Theoretical Physics

This paper updates earlier thoughts by the author on a putative propulsion system. The concept was based around static electromagnetic momentum, as expounded in the "Feynman Disk" and experimentally verified by Graham and Lahoz. That said, naïve static electromagnetic momentum schemes to achieve linear translation are defeated by "hidden momentum" mechanisms, so too are simple arrangements just cycling the fields; we shall survey the flaws in their arguments. It may however be possible to achieve linear translation by means of arrangements of torques with a novel mechanism to break the symmetry of forces (or torques) on the second half of the cycle as the field is switched off. At the time of earlier presentation no mechanism could be found to explain the momentum balance for the process but it was believed that momentum was being given to the zero-point of the field. We show that it is possible to dump angular momentum and thence linear momentum to the ground state by standard quantum analysis of the EM field. None of this violates the conservation of momenergy.

As a participant in the internationally presented eight part series The Scientists - Profiles of Discovery in 1979 by the Science-Unit of Australian National Television my subtitle was Pope the Catalyst. In that year UNESCO appointed me as a Special Science-Art Delegate to the Second Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity in Honour of Albert Einstein, Trieste, Italy. At the conference I discussed with China’s most highly awarded physicist, Kun Huang, about his paper with the Nobel Laureate in Physics, Max Born, entitled Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices containing a criticism of Einstein’s mechanistic worldview. My Science-Art Research Centre of Australia had also criticised Einstein's mechanistic worldview for not being stabilised by Plato’s Science-Art to balance the forces of nature.

A logical physical ontology is code theory, wherein reality is neither deterministic nor random. In light of Conway and Kochens' free will theorem and strong free will theorem, we discuss the plausibility of a third axiomatic option-geometric language; the code theoretic axiom. We suggest free will choices at the syntactically free steps of a geometric language of space-time form the code theoretic substrate upon which particle and gravitational physics emerge.

A tout instant, quoi que nous fassions, nous sommes environnés par des corps qui réduisent l’espace et opposent de la résistance. Que sont ces corps qui saturent notre quotidien et avec lesquels il nous faut constamment négocier l’espace ? Plus radicalement, pourquoi y a-t-il des corps ? Je soutiens dans cet ouvrage que la psychologie et la physique ne disposent plus des moyens de répondre à cette question. La désubstantialisation du réel amorcée par la révolution quantique sape les fondements de l’explication objectiviste de la perception privilégiée par la première, et elle évide de sa portée ontologique le discours de la seconde.
Expliquer pourquoi la réalité se présente sous la forme d’un agencement de corps exige en premier lieu de comprendre le rôle que remplit l’anticipation du possible dans la perception. Dans le toucher comme dans la vision, poser l’existence d’un corps implique d’anticiper les contraintes que ce corps exerce sur notre champ de possibilités pratiques, accréditer de manière présomptive la disponibilité ou l’indisponibilité de certaines possibilités d’action. C’est donc uniquement parce que notre subjectivité donne sens à ce qui est en le référant à ce qui peut être que la réalité macroscopique à laquelle nous introduit la perception consiste en un monde solide.
Pour développer cette idée, l’ouvrage dresse une critique de la conception actualiste du phénomène de corps, qui subordonne celui-ci à l’expérience en acte d’une résistance, et il déconstruit l’approche physicaliste et objectiviste, qui prétend dériver les propriétés des corps que nous percevons des propriétés de structures physiques qui leur seraient antécédentes ontologiquement. Si la sémantique des corps présuppose l’épaisseur du temps humain et une perspective foncièrement pragmatique sur l’environnement, il n’est plus question d’assimiler sans autre forme de procès le corps à une « structure physique », quelle qu’en soit la teneur. Les corps sont un produit de l’activité constructrice de notre subjectivité, et seule une incursion profonde dans les mécanismes et principes qui régissent cette activité pourra permettre d’accéder à leur vérité.

This is a write up of my QFT-II course at the University of Minnesota. I converted my many chaotic handwritten notes from various years into Latex and pdf. The last three chapters are offered occasionally. This is still a draft. All corrections/comments/suggestions would be highly appreciated. Eventually I may return to polishing this text.

The charged quantum geometry of mass-ENERGY-Matter - developed from the foundational postulate that quantised angular momenta of Planck's constant is in fact reflective of an equilateral mass-energy geometry from which all 2d immaterial EM fields and 3D material particles are created.

Quaternion Dirac equation has been analyzed and its supersymmetrization has been discussed consistently. It has been shown that the quaternion Dirac equation automatically describes the spin structure with its spin up and spin down components of two component quaternion Dirac spinors associated with positive and negative energies. It has also been shown that the supersymmetrization of quaternion Dirac equation works well for different cases associated with zero mass, nonzero mass, scalar potential and generalized electromagnetic potentials. Accordingly we have discussed the splitting of supersymmetrized Dirac equation in terms of electric and magnetic fields.

