza Ismail, Azureen Azmel, Nor Hafizah Mohd Yunus, Giri Shan Rajahram, Abdul Jabbar Ismail, Shanti Rudra Deva, Pei Wei Kee, TRGS Working Group and Sasheela Sri La Sri Ponnampalavanar
Antibiotics 2025, 14(3), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14030271 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Background: Despite significant prevention efforts, the incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) in intensive care units (ICUs) is rising at an alarming rate. CLABSI contributes to increased morbidity, mortality, prolonged hospital stays and elevated healthcare costs. This study aimed to determine the [...] Read more.
Background: Despite significant prevention efforts, the incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) in intensive care units (ICUs) is rising at an alarming rate. CLABSI contributes to increased morbidity, mortality, prolonged hospital stays and elevated healthcare costs. This study aimed to determine the incidence rate of CLABSI, compliance with the central venous catheter (CVC) care bundle and risk factors associated with CLABSI among ICU patients. Method: This prospective observational study was conducted in one university hospital and two public hospitals in Malaysia between October 2022 to January 2023. Adult ICU patients (aged > 18 years) with CVC and admitted to the ICU for more than 48 h were included in this study. Data collected included patient demographics, clinical diagnosis, CVC details, compliance with CVC care bundle and microbiological results. All data analyses were performed using SPSS version 23. Results: A total of 862 patients with 997 CVCs met the inclusion criteria, contributing to 4330 central line (CL) days and 18 CLABSI cases. The overall incidence rate of CLABSI was 4.16 per 1000 CL days. The average of overall compliance with CVC care bundle components was 65%. The predominant causative microorganisms isolated from CLABSI episodes were Gram-negative bacteria (78.3%), followed by Gram-positive bacteria (17.4%) and Candida spp. (2.0%). Multivariate analysis identified prolonged ICU stay (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.994; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.092–3.009), undergoing surgery (AOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.468–5.830) and having had multiple catheters (AOR: 3.167, 95% CI: 1.519–9.313) as significant risk factors for CLABSI. Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of robust surveillance, embedded infection-control and -prevention initiatives, and strict adherence to the CVC care bundle to prevent CLABSI in ICUs. Targeted interventions addressing identified risk factors are crucial to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. Full article
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30 pages, 1498 KiB  
Article
Can Sci-Tech Finance Policy Boost Corporate ESG Performance? Evidence from the Pilot Experiment of Promoting the Integration of Technology and Finance in China
by Wenjuan Su, Jiyu Yu and Lingyun Zhao
Sustainability 2025, 17(6), 2332; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062332 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Based on the quasi-natural experiment of “the pilot policy of combining science and technology with finance” (Sci-Tech Finance pilot policy) carried out in China in recent years, this paper constructs a multi-stage difference-in-differences model to explore its impact on corporate ESG performance and [...] Read more.
Based on the quasi-natural experiment of “the pilot policy of combining science and technology with finance” (Sci-Tech Finance pilot policy) carried out in China in recent years, this paper constructs a multi-stage difference-in-differences model to explore its impact on corporate ESG performance and the influence mechanisms. The main research findings of this paper are as follows: (1) The Sci-Tech Finance pilot policy significantly enhances corporate ESG performance, a finding that remains consistent after conducting parallel trends testing, propensity score matching, and placebo tests. (2) The policy promotes the corporate ESG performance through three intermediary channels, namely alleviating financial constraints, improving total factor productivity, and enhancing green technology innovation. Notably, the first two intermediary channels exhibit the most prominent effects. (3) The impact of the pilot policy on the corporate ESG performance exhibits heterogeneity at both the regional and corporate levels; it demonstrates a more pronounced impact on corporates located in the Eastern Region, within high digital economic zones, and among high-tech, capital-intensive, heavily polluting, and state-owned corporates. (4) The policy has apparent spatial spillover effects on corporate ESG performance, accounting for about 8% of the direct effect in the pilot areas. This study enriches the literature on the impacts of Sci-Tech Finance on corporate behaviors, providing insights for government regulatory authorities to leverage Sci-Tech Finance policies to promote corporate ESG performance and sustainable development. Full article
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13 pages, 4078 KiB  
Article
An Engineered Yeast Expressing an Artificial Heavy Metal-Binding Protein Enhances the Phytoremediation of Alum Mine Soils
by Wenming Wang, Liling Xie, Lin Zhao and Qilin Yu
Microorganisms 2025, 13(3), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13030612 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Alum mining leads to significant heavy metal and acid pollution within soils. Phytoremediation is a common strategy used to treat alum mine soils, but its efficiency is frequently compromised by the alum-mining-induced impairment of plant growth. To improve the strength of plants against [...] Read more.
