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22 pages, 471 KiB  
Article
Implementing Competency-Based Education Through the Personalized Monitoring of Primary Students’ Progress and Assessment
by Jovita Ponomariovienė, Daiva Jakavonytė-Staškuvienė and Frédéric Torterat
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15020252 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Competency-based education is an educational paradigm with the primary goal of combining theoretical knowledge and practical skills, giving students the opportunity to effectively apply learning outcomes in real-life situations. This approach focuses on preparing students for life’s challenges by nurturing them as independent, [...] Read more.
Competency-based education is an educational paradigm with the primary goal of combining theoretical knowledge and practical skills, giving students the opportunity to effectively apply learning outcomes in real-life situations. This approach focuses on preparing students for life’s challenges by nurturing them as independent, critical, and creative thinkers who can adapt to an ever-changing environment. This article examines the process of competency-based assessment and progress monitoring in primary grades. The study conducted a qualitative content analysis of observed lessons and teacher interviews to reveal how assessment and continuous progress monitoring can contribute to comprehensive student development. Ten primary school teachers participated in the study, responding to researchers’ questions about competency-based education and their practices in assessment and progress monitoring. The article presents the results of a qualitative study aimed at evaluating the process of competence-based assessment and progress monitoring in primary school classrooms. The study results revealed that, in assessing student progress, teachers find it important for students to not only demonstrate knowledge in different situations but also gain a clearer understanding of their learning goals and have opportunities for growth. Such an assessment system not only helps students develop self-reflection but also encourages them to take responsibility for their learning process, continually improve, and strive for higher competency achievement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Curriculum and Instruction)
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12 pages, 1069 KiB  
Article
Portable Smoking Ovens: What Are the PAH Levels in Grilled and Smoked Rainbow Trout?
by Paul Uiuiu, Daniel Cocan, Călin Lațiu, Radu Constantinescu, Vioara Mireșan, Tudor Papuc, Raul-Lucian Savin, Andrada Ihuț, Camelia Răducu, Anca Becze, Cristina Craioveanu and Bogdan Alin Vlaic
Fishes 2025, 10(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10020082 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Fish smoking is one of the oldest preservation methods and has traditional forms in most parts of the world, each with distinct variables. The presence of PAHs in smoked fish is of great concern for producers and consumers alike, as PAHs have great [...] Read more.
Fish smoking is one of the oldest preservation methods and has traditional forms in most parts of the world, each with distinct variables. The presence of PAHs in smoked fish is of great concern for producers and consumers alike, as PAHs have great negative effects on human health. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content level in smoked rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) processed using a commercial portable grilling and smoking oven. Sawdust of hardwood (beech, cherry, sour cherry, walnut, and plum) and softwood (fir, willow) were used to produce aromatic essences. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that different tree species tend to accumulate different PAHs in different concentrations. In the case of the generalized additive model (GAM) analyzing fish meat, fir tree reduced the concentration of PAHs in fish meat. When GAM analyzed fish skin, cherry, sour cherry, and willow trees significantly reduced the concentrations of PAHs in fish skin compared to beech trees. Furthermore, the results regarding the skin of the fish suggest that it acts as a protective barrier, trapping smoke particulates and reducing the penetration of PAHs into the meat. The present method clearly shows that, at least in the case of Benzo[a]pyrene, it is safer than traditional methods of smoking. This highlights the need for further research into the physicochemical properties of fish tissue and their impact on PAH accumulation. Full article
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19 pages, 6213 KiB  
Article
A Protein-Based Approach for Greek Yogurt Authentication via an HRMS Technique (MALDI-TOF MS) and Milk Powder Detection as a Fraudulent Addition
by Evangelia Krystalli, Nikolaos Thomaidis, Anastasia S. Kritikou and Christos Kokkinos
Foods 2025, 14(4), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14040693 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
The popularity of Greek-style yogurt (made from cow, ewe, and goat milk) has grown significantly in recent years thanks to its high protein content, nutritional value, and unique creamy texture, making it vulnerable to illegal practices, such as adulteration. In the present work, [...] Read more.
The popularity of Greek-style yogurt (made from cow, ewe, and goat milk) has grown significantly in recent years thanks to its high protein content, nutritional value, and unique creamy texture, making it vulnerable to illegal practices, such as adulteration. In the present work, a fast and reliable matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)-based methodology was developed for the detection of yogurt adulteration with cow milk powder, exploiting the intact protein profile. An integrated protein-based workflow was established for the detection of as little as 1% cow milk powder addition into cow and goat milk yogurt. Simultaneously, markers for yogurt classification based on their animal origin (cow, ewe, or goat), type (traditional or strained), and thermal treatment of milk were revealed for the first time. Statistical analysis using chemometric tools, such as unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) recognition techniques, were implemented for the discrimination/classification of the yogurt samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artisanal Foods of Animal Origin: Study on Processing, Characterization, Quality, Safety, Sustainability and Health Benefits)
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33 pages, 6152 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Guide to Enzyme Immobilization: All You Need to Know
by Marina Simona Robescu and Teodora Bavaro
Molecules 2025, 30(4), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040939 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization plays a critical role in enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of biocatalysis, addressing key challenges such as limited enzyme stability, short shelf life, and difficulties in recovery and recycling, which are pivotal for green chemistry and industrial applications. Classical approaches, including [...] Read more.