Assuming the fundamental importance of division algebras, we introduced the division algebra of quaternions as a framework for description of four-dimensional space-time intervals. We derived the quaternion form of the Lorentz time dilation and presented an intuitive physical interpretation of the space-time transformations in the source and observer reference frames. We showed that the resulting physical interpretation is inseparable from experimental measurements. Also, we suggested that the positive direction of the quaternion stationary time is the arrow-of-time and that the length of the quaternion space-time interval is positive in the direction from the beginning to end.  Then, we used quaternion algebra to develop quaternion calculus by choosing the correct quaternion form of the differential operators. We applied the new differentiation to the generalized potential function and suggested that the results can be interpreted as the two unified force fields. We repeated the differentiation, assuming that the second derivative of the potential function can be interpreted as the unified matter density. This resulted in the four unified matter density equations and a unified quaternion form of Maxwell equations. Then, we applied the unified fields and unified Maxwell equations to electromagnetic and gravitational interactions. Notably, the expressions for electromagnetic and gravitational interactions are similar as they  they were derived from the same quaternion potential function, pointing to a possible procedure for unification of electromagnetism and gravitation. The novel components appearing in  expressions for the force fields and Maxwell equations originated from scalar fields and velocity dependent potentials, and require further theoretical and experimental investigation.  In particular, we showed that the gradient of the scalar field generates the main current density component for slow varying fields.  Consequently, the proposed quaternion framework may be suitable as the foundation for a classical unified theory of space-time and matter, while enhancing the traditional theories of special and general relativity.

Contextuality and entanglement are valuable resources for quantum computing and quantum information. Bell inequalities are used to certify entanglement; thus, it is important to understand why and how they are violated. Quantum mechanics and behavioral sciences teach us that random variables measuring the same content (the answer to the same Yes or No question) may vary, if measured jointly with other random variables. Alice and Bob raw data confirm Einsteinian non-signaling, but setting dependent experimental protocols are used to create samples of coupled pairs of distant outcomes and to estimate correlations. Marginal expectations, estimated using these final samples, depend on distant settings. Therefore, a system of random variables measured in Bell tests is inconsistently connected and it should be analyzed using a Contextuality-by-Default approach, what is done for the first time in this paper. The violation of Bell inequalities and inconsistent connectedness may be explained...

This paper proposes a Modular Universe toy-model (MUTM) predicting all elementary particles (EPs) to be actually quantum black-holes (QBHs) (gravitational quasi-singularities) governed by self-gravity and self-antigravity. This paper continues (from an alternative angle of view) the work of other past articles/preprints of the same author in physics (cited in anti-chronological order, from the latest to the oldest.
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This paper will utilize advanced computational mathematics and Quantum statistics for an algorithmic view on our universe. We will look at the theoretical nature of wave propagation, different Quantum states and propose a mathematical analysis for how it ties all together. Sequential equations applicable to nature and a utilization of Quantum similarity as proposed in my previous papers will also be used. The purpose of this paper is to provide a new approach to algorithmic Quantization in terms of describing the biggest complexities in Quantum Mechanics.

In this paper, I present a mapping between representation of some quantum phenomena in one dimension and behavior of a classical time-dependent harmonic oscillator. For the first time, it is demonstrated that quantum tunneling can be described in terms of classical physics without invoking violations of the energy conservation law at any time instance. A formula is presented that generates a wide class of potential barrier shapes with the desirable reflection (transmission) coefficient and transmission phase shift along with the corresponding exact solutions of the time-independent Schr\"odinger's equation. These results, with support from numerical simulations, strongly suggest that two uncoupled classical harmonic oscillators, which initially have a 90\degree relative phase shift and then are simultaneously disturbed by the same parametric perturbation of a finite duration, manifest behavior which can be mapped to that of a single quantum particle, with classical 'ran...

s: When photon incidence on the electron, electron absorbed the energy of incidence photon, to absorb such energy electron take certain time. The absorption time for the energy for difference incidence photon is difference, for same electron. In cases of low energy photon, time taken to absorb the energy of photon is high while for high energy photon, time taken to absorb the energy of photon is less. This nature of electron lead this research work towards the composition of electron. The particle containing inside electron leads or result to form ordinary electrons.

The many-worlds interpretation (MWI) implies that all possible outcomes of quantum measurements are physically realized in some "world" or universe.A topological construct can be developed, and used as a framework in order to view the quantum branching 4-dimensionally. Space undergoes geometrical expansion as it advances from one tд to the next - we can view this expansion through a Hypersphere, Tesseract, or Manifold.  The tд construct views the forward propagation of time as as a function of the total change of energy with respect to the topological phase space it occupies.

Over time a few physicists have held out hope and suggested that the elusive (sterile) neutrino might actually be a disguised tachyon and could be the key to unraveling some of the universe's best-kept secrets.
The tachyon ... a hypothetical particle that always moves faster than light ... could reveal a plausible answer in e.g. Dark and Anti Matter (?)