Alum mining leads to significant heavy metal and acid pollution within soils. Phytoremediation is a common strategy used to treat alum mine soils, but its efficiency is frequently compromised by the alum-mining-induced impairment of plant growth. To improve the strength of plants against mine pollution, this study constructed the artificial yeast strain ScHB (heavy metal-binding protein-containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae) expressing the de novo designed protein HBGFP (heavy metal-binding green fluorescence protein) and investigated its effect on the phytoremediation of alum mine soils with soil physiochemical assays and heavy metal quantification. This protein was composed of an N-terminal signal peptide, an HB (heavy metal-binding) domain, and a GFP (green fluorescence protein) domain, as well as a C-terminal glycolphosphatidylinositol-anchoring fragment. The exposure of the HBGFP on the ScHB surface increased the growth rate of the yeast cells and enhanced cadmium capture from the cadmium-containing medium. After culturing Medicago sativa in the alum mine soils for 30 days, ScHB remarkably increased the plants’ average height from 17.5 cm to 27.9 cm and their biomass from 3.03 g/plant to 4.35 g/plant, as well as increasing the accumulation of antioxidant agents in the plants. Moreover, the ScHB cells strongly improved the soil quality, with an increase in the soil pH values from 5.47 to 6.21 to 6.9, and increased the levels of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and living bacteria. Furthermore, ScHB efficiently improved the plants’ abilities to remove soil heavy metals, decreasing the levels of cadmium, lead, chromium, and copper by 90%, 86%, 97%, and 88%, respectively. This study developed a genetic engineering method to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation against pollution from alum mining. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Molecular Microbial Ecology)
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17 pages, 1705 KiB  
Article
Exploring Positional Performance and Force Control in a Bimanual Lifting Task Among Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Haowei Guo, Caroline H. G. Bastiaenen, Jeanine A. M. C. F. Verbunt and Eugene A. A. Rameckers
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 2872; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15062872 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities often struggle with motor control and stability, impacting their ability to perform functional tasks such as lifting and carrying objects. This study explores positional performance during bimanual box-lifting tasks in children aged 9–18 years with neurodevelopmental disabilities. A total [...] Read more.
Children with neurodevelopmental disabilities often struggle with motor control and stability, impacting their ability to perform functional tasks such as lifting and carrying objects. This study explores positional performance during bimanual box-lifting tasks in children aged 9–18 years with neurodevelopmental disabilities. A total of 83 participants, including 62 with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy and 21 with non-unilateral spastic cerebral palsy, performed tasks using the Activity of Daily Living Testing and Training Device. Tasks were conducted at maximal (80–100% force) and submaximal (40–80% force) levels of force control, with positional performance measured in six directions using Inertial Measurement Unit sensors. Statistical analyses included the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for levels of force control comparisons, Kruskal–Wallis tests for group differences, and Spearman correlations to assess relationships between maximal and submaximal performance. The results revealed that four of six positional parameters were worse in the maximal zone than in the submaximal zone (p<0.05), highlighting the challenges of higher force demands. Additionally, positive correlations between maximal and submaximal performance suggest consistency across levels of force control. Maximal levels of force control increased variability, with submaximal performance proven to be a reliable predictor of maximal capabilities. This finding offers a safer and more efficient method for assessing motor performance. Overall, these results underscore the importance of targeted rehabilitation strategies focused on improving stability and precision in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities so they can perform daily tasks more independently. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Physical Therapy for Rehabilitation)
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17 pages, 10085 KiB  
Article
Safety-Critical Influence of Ageing on Mechanical Properties of Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells
by Gregor Gstrein, Syed Muhammad Abbas, Eduard Ewert, Michael Wenzl and Christian Ellersdorfer
Batteries 2025, 11(3), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11030099 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
While the effect of ageing has been thoroughly analysed, to improve the cycle life of lithium-ion batteries, its impact on safety in case of a mechanical loading is still a new field of research. It has to be found out how mechanical properties, [...] Read more.