Enzyme immobilization plays a critical role in enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of biocatalysis, addressing key challenges such as limited enzyme stability, short shelf life, and difficulties in recovery and recycling, which are pivotal for green chemistry and industrial applications. Classical approaches, including adsorption, entrapment, encapsulation, and covalent bonding, as well as advanced site-specific methods that integrate enzyme engineering and bio-orthogonal chemistry, were discussed. These techniques enable precise control over enzyme orientation and interaction with carriers, optimizing catalytic activity and reusability. Key findings highlight the impact of immobilization on improving enzyme performance under various operational conditions and its role in reducing process costs through enhanced stability and recyclability. The review presents numerous practical applications of immobilized enzymes, including their use in the pharmaceutical industry for drug synthesis, in the food sector for dairy processing, and in environmental biotechnology for wastewater treatment and dye degradation. Despite the significant advantages, challenges such as activity loss due to conformational changes and mass transfer limitations remain, necessitating tailored immobilization protocols for specific applications. The integration of immobilization with modern biotechnological advancements, such as site-directed mutagenesis and recombinant DNA technology, offers a promising pathway for developing robust, efficient, and sustainable biocatalytic systems. This comprehensive guide aims to support researchers and industries in selecting and optimizing immobilization techniques for diverse applications in pharmaceuticals, food processing, and fine chemicals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Trends of Biocatalysis in Organic Chemistry and Enzyme Engineering–2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 22455 KiB  
Article
Highly Efficient Cutting of Quartz Glass with Low Roughness and Minor Chipping Using Bessel Laser Beams
by Lei Xiong, Yuhang An, Ling Zhang, Cheng Tang, Tianci Zhang, Aibin Zuo and Wenyan Gao
Photonics 2025, 12(2), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12020162 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
The conventional method of cutting quartz glass with a knife often leads to undesirable effects, such as chipping, debris generation, and an inconsistent cut quality. Additionally, implementing the current methods of laser ablation cutting and crack control cutting presents challenges in ensuring both [...] Read more.
The conventional method of cutting quartz glass with a knife often leads to undesirable effects, such as chipping, debris generation, and an inconsistent cut quality. Additionally, implementing the current methods of laser ablation cutting and crack control cutting presents challenges in ensuring both the quality of the cut and the efficiency of the process. Previous reports have documented a single direct cut of thin quartz glass, albeit at a thickness of only 200 μm. In this study, we utilized a pulse-width-tunable Gaussian beam, in combination with an axicon and a beam-reducing mirror, to generate a high-quality Bessel beam. This process endows the quartz glass with a nano-porous structure with a thickness of 1 mm, enabling high-quality cutting in a single pass. The effects of laser-cutting speed and pulse width on the cutting cross-section and cut surface were investigated. The results of the experiments show that using the optimal cutting speed and pulse width significantly improved cutting quality, reduced surface damage and sputtering, enabled the penetration of the modified cutting cross-section throughout the material, and decreased cutting cross-section roughness to 607 nm Ra. This technique holds promise for the laser-processing industry, enhancing both the quality and efficiency of cutting 1 mm thick quartz glass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Lasers and Their Applications, 2nd Edition )
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11 pages, 2351 KiB  
Article
Extraction of Rhenium with Trialkylbenzylammonium Chloride
by I. A. Kalina, E. V. Zlobina, Zh. Zh. Bekishev, A. G. Ismailova, Kh. S. Tassibekov, Z. A. Iskakov, B. Zh. Toksanbayev, A. T. Kumarbekova and A. S. Fomenko
Metals 2025, 15(2), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15020212 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the extraction of rhenium using trialkylbenzyl ammonium chloride (TABAC) as an alternative to trialkylamine (TAA) for recovering rhenium from highly diluted solutions. Rhenium, present as ReO4− over a wide acidity range, was extracted via an anion exchange mechanism [...] Read more.
This study investigates the extraction of rhenium using trialkylbenzyl ammonium chloride (TABAC) as an alternative to trialkylamine (TAA) for recovering rhenium from highly diluted solutions. Rhenium, present as ReO4− over a wide acidity range, was extracted via an anion exchange mechanism in single-stage experiments monitored by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Key variables, including pH, acid concentration, and the concentrations of extractant and metal, were examined. The results demonstrated a high extraction efficiency exceeding 99% within a pH range of 2 to 7 and from solutions containing sulfuric or hydrochloric acid at concentrations of 0.1 to 3.0 M (mol/L). However, extraction from nitric acid solutions was less efficient, with less than 30% recovery. Performance for both TAA-kerosene and TABAC-kerosene followed the order H2SO4 > HCl > HNO3. The optimal TABAC concentration was 10−2 M (mol/L) in kerosene. TABAC also showed higher selectivity than TAA, with separation coefficients Re/Mo = 66.8 and Re/W = 55.8 in 0.1–1.0 M (mol/L) sulfuric acid. Based on equilibrium studies, the complexes formed during extraction were identified as [R3R′NH]ReO4. This approach may offer environmentally friendly and cost-effective benefits for large-scale industrial applications, enabling efficient recovery of valuable rhenium while reducing waste and environmental impact. Full article
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21 pages, 2272 KiB  
Article
Methane–Natural Clay Interfacial Interactions as Revealed by High-Pressure Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
by Salim Ok, Julia M. Sheets, Susan A. Welch and David R. Cole
Fuels 2025, 6(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels6010016 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
The current investigation aims to offer fundamental, molecular- to microscopic-level descriptions of methane gas inside natural source clay minerals. Texas montmorillonite (STx-1), Georgia kaolinite (KGa-2), and Ca2+-saturated Texas montmorillonite (Ca-STx-1, Ca-bentonite) were utilized as subsurface model clay minerals for elucidating nano-confinement [...] Read more.