While the effect of ageing has been thoroughly analysed, to improve the cycle life of lithium-ion batteries, its impact on safety in case of a mechanical loading is still a new field of research. It has to be found out how mechanical properties, such as the tolerable failure force or deformation, change over the operational lifetime of a battery. To answer this question, mechanical abuse tests were carried out with pouch cells used in recent electric vehicles in a fresh state and after usage over 160.000 km. These tests were complemented with a detailed component level analysis, in order to identify mechanisms that lead to changed cell behaviour. For the analysed aged cells, a significantly different mechanical response was observed in comparison with the respective fresh samples. The tolerable force was severely reduced (up to −27%), accompanied by a notable reduction in the allowable deformation level (up to −15%) prior to failure, making the aged cells clearly more safety critical. Based on the subsequent component tests, the predominant mechanism for this different behaviour was concluded to be particle cracking in the cathode active material. The found results are partly in contrast with the (few) other already published works. It is, however, unclear if this difference is rooted in different cell chemistries or types, or another battery state resulting from varying ageing procedures. This underlies the importance of further investigations in this research field to close the apparent gap of knowledge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Batteries Aging Mechanisms and Diagnosis)
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22 pages, 2721 KiB  
Article
Multimodal Livestock Operations Analysis Using Business Process Modeling: A Case Study of Romanian Black Sea Ports
by Catalin Popa, Ovidiu Stefanov and Ionela Goia
Economies 2025, 13(3), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13030069 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
In spite of its strong increase and relevant position in the evolution of international maritime routes, the global livestock trade is still a poorly treated topic in the maritime business domain of research. Aiming to cover this gap, the authors are focused on [...] Read more.
In spite of its strong increase and relevant position in the evolution of international maritime routes, the global livestock trade is still a poorly treated topic in the maritime business domain of research. Aiming to cover this gap, the authors are focused on revealing the livestock logistics technology in intermodal transports, approaching both equipment reliability and operation flow design, applying the business processes modeling method to map the most relevant stages in animals’ port operation, transfer, and maritime transportation. This paper examines the intricate logistics of maritime livestock transportation through a case study on the Port of Midia, administrated by the Constanța Maritime Port Administration, one of Romania’s primary export hubs for livestock operations, using BPM software, seeking to identify the most important deficiencies and alternatives in improving the technical and technological effectiveness. Key findings indicate that improving ramp availability, automating document verification, and implementing RFID-based animal tracking systems could significantly enhance operational efficiency. By integrating workflow models, real-time monitoring, and simulation-based optimization, the study offers a comprehensive framework for streamlining multimodal livestock transportation. The implications extend to policymakers, port authorities, and logistics operators, emphasizing the necessity of digital transformation, regulatory harmonization, and technological integration in livestock maritime transportation. This research contributes to the expansion of intermodal transportation studies, providing practical recommendations for enhancing livestock logistics efficiency while ensuring compliance with European animal welfare regulations. The findings pave the way for further research into AI-driven risk assessments, smart logistics solutions, and sustainable livestock transportation alternatives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Techniques and Modeling in Business and Economics)
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7 pages, 1487 KiB  
Case Report
A Massive Adenoma of the Uterine Tube in a Young Intact Female Dog: Surgical Intervention and Outcome
by Kazuyuki Terai, Ryou Tanaka, Aki Takeuchi, Kazumi Shimada, Miki Hirose, Aimi Yokoi, Ikki Mitsui and Lina Hamabe
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030253 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Tumors originating from the uterine tube are exceedingly rare in dogs, with limited clinical and therapeutic data available. This report illustrates a case of a uterine tube adenoma in a one-year-and-two-month-old intact female Pomeranian presented with severe abdominal distension. Diagnostic imaging revealed a [...] Read more.
Tumors originating from the uterine tube are exceedingly rare in dogs, with limited clinical and therapeutic data available. This report illustrates a case of a uterine tube adenoma in a one-year-and-two-month-old intact female Pomeranian presented with severe abdominal distension. Diagnostic imaging revealed a large abdominal mass compressing the left kidney, suspected to originate from the female reproductive organs. Surgical excision of the mass, accompanied by ovariohysterectomy, was performed without complications. The tumor, measuring 30 cm in diameter and weighing 1.086 kg, accounted for 28% of the dog’s body weight. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of benign uterine tube adenoma with no evidence of vascular invasion. The dog experienced no postoperative complications and remained tumor-free for over 912 days post-surgery. This case highlights the possibility of uterine tube tumors developing even at a young age and reaching significant sizes without overt clinical signs. While diagnostic findings were unable to identify the precise tissue origin, surgical excision was an effective treatment, even for this large-sized tumor. The findings of this case underscore the importance of including uterine tube tumors in differential diagnoses for female reproductive mass lesions. Further case accumulation is necessary to expand our understanding of this rare condition in dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals: 2nd Edition)
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24 pages, 3271 KiB  
Systematic Review
Immersive Virtual Reality in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Its Efficacy in Upper Limb Recovery
by Chala Diriba Kenea, Teklu Gemechu Abessa, Dheeraj Lamba and Bruno Bonnechère
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(6), 1783; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14061783 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Background: Immersive virtual reality (imVR) has shown promise for upper limb stroke rehabilitation (ULSR). However, optimal implementation and treatment modalities remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate imVR’s efficacy in ULSR and determine optimal treatment parameters. Methods: A [...] Read more.
Background: Immersive virtual reality (imVR) has shown promise for upper limb stroke rehabilitation (ULSR). However, optimal implementation and treatment modalities remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate imVR’s efficacy in ULSR and determine optimal treatment parameters. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparing imVR to conventional rehabilitation (CR) in adult stroke patients, was conducted. Databases including, the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, were searched. Meta-regression further explored the relationship between intervention duration, frequency, and outcomes. Results: Twenty-three studies were included in the systematic review, representing 395 patients, with thirteen incorporated into the meta-analysis. imVR showed statistically significant improvements in the Fugl–Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) Scale (mean difference (MD) = 3.04, 95% CI [1.46; 4.62], p < 0.001) and the Box and Block Test (BBT) (MD = 2.85, 95% CI [0.70; 4.99], p = 0.009) compared to CR, but not in the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) (MD = 3.47, 95% CI [−0.22; 7.15], p = 0.06). However, these improvements did not reach clinically significant thresholds (7 points for FMA-UE and 6 points for BBT). Clinical subgroup analysis showed significant improvements for both subacute (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.92, 95% CI [0.48; 1.36], p = 0.002) and chronic (SMD = 0.69, 95% CI [0.03; 1.35], p = 0.03) stroke stages. Meta-regression indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between the intervention duration and upper limb improvement. Conclusions: imVR demonstrates potential for improving upper limb motor function following stroke, particularly with longer intervention durations and individual session lengths for chronic stroke. However, the improvements observed were not clinically significant, highlighting the need for further research with larger sample sizes and standardized outcome measures to determine optimal treatment protocols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rehabilitation and Management of Stroke)
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15 pages, 8175 KiB  
Article
Aptamer Paper-Based Fluorescent Sensor for Determination of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein
by Jincai Yang, Zunquan Zhao, Tianyi Ma and Jialei Bai
Sensors 2025, 25(6), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061637 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) antigen detection plays a crucial role in curbing the spread of viruses. Paper-based fluorescence aptasensors are expected to offer a low-cost tool to meet the needs of decentralized POC diagnosis. Herein, we report on a fluorescent paper-based sensing system for detecting [...] Read more.
Point-of-care (POC) antigen detection plays a crucial role in curbing the spread of viruses. Paper-based fluorescence aptasensors are expected to offer a low-cost tool to meet the needs of decentralized POC diagnosis. Herein, we report on a fluorescent paper-based sensing system for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The sensing system was constructed by loading multi-layer Nb2C MXene nano-quenchers and carbon-dot-labeled aptamer (G-CDs@Apt) probes onto a mixed cellulose ester (MCE) paper substrate. On the Nb2C MXene/G-CDs@Apt sensing paper, abundant G-CDs@Apt probes were attached to the multilayer MXene nano-quenchers and kept in a fluorescence-off state, while recognition of the target detached the G-CDs@Apt probes formed the nano--quenchers, resulting in fluorescence recovery of the sensing paper. The developed paper-based sensor performed well in the one-step detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein with a detection limit of 0.067 ng/mL (0.335 pg/test). The assay exhibited good selectivity and anti-interference in the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein in artificial saliva. Moreover, the paper-based aptasensor was successfully used to detect the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein in actual environmental samples with recoveries of 90.87–100.55% and relative standard deviations of 1.52–3.41%. The proposed technology provides a cost-effective alternative to traditional antibody test strips for a wide range of POC diagnostic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Point-of-Care Biosensors: Design and Applications)
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13 pages, 776 KiB  
Systematic Review
Factors Associated with Non-Compliance with Healthcare Accreditation in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Khalid Saad Alkhurayji, Abdulmunim Alsuhaimi, Hesham Alangari, Saja A. Alrayes and Arwa Alumran
Healthcare 2025, 13(6), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060580 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Compliance with healthcare standards is an absolute must for every healthcare organization seeking accreditation. Several factors were found to affect compliance, and in Saudi Arabia, certain standards were observed for non-compliance. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis seeks to identify the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Compliance with healthcare standards is an absolute must for every healthcare organization seeking accreditation. Several factors were found to affect compliance, and in Saudi Arabia, certain standards were observed for non-compliance. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis seeks to identify the factors associated with non-compliance with healthcare accreditation in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) model was used to refine the research question. The Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies (Press) guidelines were used to improve the search strategy. The databases used for the search were PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The dates searched were from 1 January 2000 to 1 November 2024. We used a data extraction form for study characteristics and outcome data, which was piloted on five studies in this review. The risk of bias was assessed by using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The analysis was carried out using the Fisher r-to-z transformed correlation coefficient as the outcome measure. A random-effects model was fitted to the data. Results: A total of ten studies were included for qualitative synthesis and five for quantitative synthesis. Several factors were observed for non-compliance, including insufficient training organization hurdles, a lack of implementation strategies, and the attitudes of healthcare providers. The estimated average correlation coefficient based on the random-effects model was 0.2568 (95% CI: −0.1190 to 0.6326). Conclusions: The dimension of quality in healthcare through pooled correlations from various studies highlighted a weak association among these dimensions. Full article
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15 pages, 251 KiB  
Article
The Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Services, Risk Management, and Infection Prevention in Surgical Settings: A Qualitative Study
by Alice Yip, Jeff Yip, Zoe Tsui, Cheung-Hai Yip, Hau-Ling Lung, Kam-Yee Shit and Rachel Yip
Healthcare 2025, 13(6), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13060579 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Background/Objective In every surgical environment, the prevention of surgical site infections is not merely desirable but essential, given their profound impact on patient health and healthcare costs. To optimize patient care during surgery, a thorough exploration and assessment of all intraoperative nursing practices [...] Read more.