The current investigation aims to offer fundamental, molecular- to microscopic-level descriptions of methane gas inside natural source clay minerals. Texas montmorillonite (STx-1), Georgia kaolinite (KGa-2), and Ca2+-saturated Texas montmorillonite (Ca-STx-1, Ca-bentonite) were utilized as subsurface model clay minerals for elucidating nano-confinement behaviors of 13C-labeled methane gas. High-pressure magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to describe the interactions between methane and the clays by varying temperature and pressure. Proton-decoupled 13C-NMR spectra were acquired at 28.2 bar at 307 K, 32.6 bar at 346 K, 56.4 bar at 307 K, 65.1 bar at 346 K, 112.7 bar at 307 K, and 130.3 bar at 346 K. In the pure state, no significant thermal effect on the behavior of methane was observed. However, there was a perceptible variation in the chemical shift position of confined methane in the mixtures with the clays up to 346 K. Conversely, the 13C-NMR chemical shift of methane altered by varying pressure in a pure state, and the mixtures with clays, attributed to the interaction of methane with the clay surfaces or the nanopore network of the clay–silica mixed phase. Pressure-induced shifts in methane peak positions were observed: 0.25 ppm (28.2–56.4 bar) and 0.47 ppm (56.4–112.3 bar) at 307 K. For methane in a montmorillonite mixture, shifts were 0.32 ppm for bulk-like methane and 0.20 ppm for confined methane under similar conditions. At 346 K, increasing pressure from 65.1 to 130.3 bar caused shifts exceeding 0.50 ppm, with bulk-like methane showing a 0.64 ppm shift and confined methane a 0.57 ppm shift. There was only one 13C-NMR methane peak in the mixture with either kaolinite (KGa-2) or Ca-bentonite with line broadening compared to that of pure methane. Still, two peaks were observed in the mixture with STx-1, explained by the imbibition and mobility of methane in the pore network. Full article
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12 pages, 2700 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazoles in an Eco-Friendly L-Proline–Ethylene Glycol Mixture
by Thiên Thuý Trang Nguyễn, Jean-François Longevial and Stéphanie Hesse
Molecules 2025, 30(4), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040938 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
The hazardousness of solvents used in synthetic organic chemistry is well established. In this context, it is relevant to search for safer and greener alternatives. Within the last decades, deep eutectic solvents have been considered as possible and promising alternatives. Consequently, this study [...] Read more.
The hazardousness of solvents used in synthetic organic chemistry is well established. In this context, it is relevant to search for safer and greener alternatives. Within the last decades, deep eutectic solvents have been considered as possible and promising alternatives. Consequently, this study aims at using deep eutectic solvents to synthesize an emerging class of heteroaromatic compounds named thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazoles, for which interest is growing in the field of organics, electronics, and biology. To address this challenge, we developed a straightforward synthetic protocol consisting of condensing dithiooxamide and aromatic aldehyde in deep eutectic solvents to yield the desired thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole without further purification. The first hit was obtained with the well-known L-proline:glycerol (1:2) mixture at 130 °C. However, dithiooxamide is degraded under these conditions, leading to the formation of impurities that may arise from the consequent amount of reactive L-proline. Reaction conditions were optimized by modifying the deep eutectic solvent nature and proportions, applying various temperatures, changing the activation and heating source, or adding auxiliary oxidants. As a consequence, eight thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazoles were synthesized in equal or better yields (20 to 75%) than the reported procedure under safe and eco-friendly conditions in a mixture of L-proline and ethylene glycol (1:50) with sodium metabisulfite at 130 °C for one hour. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Green Chemistry Section)
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10 pages, 5842 KiB  
Case Report
Frontal Variant Alzheimer’s Disease or Primary Psychiatric Disorder? A Case Report
by Siew Fai Liew and Weishan Li
Reports 2025, 8(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8010024 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Background and Clinical Significance: In our case study, the patient experienced approximately a year-long delay in her diagnosis, where her initial diagnosis was mistakenly a primary psychiatric disorder, resulting in undue stress on her family. The aim of this case study is [...] Read more.
Background and Clinical Significance: In our case study, the patient experienced approximately a year-long delay in her diagnosis, where her initial diagnosis was mistakenly a primary psychiatric disorder, resulting in undue stress on her family. The aim of this case study is to raise awareness of frontal variant Alzheimer’s dementia (fvAD) and to increase knowledge amongst clinicians about this disorder, its management and the need for long-term follow up in specialized clinics. Case Presentation: In January 2023, a 56-year-old woman first presented with a 4-month history of worsening cognitive symptoms with considerable overlapping mood symptoms. Her Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was 20/28, whereas her Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) score was 6/18. Upon neuropsychological evaluation, she demonstrated multidomain cognitive deficits, where impairments were most prominent in executive dysfunction, learning, memory and semantic fluency. There was evidence of progressive neurodegenerative changes, with brain MRI (April 2024) showing predominant bilateral frontal and parietal volume loss, sparing the occipital and temporal lobes. Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) was diffusely positive. A diagnosis of fvAD (frontal variant Alzheimer’s dementia) with BPSD was made. Other differential diagnoses included a major neurocognitive disorder due to multiple etiologies (AD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)), frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and the psychiatric disorder of pseudodementia secondary to a mood disorder. Conclusions: This case presented significant challenges given the atypical neuropsychological profile and the complexity of the symptom presentation with significant neuropsychiatric overlay. The preliminary research findings underscore the complexity of fvAD, warranting future research using fundamental approaches. Full article
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24 pages, 13219 KiB  
Article
Deformation Mechanisms and Rainfall Lag Effects of Deep-Seated Ancient Landslides in High-Mountain Regions: A Case Study of the Zhongxinrong Landslide, Upper Jinsha River
by Xue Li, Changbao Guo, Wenkai Chen, Peng Wei, Feng Jin, Yiqiu Yan and Gui Liu
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(4), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17040687 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
In high-mountain canyon regions, many settlements are located on large, deep-seated ancient landslides. The deformation characteristics, triggering mechanisms, and long-term developmental trends of these landslides significantly impact the safety and stability of these communities. However, the deformation mechanism under the influence of human [...] Read more.