Background/Objective In every surgical environment, the prevention of surgical site infections is not merely desirable but essential, given their profound impact on patient health and healthcare costs. To optimize patient care during surgery, a thorough exploration and assessment of all intraoperative nursing practices are necessary, guided by empirical evidence. The aim of this study was to explore nurses’ experiences with surgical site infection prevention practices in the intraoperative setting. Methods Twenty-one nurses working in clinical settings in Hong Kong participated in semi-structured interviews for this qualitative study. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method. Results Four main themes were identified from the interview data: ensuring safety and minimizing threats; facing silent, intangible, and hidden risks; team collaboration in eliminating risks; and persistent knowledge acquisition. Conclusions Nurses encountered diverse obstacles tied to teamwork, updated knowledge, communication, and patient safety. Enhanced quality of care in clinical settings can be achieved through strategic implementations. Focusing on quality improvement initiatives, establishing consistent teams, and recognizing the vital role of nurses strengthen care delivery. These actions contribute significantly to preventing surgical site infections and ensuring patient safety during intraoperative nursing practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection The Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Services)
37 pages, 1801 KiB  
Article
Urban Stakeholders for Sustainable and Smart Cities: An Innovative Identification and Management Methodology
by Rafael Esteban-Narro, Vanesa G. Lo-Iacono-Ferreira and Juan Ignacio Torregrosa-López
Smart Cities 2025, 8(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8020041 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
The global challenges that cities must face regarding sustainability, efficiency, integration, and resilience have found in the smart city concept a guideline of action as a model for urban development and transformation. The multidimensional nature of the smart city, along with the importance [...] Read more.
The global challenges that cities must face regarding sustainability, efficiency, integration, and resilience have found in the smart city concept a guideline of action as a model for urban development and transformation. The multidimensional nature of the smart city, along with the importance of identifying key urban stakeholders and ensuring their engagement, are two widely recognized characteristics within the scientific community. However, proposals for the identification, classification, and management of urban stakeholders are very scarce and almost non-existent when considered in conjunction with the holistic nature of smart cities. Thus, the significant importance attributed to stakeholder engagement contrasts with the lack of clear guidelines to develop it properly. Based on an iterative analysis of the scientific literature combined with the cross-referencing of smart city dimensions, statistical analysis tools, and multi-criteria analysis methods, this paper proposes a new methodology for the identification and management of urban stakeholders. The proposal includes a comprehensive classification and a new framework for developing urban stakeholder identification processes at their early stages or the monitoring and assessment of ongoing or completed processes, including tools for analyzing the extent and homogeneity achieved. The practical application of the methodology to a specific case study is also discussed. Full article
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18 pages, 706 KiB  
Review
Neural Excitatory/Inhibitory Imbalance in Motor Aging: From Genetic Mechanisms to Therapeutic Challenges
by Xuhui Chen, Ya Wang, Yongning Zhang, Xucheng Li, Le Zhang, Shangbang Gao and Cuntai Zhang
Biology 2025, 14(3), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14030272 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Neural excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance plays a pivotal role in the aging process. However, despite its significant impact, the role of E/I imbalance in motor dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases has not received sufficient attention. This review explores the mechanisms underlying motor aging through the [...] Read more.
Neural excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) imbalance plays a pivotal role in the aging process. However, despite its significant impact, the role of E/I imbalance in motor dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases has not received sufficient attention. This review explores the mechanisms underlying motor aging through the lens of E/I balance, emphasizing genetic and molecular factors that contribute to this imbalance (such as SCN2A, CACNA1C, GABRB3, GRIN2A, SYT, BDNF…). Key regulatory genes, including REST, vps-34, and STXBP1, are examined for their roles in modulating synaptic activity and neuronal function during aging. With insights drawn from ALS, we discuss how disruptions in E/I balance contribute to the pathophysiology of age-related motor dysfunction. The genes discussed above exhibit a certain association with age-related motor neuron diseases (like ALS), a relationship that had not been previously recognized. Innovative genetic therapies, such as gene editing technology and optogenetic manipulation, are emerging as promising tools for restoring E/I balance, offering hope for ameliorating motor deficits in aging. This review explores the potential of these technologies to intervene in aging-related motor diseases, despite challenges in their direct application to human conditions. Full article
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19 pages, 2634 KiB  
Article
An Experimental Assessment of Miscanthus x giganteus for Landfill Leachate Treatment: A Case Study of the Grebača Landfill in Obrenovac
by Svetozar Andrić, Goran Knežević, Snežana Maletić, Srđan Rončević, Marijana Kragulj Isakovski, Tijana Zeremski and Jelena Beljin
Processes 2025, 13(3), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030768 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Water pollution caused by landfill leachate, which contains high concentrations of heavy metals and organic contaminants, poses a serious environmental threat. Among the potential remediation strategies, phytoremediation using Miscanthus x giganteus (giant miscanthus) has gained attention due to its strong resistance to harsh [...] Read more.
Water pollution caused by landfill leachate, which contains high concentrations of heavy metals and organic contaminants, poses a serious environmental threat. Among the potential remediation strategies, phytoremediation using Miscanthus x giganteus (giant miscanthus) has gained attention due to its strong resistance to harsh conditions and its capacity to accumulate heavy metals. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Miscanthus x giganteus in treating landfill leachate, with a focus on removing key pollutants such as zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu) by simulating wetland conditions. A pilot-scale experiment conducted at the Grebača landfill site assessed the plant’s ability to enhance metal bioavailability, stabilize contaminants, and limit their mobility within the leachate system. The results demonstrated that Miscanthus x giganteus effectively mobilized Zn and Ni through rhizospheric activity, whereas Cu remained largely immobile, indicating potential for phytostabilization. Sequential extraction analysis further confirmed that the plant significantly reduced the mobile fractions of Zn and Ni in the soil, highlighting its dual role in both phytoremediation and phytostabilization. These findings suggest that Miscanthus x giganteus offers a sustainable and cost-effective approach to landfill leachate treatment, serving as a viable alternative to conventional methods. By integrating this nature-based solution into industrial and municipal waste management, it promotes environmental sustainability while enhancing remediation efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)
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25 pages, 4295 KiB  
Article
Sound Change and Consonant Devoicing in Word-Final Sibilants: A Study of Brazilian Portuguese Plural Forms
by Wellington Mendes, Jr.
Languages 2025, 10(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10030048 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
This study investigates consonant devoicing in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), in order to assess whether an ongoing sound change is taking place. We examine plural forms consisting of a stop consonant followed by a word-final sibilant, such as in redes [hedz] ~ [heds] ~ [...] Read more.
This study investigates consonant devoicing in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), in order to assess whether an ongoing sound change is taking place. We examine plural forms consisting of a stop consonant followed by a word-final sibilant, such as in redes [hedz] ~ [heds] ~ [hets] and sedes [sɛdz] ~ [sɛds] ~ [sɛts], focusing on the emergence of voiceless sibilants before word-initial vowels (e.g., redes amarelas, ‘yellow hammocks’). If sibilants remain voiceless despite a following vowel, this challenges the expected regressive voicing assimilation in BP and raises the question of the conditions under which this devoicing occurs. Data were collected through recordings of oral production from twenty Brazilian speakers, using reading and picture naming tasks. Sibilant voicing was quantified using harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR). A linear mixed-effects model—including random intercepts and slopes for both speakers and words—reveals that sibilants are significantly more voiced before a vowel than before a pause, but this voicing is substantially reduced when the sibilant is preceded by voiceless consonants. These findings indicate an ongoing devoicing process at pre-vocalic word boundaries in BP, affecting clusters [pz, tz, kz] and [bz, dz, gz] alike. Spectrographic analyses indicate that not only the sibilants but also their preceding stop may exhibit devoicing. Moreover, minimal-pair considerations suggest that speakers potentially maintain sibilant voicing in certain lexical items to preserve intelligibility (e.g., gra[dz] ‘grades’ and se[dz] ‘headquarters’ vs. grá[ts] ‘free’ and se[ts] ‘sets’). Drawing on Exemplar Theory, we propose a competition between the influence of the phonological environment and word-final devoicing: sibilants are sometimes voiced due to a following vowel (e.g., botes argentinos [bɔtz ah.ʒẽ.’tʃi.nus] ‘Argentine boats’), but they often emerge as voiceless due to consonantal devoicing (e.g., [bɔts ah.ʒẽ.’tʃi.nus]), resulting in both expected and unexpected forms. We suggest that fine phonetic detail, whether associated with allophonic or emergent sound patterns, contributes to the construction of phonological representations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phonetics and Phonology of Ibero-Romance Languages)
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11 pages, 2504 KiB  
Article
CO2-Responsive Plugging Gel with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Polyethyleneimine, and Silica
by Fanghui Liu, Mingmin Zhang, Huiyu Huang, Rui Cheng and Xin Su
Polymers 2025, 17(6), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17060706 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
Gas channeling during CO2 flooding poses a significant challenge to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in heterogeneous reservoirs, limiting both oil recovery and CO2 sequestration efficiency. To address this issue, a CO2-responsive plugging gel was developed using polyethyleneimine (PEI), sodium [...] Read more.