In high-mountain canyon regions, many settlements are located on large, deep-seated ancient landslides. The deformation characteristics, triggering mechanisms, and long-term developmental trends of these landslides significantly impact the safety and stability of these communities. However, the deformation mechanism under the influence of human engineering activities remains unclear. SBAS-InSAR (Small Baseline Subset-Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) technology, UAV LiDAR, and field surveys were utilized in this study to identify a large ancient landslide in the upper Jinsha River Basin: the Zhongxinrong landslide. It extends approximately 1220 m in length, with a vertical displacement of around 552 m. The average thickness of the landslide mass ranges from 15.0 to 35.0 m, and the total volume is estimated to be between 1.48 × 107 m3 and 3.46 × 107 m3. The deformation of the Zhongxinrong landslide is primarily driven by a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors, leading to the formation of two distinct accumulation bodies, each exhibiting unique deformation characteristics. Accumulation Body II-1 is predominantly influenced by rainfall and road operation, resulting in significant deformation in the upper part of the landslide. In contrast, II-2 is mainly affected by rainfall and river erosion at the front edge, causing creeping tensile deformation at the toe. Detailed analysis reveals a marked acceleration in deformation following rainfall events when the cumulative rainfall over a 15-day period exceeds 120 mm. The lag time between peak rainfall and landslide displacement ranges from 2 to 28 days. Furthermore, deformation in the high-elevation accumulation area consistently exhibits a slower lag response compared to the tensile deformation area at lower zones. These findings highlight the importance of both natural and anthropogenic factors in landslide risk assessment and provide valuable insights for landslide prevention strategies, particularly in regions with similar geological and socio-environmental conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geological Hazard Characterization and Assessment: Merging Remote Sensing with Direct Surveys)
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13 pages, 2806 KiB  
Article
GIS-Based Dashboards as Advanced Geospatial Applications for Climate Change Education and Teaching the Future
by Rafael De Miguel González, Juan Mar-Beguería, María Sebastián López and Ondrej Kratochvíl
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2025, 14(2), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14020089 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
ArcGIS Dashboard technology allows for the integration and visualization of various maps, charts, and indicators within a single interface, using databases underneath a geographic information system. The two dashboards of the European project Teaching the Future address the dual objective of (i) cartographically [...] Read more.
ArcGIS Dashboard technology allows for the integration and visualization of various maps, charts, and indicators within a single interface, using databases underneath a geographic information system. The two dashboards of the European project Teaching the Future address the dual objective of (i) cartographically displaying the evolution in four phases of climate change data experienced across the entire planet from 1954 to 2021 in vectorial cells measuring one degree of latitude by one degree of longitude and (ii) spatially representing three scenarios (low, medium, and high greenhouse gas emissions) up to the year 2100, showing potential temperature increases in those same cells. In addition to the maps, the different data and charts contribute to the understanding of anomalies relative to the average, the global increase in each selected area by zooming in on the map, and the evolution of both observed and projected data. Both dashboards represent an accurate and reliable treatment of the data, as well as a cartographic expression that is easy for map readers to understand, making them powerful resources for teaching climate change at any educational level, whether in higher education or schools and for a general audience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation: Interdisciplinary Perspectives)
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21 pages, 1549 KiB  
Article
Nasturtium officinale Microshoot Culture Multiplied in PlantForm Bioreactor—Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Activity
by Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Magdalena Anna Malinowska, Aleksandra Gałka, Ivica Blažević, Azra Ðulović, Paulina Paprocka, Małgorzata Wrzosek and Agnieszka Szopa
Molecules 2025, 30(4), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040936 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (watercress) is an endangered species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutritional properties. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and biological activity of extracts from microshoot cultures grown in PlantForm bioreactors and the parent plant [...] Read more.
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (watercress) is an endangered species with valuable pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutritional properties. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and biological activity of extracts from microshoot cultures grown in PlantForm bioreactors and the parent plant material. After 20 days of cultivation, the cultures achieved the best results both in terms of key active ingredient content and biological activity. The glucosinolates (GSL) profile by the UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS method showed that the dominant compounds were glucobrassicin (493.00 mg/100 g DW, 10 days) and gluconasturtiin (268.04 mg/100 g DW, 20 days). The highest total polyphenol content (TPC) was obtained after a 20-day growth period (2690 mg GAE/100 g DW). Among polyphenols, the dominant compounds in the extracts from in vitro cultures were sinapinic acid (114.83 mg/100 g DW, 10 days) and ferulic acid (87.78 mg/100 g DW, 20 days). The highest antioxidant potential assessed by ABTS and DPPH assays was observed for ethanol extracts. The best results for inhibiting hyperpigmentation (18.12%) were obtained for ethanol extracts and anti-elastase activity (79.78%) for aqueous extract from N. officinale microshoot cultures. The extracts from microshoot cultures inhibited the growth of bacteria, including Cutibacterium acnes (MIC = 0.625 mg/mL). Antioxidant tests and the chelating capacity of iron ions Fe2+ of the face emulsion with N. officinale extracts showed higher results than the control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Natural Ingredients in Skin Protection and Care)
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11 pages, 1012 KiB  
Article
Low Rates of Intrapulmonary Local Recurrence After Laser Metastasectomy: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study of Colorectal Cancer Metastases
by Ahmad Shalabi, Sundus F. Shalabi, Thomas Graeter, Stefan Welter, Ahmed Ehab and Jonas Kuon
Cancers 2025, 17(4), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17040683 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Objective: Colorectal pulmonary metastasis is the most common resected metastatic disease of the lung. Pulmonary metastasectomy (PM) for colorectal oligometastases is a well-established intervention with curative intent. Local recurrence at the resection site in the lung is a problem, with an impact on [...] Read more.