Gas channeling during CO2 flooding poses a significant challenge to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in heterogeneous reservoirs, limiting both oil recovery and CO2 sequestration efficiency. To address this issue, a CO2-responsive plugging gel was developed using polyethyleneimine (PEI), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and nano-silica. The gel formulation, containing 0.8% SDS, 0.8% PEI, and 0.1% nano-silica, demonstrated excellent CO2-responsive thickening behavior, achieving a viscosity of over 12,000 mPa·s under selected conditions. The gel exhibited reversible viscosity changes upon CO2 and N2 injection, shear-thinning and self-healing properties, and stability under high-temperature (90 °C) and high-salinity (up to 20,000 mg/L) conditions. Plugging experiments using artificial cores with gas permeabilities of 100 mD and 500 mD achieved a plugging efficiency exceeding 95%, reducing permeability to below 0.2 mD. These results emphasize the potential of the CO2-responsive plugging gel as an efficient approach to reducing gas channeling, boosting oil recovery, and enhancing CO2 storage capacity in crude oil reservoirs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Structure, Characterization and Application of Polymer Networks and Gels)
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24 pages, 1543 KiB  
Article
Stochastic Up-Scaling of Discrete Fine-Scale Models Using Bayesian Updating
by Muhammad Sadiq Sarfaraz, Bojana V. Rosić and Hermann G. Matthies
Computation 2025, 13(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13030068 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
In this work, we present an up-scaling framework in a multi-scale setting to calibrate a stochastic material model. In particular with regard to application of the proposed method, we employ Bayesian updating to identify the probability distribution of continuum-based coarse-scale model parameters from [...] Read more.
In this work, we present an up-scaling framework in a multi-scale setting to calibrate a stochastic material model. In particular with regard to application of the proposed method, we employ Bayesian updating to identify the probability distribution of continuum-based coarse-scale model parameters from fine-scale measurements, which is discrete and also inherently random (aleatory uncertainty) in nature. Owing to the completely dissimilar nature of models for the involved scales, the energy is used as the essential medium (i.e., the predictions of the coarse-scale model and measurements from the fine-scale model) of communication between them. This task is realized computationally using a generalized version of the Kalman filter, employing a functional approximation of the involved parameters. The approximations are obtained in a non-intrusive manner and are discussed in detail especially for the fine-scale measurements. The demonstrated numerical examples show the utility and generality of the presented approach in terms of obtaining calibrated coarse-scale models as reasonably accurate approximations of fine-scale ones and greater freedom to select widely different models on both scales, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synergy between Multiphysics/Multiscale Modeling and Machine Learning)
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18 pages, 4016 KiB  
Article
Kale Seed Germination and Plant Growth Responses to Two Different Processed Biostimulants from Pyrolysis and Hydrothermal Carbonization
by Yuxuan Tang, Raphael Ofoe, Lokanadha R. Gunupuru, Dengge Qin and Lord Abbey
Seeds 2025, 4(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds4010013 (registering DOI) - 7 Mar 2025
Abstract
The cost of producing organic crops is increasing. Agricultural wastes can be used as biostimulants to increase plant growth and productivity and reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers. A pouch assay and a potted greenhouse experiment were conducted to investigate the effect of [...] Read more.