Objective: Colorectal pulmonary metastasis is the most common resected metastatic disease of the lung. Pulmonary metastasectomy (PM) for colorectal oligometastases is a well-established intervention with curative intent. Local recurrence at the resection site in the lung is a problem, with an impact on survival. The use of a 1320 nm neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser causes the vaporization and coagulation at the resection line and thereby increases safety margins around the nodule. We aimed to evaluate the local recurrence rate after laser-assisted pulmonary metastasectomy (LPM) for colorectal metastases. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 49 patients treated with laser-assisted pulmonary metastasectomy for 139 metastatic nodules from colorectal cancer from 2010 to 2018. All nodules were resected using Nd:YAG 1320 nm laser, aiming for a safety margin of five mm. The minimum follow-up time after PM was 24 months. Results: Local intrapulmonary recurrence developed at 7 of the 139 (5.0%) resection sites in 5 of the 49 patients (10.2%). Microscopically incomplete resection was a significant risk factor for recurrence (p = 0.023). Larger nodule size (>12 mm) negatively impacted local recurrence (p = 0.024). Nodules larger or equal to 12 mm in size also lowered the patients’ probability of survival by 67.29% (HR: 0.3271, 95% CI: 0.1265–0.846, p = 0.018). Conclusions: The rate of local recurrence at the resection site after LPM for colorectal metastases is low. Complete resection is a positive predictor of survival without local recurrence. Microscopic complete resection with the addition of vaporization and coagulation at the resection margin seems to be sufficient to prevent local recurrence. However, larger nodules may require larger safety margins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgery in Metastatic Cancer (2nd Edition))
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17 pages, 738 KiB  
Article
Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution and Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Antienzymatic Activities of Essential Oil from Leaves of Citrus x limonia
by Eduardo Valarezo, Laura Toledo-Ruiz, Wolter Coque-Saetama, Alfredo Caraguay-Martínez, Ximena Jaramillo-Fierro, Nixon Cumbicus and Miguel Angel Meneses
Molecules 2025, 30(4), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30040937 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Citrus x limonia is an aromatic species belonging to the Rutaceae family. In the present study, the chemical composition, enantiomeric distribution, and biological activity of the essential oil isolated from leaves of Citrus x limonia were determined. The essential oil was extracted through [...] Read more.
Citrus x limonia is an aromatic species belonging to the Rutaceae family. In the present study, the chemical composition, enantiomeric distribution, and biological activity of the essential oil isolated from leaves of Citrus x limonia were determined. The essential oil was extracted through hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a flame ionization detector (GC-FID), and a mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS) using a nonpolar column. The enantiomeric distribution was performed using two enantioselective chromatographic columns. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the broth microdilution method. The antimicrobial activity was tested against eight bacteria and two fungi. The antioxidant activity was determined through ABTS and DPPH methods. The spectrophotometric method was used to determine anticholinesterase activity. In the essential oil, forty-three compounds were identified. These compounds represent 99.13% of the total composition. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the most representative group in number of compounds (fourteen) and in terms of relative abundance (65.67%). The main constituent is found to be limonene (25.37 ± 0.80%), β-pinene (23.29 ± 0.15%) and sabinene (8.35 ± 0.10%). Six pairs of enantiomers were identified in the essential oil from fruits of Citrus x limonia. The essential oil showed moderate antibacterial activity against Gram-positive cocci Enterococcus faecalis, and Gram-positive bacillus Lysteria monocytogenes with a MIC of 1000 μg/mL. The oil exhibited strong antifungal activity against fungi Aspergillus niger, and yeasts Candida albicans with a MIC of 250 and 500 μg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activity of essential oil was weak in ABTS method with a SC50 of 9.12 mg/mL. Additionally, the essential oil presented moderate anticholinesterase activity with an IC50 of 71.02 ± 1.02 µg/mL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Composition and Bioactivities of Essential Oils, 3rd Edition)
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14 pages, 692 KiB  
Systematic Review
Fibromyalgia, Depression, and Autoimmune Disorders: An Interconnected Web of Inflammation
by Stefania Sedda, Maria Piera L. Cadoni, Serenella Medici, Elena Aiello, Gian Luca Erre, Alessandra Matilde Nivoli, Ciriaco Carru and Donatella Coradduzza
Biomedicines 2025, 13(2), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13020503 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Background: Fibromyalgia, depression, and autoimmune diseases represent a triad of interconnected conditions characterized by overlapping biological pathways, including chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and neurochemical imbalances. Understanding their shared mechanisms offers opportunities for innovative therapeutic approaches. Objective: This systematic review explores the common inflammatory- [...] Read more.
Background: Fibromyalgia, depression, and autoimmune diseases represent a triad of interconnected conditions characterized by overlapping biological pathways, including chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and neurochemical imbalances. Understanding their shared mechanisms offers opportunities for innovative therapeutic approaches. Objective: This systematic review explores the common inflammatory- and immune-related pathways among these conditions, emphasizing their implications for biomarker development and novel therapeutic strategies. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Studies examining the relationship between fibromyalgia, depression, and autoimmune diseases with a focus on immune responses, inflammatory biomarkers, and therapeutic interventions were included. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Results: From the 255 identified studies, 12 met the inclusion criteria. Evidence supports the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α) and neurochemical dysregulation (e.g., serotonin, dopamine) as key factors in the pathophysiology of these conditions. Pilot studies highlight the potential of immune-modulating therapies, including low-dose IL-2 and anti-inflammatory agents such as N-acetylcysteine and minocycline, in alleviating both physical and psychological symptoms. Emerging biomarkers, including cytokine profiles and platelet serotonin activity, show promise for personalized treatment approaches. Conclusions: The shared inflammatory pathways linking fibromyalgia, depression, and autoimmune diseases underscore the need for integrated therapeutic strategies. Although pilot studies provide preliminary insights, validation through large-scale, multicenter trials is essential. Future research should focus on standardizing methodologies and leveraging biomarker-driven precision medicine to improve outcomes for patients with these complex, multifactorial conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research of Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Diseases, 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 482 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Systems for Detection and Differentiation of Unclassified Viruses of the Phenuiviridae Family
by Alena V. Dereventsova, Alexander S. Klimentov, Ivan S. Kholodilov, Oxana A. Belova, Alexander M. Butenko and Galina G. Karganova
Methods Protoc. 2025, 8(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/mps8010020 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
The family Phenuiviridae, part of the order Hareavirales, includes arboviruses and arthropod-associated viruses, with sandflies, mosquitoes, and ticks as primary vectors. Historically, only sandfly/mosquito-borne phenuiviruses were associated with human diseases, but the emergence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) has [...] Read more.