The cost of producing organic crops is increasing. Agricultural wastes can be used as biostimulants to increase plant growth and productivity and reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers. A pouch assay and a potted greenhouse experiment were conducted to investigate the effect of pyroligneous acid (PA) and sea lettuce (SL) on kale (Brassica oleracea subsp. acephala (DC.) Metzg) seed germination and growth. Although previous studies have demonstrated that these two biostimulants could promote plant germination and growth, there is little research to compare their effects on seed germination and plant growth. The pouch assay showed that PA liquid affected the seed germination rate under different concentrations; the seed germination rate decreased as the concentration of PA liquid increased. However, the effect of seed germination was less pronounced in SL liquids. Kale seeds treated with 0.01% PA showed the best elongation and seedling growth performance. Moreover, the greenhouse experiment indicates that SL liquids significantly (p < 0.05) affected kale growth production, while PA liquid had less difference on kale growth under various concentrations. The 0.25% PA and 1% SL increased the aboveground fresh weight by ca. 26% and 29%, respectively. Also, the phytochemical contents of kale leaves, including phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbate, and protein, were significantly increased with 0.25% PA and 1% SL application. These results suggest that low concentrations of PA are more suitable for seedling root growth in kale and 1% SL had the most significant growth-promoting effect on kale. Hydrothermal carbonization sea lettuce liquid can be used as a good biostimulant for agricultural production to improve kale germination and growth. Full article
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20 pages, 731 KiB  
Review
Frozen Shoulder as a Metabolic and Immune Disorder: Potential Roles of Leptin Resistance, JAK-STAT Dysregulation, and Fibrosis
by Santiago Navarro-Ledesma
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(5), 1780; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051780 - 6 Mar 2025
Abstract
Frozen shoulder (FS) is a complex and multifactorial condition characterized by persistent inflammation, fibrosis, and metabolic dysregulation. Despite extensive research, the underlying drivers of FS remain poorly understood. Recent findings indicate the coexistence of pro-inflammatory and fibrosis-resolving macrophages within affected tissues, suggesting a [...] Read more.
Frozen shoulder (FS) is a complex and multifactorial condition characterized by persistent inflammation, fibrosis, and metabolic dysregulation. Despite extensive research, the underlying drivers of FS remain poorly understood. Recent findings indicate the coexistence of pro-inflammatory and fibrosis-resolving macrophages within affected tissues, suggesting a dysregulated immune response influenced by metabolic and neuroendocrine factors. This review proposes that leptin resistance, a hallmark of metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammation, may play a central role in FS pathogenesis by impairing macrophage polarization, perpetuating inflammation, and disrupting fibrosis resolution. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway, critically modulated by leptin resistance, may further contribute to immune dysregulation by sustaining inflammatory macrophage activation and interfering with tissue remodeling. Additionally, FS shares pathogenic features with fibrotic diseases driven by TGF-β signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and circadian disruption, further linking systemic metabolic dysfunction to localized fibrotic pathology. Beyond immune and metabolic regulation, alterations in gut microbiota, bacterial translocation, and chronic psychosocial stress may further exacerbate systemic inflammation and neuroendocrine imbalances, intensifying JAK-STAT dysregulation and leptin resistance. By examining the intricate interplay between metabolism, immune function, and fibrotic remodeling, this review highlights targeting leptin sensitivity, JAK-STAT modulation, and mitochondrial restoration as novel therapeutic strategies for FS treatment. Future research should explore these interconnections to develop integrative interventions that address both the metabolic and immune dysregulation underlying FS, ultimately improving clinical outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Updates in Physiotherapy for Musculoskeletal Disorders)
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19 pages, 8269 KiB  
Article
Quad-Beam 4 × 2 Array Antenna for Millimeter-Wave 5G Applications
by Parveez Shariff Bhadravathi Ghouse, Tanweer Ali, Pallavi R. Mane, Sameena Pathan, Sudheesh Puthenveettil Gopi, Bal S. Virdee, Jaume Anguera and Prashant M. Prabhu
Electronics 2025, 14(5), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14051056 (registering DOI) - 6 Mar 2025
Abstract
This article presents the design of a novel, compact, 4 × 2 planar-array antenna that provides quad-beam radiation in the broadside direction, and it enhances coverage and serviceability for millimeter-wave applications. The antenna utilizes a corporate (parallel) feed network to deliver equal power [...] Read more.
This article presents the design of a novel, compact, 4 × 2 planar-array antenna that provides quad-beam radiation in the broadside direction, and it enhances coverage and serviceability for millimeter-wave applications. The antenna utilizes a corporate (parallel) feed network to deliver equal power and phase to all elements. Non-uniform element spacing in the two orthogonal planes, exceeding 0.5λ1 (λ1 being the wavelength at 30 GHz), results in a quad-beam radiation pattern. Two beams are formed in the xz-plane and two in the yz-plane, oriented at angles of θ=±54°. However, this spacing leads to null radiation at the center and splits the radiation energy, reducing the overall gain. The measured half-power beamwidth (HPBW) is 30° in the xz-plane and 35° in the yz-plane, with X-polarization levels of −20.5 dB and −26 dB, respectively. The antenna achieves a bandwidth of 28.5–31.1 GHz and a peak gain of 10.6 dBi. Furthermore, increasing the aperture size enhances the gain and narrows the beamwidth by replicating the structure and tuning the feed network. These features make the proposed antenna suitable for 5G wireless communication systems. Full article
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