The family Phenuiviridae, part of the order Hareavirales, includes arboviruses and arthropod-associated viruses, with sandflies, mosquitoes, and ticks as primary vectors. Historically, only sandfly/mosquito-borne phenuiviruses were associated with human diseases, but the emergence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) has highlighted the potential of tick-borne phenuiviruses as human pathogens. Recent discoveries of new arthropod-associated viruses, some of which remain unclassified, underscore the need for sensitive detection and differentiation methods, particularly in regions where these viruses may co-circulate. This study aimed to develop real-time PCR test systems for identifying and differentiating unclassified viruses within the Phenuiviridae family. In this study, tick suspensions containing phenuiviruses, previously obtained during the screening of ticks from various regions of Russia using pan-phenuivirus primers, were used. Specific primers and probes were designed to differentiate five Phenuiviridae viruses of genera Uukuvirus, Ixovirus, Phlebovirus and one unclassified phenuivirus, and their analytical sensitivity and specificity were evaluated. These PCR-based tools provide a robust method for detecting and classifying uncharacterized phenuiviruses, contributing to improved surveillance and understanding their potential epidemiological and epizootological impacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Cellular Biology)
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13 pages, 3692 KiB  
Article
Studies on Modification of Polyamide 6 Plastics for Hydrogen Storage
by Li Li, Jiawei Zhao, Xingguo Wang, Qingquan Yang, Xiang Wang and Hua Yin
Polymers 2025, 17(4), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17040523 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Polyamide 6 (PA6) can be used as the liner material of a type IV hydrogen storage tank, but its high hydrogen permeability and poor low-temperature toughness limit its application in related fields. In this work, PA6 composites were prepared by introducing graphene with [...] Read more.
Polyamide 6 (PA6) can be used as the liner material of a type IV hydrogen storage tank, but its high hydrogen permeability and poor low-temperature toughness limit its application in related fields. In this work, PA6 composites were prepared by introducing graphene with different contents and a nano two-dimensional lamellar filler via the melt blending method, and the effects of the graphene content on the crystallization properties, mechanical properties, and hydrogen barrier properties of the composites were investigated. The results showed that composites containing 2.0 wt% graphene exhibited the best overall performance, and compared with PA6, the crystallization properties, normal-temperature impact strength and low-temperature impact strength of the composites were increased by 16.0%, 130.6% and 111.7%, respectively, and the helium permeability coefficient was decreased by 33.2%. Graphene enhances the crystallinity and lamellar thickness of the composites. Additionally, its two-dimensional lamellar structure can also increase the diffusion path of gas molecules, thereby improving the barrier properties of the composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)
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12 pages, 1273 KiB  
Article
Leaf Water Storage Capacity Among Eight US Hardwood Tree Species: Differences in Seasonality and Methodology
by Natasha Scavotto, Courtney M. Siegert, Heather D. Alexander and J. Morgan Varner
Hydrology 2025, 12(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12020040 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Canopy hydrology and forest water inputs are directly linked to the physical properties of tree crowns (e.g., foliar and woody surfaces), which determine a tree’s capacity to intercept and retain incident rainfall. The changing forest structure, notably the decline of oak’s (Quercus [...] Read more.
Canopy hydrology and forest water inputs are directly linked to the physical properties of tree crowns (e.g., foliar and woody surfaces), which determine a tree’s capacity to intercept and retain incident rainfall. The changing forest structure, notably the decline of oak’s (Quercus) dominance and encroachment of non-oak species in much of the upland hardwood forests of the eastern United States, challenges our understanding of how species-level traits scale up to control the forest hydrologic budget. The objective of this study was to determine how the leaf water storage capacity varies across species and canopy layers, and how these relationships change throughout the growing season. We measured the leaf water storage capacity of overstory and midstory trees of native deciduous oaks (Q. alba, Q. falcata, Q. stellata) and non-oak species (Carya tomentosa, Acer rubrum, Ulmus alata, Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyssa sylvatica) using two methods (water displacement and rainfall simulation). Overstory Q. alba leaves retained 0.5 times less water per unit leaf area than other overstory species (p < 0.001) in the early growing season, while in the late growing season, C. tomentosa leaves had the lowest storage capacity (p = 0.024). Quercus falcata leaves displayed a minimal change in storage between seasons, while Q. alba and Q. stellata leaves had higher water storage in the late growing season. Midstory U. alata leaves had 3.5 times higher water storage capacity in the early growing season compared to all the other species (p < 0.001), but this difference diminished in the late growing season. Furthermore, the water storage capacities from the simulated rainfall experiments were up to two times higher than those in the water displacement experiments, particularly during the early growing season. These results underscore the complexity of leaf water storage dynamics, the methodology, and the implications for forest hydrology and species interactions. Broader efforts to understand species-level controls on canopy water portioning through leaf and other crown characteristics are necessary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecohydrology)
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19 pages, 3682 KiB  
Article
Citizen Science to Investigate the Ecophysiological Responses of Mediterranean Shrubland Vegetation in an Urban Open-Air Laboratory
by Valerio Lazzeri, Francesca Bretzel, Graziella Rossini, Laura Pellegrino, Laura Marchetti, Rosella Panti, Enrica Talà, Antonio Martelli and Andrea Scartazza
Land 2025, 14(2), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020423 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Urban biodiversity is essential for enhancing liveability for both humans and wildlife by providing a range of ecosystem services. Therefore, it is crucial to raise awareness among citizens, particularly schoolchildren, about the significance of biodiversity in urban environments. To this end, an Open-Air [...] Read more.
Urban biodiversity is essential for enhancing liveability for both humans and wildlife by providing a range of ecosystem services. Therefore, it is crucial to raise awareness among citizens, particularly schoolchildren, about the significance of biodiversity in urban environments. To this end, an Open-Air Laboratory was established in an urban park of an Italian Mediterranean city (Livorno), where natural vegetation flourishes. This initiative engaged schoolchildren in experimental campaigns to collect ecophysiological data on local wild woody species. Specifically, the students were tasked with identifying various wild woody species and, under the guidance of researchers, recording specific leaf ecophysiological traits, such as leaf mass per area, leaf pigments, and chlorophyll fluorescence. The results, which highlighted seasonal variations in leaf ecophysiological traits and interspecific differences, were analysed in relation to the environmental conditions documented by the schoolchildren. This analysis revealed distinct plant strategies for coping with winter and summer stressful periods. The methodology employed in this project, which involved schoolchildren in research activities, not only fostered environmental awareness among young participants but also serves as a pilot model for public engagement in scientific research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban and Peri-Urban Forests—Status, Ecosystem Services, and Future Perspectives)
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22 pages, 6166 KiB  
Article
Schiff Base-Crosslinked Tetra-PEG-BSA Hydrogel: Design, Properties, and Multifunctional Functions
by Yuanyuan Qu, Jinlong Li, Xin Jia and Lijun Yin
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020069 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Hydrogel network structures play a crucial role in determining mechanical properties and have broad applications in biomedical and industrial fields. Therefore, their rational design is essential. Herein, we developed a Schiff base-crosslinked hydrogel through the reaction of Tetra-armed polyethylene glycol with aldehyde end [...] Read more.
Hydrogel network structures play a crucial role in determining mechanical properties and have broad applications in biomedical and industrial fields. Therefore, their rational design is essential. Herein, we developed a Schiff base-crosslinked hydrogel through the reaction of Tetra-armed polyethylene glycol with aldehyde end groups (Tetra-PEG-CHO) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) under alkaline conditions. In addition, the Tetra-PEG-BSA hydrogel showed a rapid gelation time of around 11 s, much faster than that of the GLU-BSA, HT-BSA, and GDL-BSA hydrogels. It had high optical transmittance (92.92% at 600 nm) and swelling ratios superior to the other gels in different solutions, maintaining structural integrity even in denaturing environments such as guanidine hydrochloride and SDS. Mechanical tests showed superior strain at break (84.12 ± 0.76%), rupture stress (28.64 ± 1.21 kPa), and energy dissipation ability (468.0 ± 34.9 kJ·m−3), surpassing all control group hydrogels. MTT cytotoxicity assays indicated that cell viability remained >80% at lower concentrations, confirming excellent biocompatibility. These findings suggest that Tetra-PEG-BSA hydrogels may serve as effective materials for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and 3D printing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis of Biomaterials via Advanced Technologies)
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26 pages, 492 KiB  
Article
Can Digital Human Capital Promote Farmers’ Willingness to Engage in Green Production? Exploring the Role of Online Learning and Social Networks
by Siyu Gong, Ludi Jiang and Zhigang Yu
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020227 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
The development of rural digitalization has become a key driving force for promoting green agricultural production. However, in practical operations, due to the insufficient digital skills and lack of necessary digital human capital among farmers, they struggle to distinguish between green production methods [...] Read more.
The development of rural digitalization has become a key driving force for promoting green agricultural production. However, in practical operations, due to the insufficient digital skills and lack of necessary digital human capital among farmers, they struggle to distinguish between green production methods and traditional practices, which in turn reduces their willingness to adopt green production. This study employed empirical research methods to collect data from 854 farmers in China’s largest grain-producing region and used the Probit model to analyze the impact of digital human capital on farmers’ willingness to engage in green production. The results indicate that an increase in digital human capital can significantly enhance farmers’ willingness to engage in green production. Additionally, it was found that online learning can enhance farmers’ willingness towards green production, with informal online learning proving more effective. Further analysis revealed that social networks play a mediating role between digital human capital and farmers’ willingness to engage in green production. The study also explored the heterogeneous impact of digital human capital on different groups of farmers, highlighting that increases in digital human capital have a more pronounced effect on the willingness of small-scale farmers and middle-aged farmers to engage in green production. Therefore, continuously enhancing digital human capital, emphasizing diverse learning channels, and leveraging ’acquaintance networks’ to encourage farmers to improve their awareness of green production through digital platforms are critical for promoting sustainable green agriculture in developing countries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Economics)
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12 pages, 6269 KiB  
Article
Retrospective Analysis of Dental Implant Stability in Relation to Mandibular Bone Density and Cortical Thickness in Osteopenic and Osteoporotic Patients
by Monika Probst, Florian Probst, Matthias Tröltzsch, Matthias Bruckbauer, Alexander W. Marka, Gustav Andreisek, Thomas Frauenfelder and Egon Burian
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(4), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14041339 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between cervical spine and jaw bone mineral density (BMD) and assess how cortical thickness and BMD influence primary implant stability (PIS) across different bone health conditions. Methods: The study included 29 patients [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between cervical spine and jaw bone mineral density (BMD) and assess how cortical thickness and BMD influence primary implant stability (PIS) across different bone health conditions. Methods: The study included 29 patients (mean age: 63.7 ± 13.7 years; 13 women) and 15 healthy controls (mean age: 25.3 ± 3.0 years; seven women). Cervical spine (C2–C4) and mandibular BMD were evaluated using asynchronous calibration and manual segmentation. Cortical thickness was measured, and primary implant stability was assessed via insertion torque in Newton centimeters (Ncm). Results: Cervical spine BMD was significantly lower in the patient group compared to controls (203.0 ± 51.0 vs. 252.0 ± 21.7 mg/dL, p < 0.0001). No significant correlation was found between mandibular BMD and cervical spine BMD in both groups (patients: ρ = 0.1287; p = 0.506, controls r = −0.1214; p = 0.667). Linear regression analysis revealed that cortical thickness alone, not implant site BMD, significantly influenced PIS (F(2.74) = 5.597, p = 0.005). Conclusions: Asynchronous calibration accurately quantifies cervical and mandibular BMD. Cortical thickness rather than overall bone density emerges as a critical factor in determining implant stability. These findings suggest that clinicians should prioritize cortical thickness assessment when planning dental implant procedures, potentially improving outcomes across diverse patient bone health profiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Dental Imaging)
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15 pages, 2044 KiB  
Article
Pilot Study on the Efficacy of a Novel Questionnaire for Assessing Psychological Health in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps Treated with Biologics
by Simonetta Masieri, Carlo Cavaliere, Antonella Loperfido, Elona Begvarfaj, Andrea Ciofalo, Francesco Maria Primerano, Gianluca Velletrani, Marcella Bugani, Pamela Cirilli, Francesco Maria Passali, Stefano Millarelli, Gianluca Bellocchi and Stefano Di Girolamo
Healthcare 2025, 13(4), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040433 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) represents a debilitating disease with significant morbidity and decreased quality of life (QoL). The introduction of biologics in its management has allowed new therapeutic options, and Dupilumab represents the first approved biologic. This study aims [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) represents a debilitating disease with significant morbidity and decreased quality of life (QoL). The introduction of biologics in its management has allowed new therapeutic options, and Dupilumab represents the first approved biologic. This study aims to evaluate a possible relationship between the clinical response to biological therapy and mental health in patients with severe CRSwNP. Methods: This is a multicenter study conducted at the Otolaryngology departments of three major Italian health institutions. Participants were patients with CRSwNP treated with Dupilumab. Patients were assessed at baseline and during treatment by submitting them to a survey consisting of a dedicated questionnaire focused on psychological health and two patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs): the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms. Results: 86 patients were included in the study (58 males and 28 females; mean age: 58.2 years). There was a significant improvement in both symptoms and QoL, with an enhanced psychological state observed in patients after the first administration and within the first months of therapy. Conclusions: This study evaluated the possible correlations between Dupilumab treatment and improvements in mental health in patients with CRSwNP, as assessed through a survey, and clinical conditions, assessed through SNOT-22 and VAS. Our findings showed that Dupilumab not only improved clinical symptoms but also had a positive impact on patients’ mental health, with benefits observed already after the first administration and the first months of therapy. This survey highlights the relevance of psychological well-being and its implications for patients with chronic diseases such as CRSwNP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patient-Reported Measures)
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21 pages, 1850 KiB  
Review
Deep Learning for Automatic Detection of Volcanic and Earthquake-Related InSAR Deformation
by Xu Liu, Yingfeng Zhang, Xinjian Shan, Zhenjie Wang, Wenyu Gong and Guohong Zhang
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(4), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17040686 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology plays a crucial role in monitoring surface deformation and has become widely used in volcanic and earthquake research. With the rapid advancement of satellite technology, InSAR now generates vast volumes of deformation data. Deep learning has revolutionized [...] Read more.
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology plays a crucial role in monitoring surface deformation and has become widely used in volcanic and earthquake research. With the rapid advancement of satellite technology, InSAR now generates vast volumes of deformation data. Deep learning has revolutionized data analysis, offering exceptional capabilities for processing large datasets. Leveraging these advancements, automatic detection of volcanic and earthquake deformation from extensive InSAR datasets has emerged as a major research focus. In this paper, we first introduce several representative deep learning architectures commonly used in InSAR data analysis, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), and Transformer networks. Each architecture offers unique advantages for addressing the challenges of InSAR data. We then systematically review recent progress in the automatic detection and identification of volcanic and earthquake deformation signals from InSAR images using deep learning techniques. This review highlights two key aspects: the design of network architectures and the methodologies for constructing datasets. Finally, we discuss the challenges in automatic detection and propose potential solutions. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current applications of deep learning for extracting InSAR deformation features, with a particular focus on earthquake and volcanic monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced SAR/InSAR Techniques in Understanding and Monitoring Geohazards)
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21 pages, 1542 KiB  
Review
Ancestry-Specific DNA Damage Repair Gene Mutations and Prostate Cancer
by Talaibek Borbiev, Kevin Babcock, Kayleigh Sinopole, Gregory T. Chesnut and Gyorgy Petrovics
Cancers 2025, 17(4), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17040682 (registering DOI) - 18 Feb 2025
Abstract
This review is intended to reflect the currently available literature on both clinically significant germline mutations in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes as well as the importance of ancestral diversity in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). The second most prevalent cancer worldwide [...] Read more.
This review is intended to reflect the currently available literature on both clinically significant germline mutations in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes as well as the importance of ancestral diversity in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). The second most prevalent cancer worldwide in men is PCa, causing significant morbidity and mortality in its advanced stage. Emerging data highlight the substantial role of germline mutations of DDR genes in PCa pathogenesis, especially in progression to aggressive forms of the disease. Germline genetic testing is recognized as a necessary tool for efficient, individualized patient care. NCCR guidelines recommend inquiring about the family history of PCa and known germline variants and, if indicated, proceeding with germline multigene testing followed by post-test genetic counseling. Depending on the germline mutations in HR repair genes or in MMR genes, specific treatment options may provide clinical benefit. We will discuss specific germline mutations that are involved in PCa progression and prognosis in racially diverse populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Urologic Oncology)
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