Neutrino oscillation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which neutrino flavor changes spontaneously to another flavor. In the simple two flavor (ν µ , ν e) case, the probability that ν µ changes to ν e is expressed by P νµ→νe = sin 2 2θ sin 2 m 2 2 − m 2 1 4E ν L where E ν is the neutrino energy, L is the distance between the neutrino source and detector, m 1 and m 2 are the neutrino masses of the mass eigenstates and θ is the mixing angle between flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates.

We review some of the properties of the theta functions. We begin y explaining Jacobi's triple product formula; then we define theta functions in terms of series and infinite products. We also express the Dedekind η function in terms of the theta functions. We finally derive the conformal properties of the theta functions and of the Dedekind η function. 1 The Jacobi Triple Product We consider the Jacobi's triple product identity ∞ n=1 (1 − q n)(1 + q n−1/2 t)(1 + q n−1/2 /t) = n∈Z q n 2 /2 t n. This identity is valid for |q| < 1 and t = 0 and can be demonstrated by combinatorial methods. Here we shall argue that this identity is correct by analogy with the fermion-antifermion system. Consider a set of fermion oscillators b n and their antifermion counterparts b n with the Hamiltonian H = E 0 r∈N+1/2 r(b † r b r + b † r b r). The fermion number operators is N = r∈N+1/2 (b † r b r − b † r b r). Now we consider the grand partition function Z(q, t) = states e −β(E−µN) , q = e −βE0 , t = e βµ. We will evaluate this quantity in two different ways leading to the two sides of the following equation which is manifestly equivalent to the Jacobi's triple product identity ∞ r∈N+1/2 (1 + q r t)(1 + q r /t) = ∞ n=1 1 1 − q n n∈Z q n 2 /2 t n. (1) First, the grand partition function factorizes into a product of grand partition functions, each associated with a single fermion oscillator. This, of course, follows from the fact that H and N decouple into sums over different fermion modes. Since the grand partition functions for a fermion and antifermion modes labelled r are respectively (1 + q r t) and (1 + q r /t) (there are two occupation states), the complete grand partition function coincides with the left hand side of Eq. (1). Second, the grand partition function may be written as Z(q, t) = n∈N t n Z n (q) where Z n (q) is the ordinary partition function for a fixed fermion number n. We consider first Z 0 , the partition function with no net fermion number. The lowest energy states are given in the following table.

Original English Summary.-A systematic method of constructing potentials, for which the one-variable Schroedinger equation can be solved in terms of the hypergeometric (HGM) function, is presented. All the potentials, obtained by energy-independent transformations of the HGM equation, are determined together with eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. A class of potentials derived from the confluent HGM equation is found by means of a limit process. To study theoretically the rotational and rotational-vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules, one often uses one-dimensional model potentials for which the solution can be expressed in terms of the HGM functions [1]. The problem of the changes of variable in the HGM equation leading to the one dimensional Schroedinger equation has been studied several times in the past [1, 2, 3], but the quoted authors have considered only the case of potentials given in explicit form 1. However, knowing the energy spectrum and the wavefunctions of the equation may prove useful for many applied problems whether or not the potential is given in explicit or implicit form. The general form of the transformations leading from the HGM equation to the Schroedinger equation is determined by the requirement (z ′ = dz/dx)

Thus, the following possibilities:
a) It applies “The absolute Coordinate system and the absolute Time of the Universe”
as in
“Appendant Document 2, from November 16, 2015”
described.
b) This “Absolute Time of the Universe” is set for Earth.
c) A spaceship in the visible universe can observe the fixed time, which is set on earth.
Technical details need not to be described here.

This results in:

A Real Absolute Coordinate System and a real Absolute Time of the Universe

Computational complexity of multiscale methods based on the first-principles energetics is analyzed. Computational cost of such methods is dominated by expensive first-principles determination of structural energies and atomic forces, including structural relaxations. Information integration is an opportunity to eliminate recalculation of known data, and, consequently, to reduce the total cost of multiscale calculations. We propose the Structural Database as a universal tool for structural data integration, and explain its conceptual design and functionality, including data mining options. To exemplify benefits provided by the Structural Database, we consider search for new ground states, construction of a phase diagram for a bulk material, and prediction of surface patterning. We show that the Structural Database is a powerful tool for information integration and data mining, which can greatly reduce the cost of multiscale computations and materials design.

Massive and supermassive dust spheres (with a zero internal pressure) collapse to full globes of finite volumes, whose surfaces have the properties of the event horizon around a mass-point. This fact explains the observational data concerning Sagittarius A* (SgrA*). By virtue of Hilbert's repulsive effect, both the event horizon of a mass-point and the event horizon of a full globe cannot swallow anything.

This paper displays a graphical model for gravitational particles, so as to determine the wavelength of gravity waves. This wavelength is obtained graphically by trigonometry, in order to compute the gravitational acceleration, due to a body, at any point in space measured from the center of the body. The objective is to determine the gravitational acceleration, the wavelength of the gravitational wave, speed of the wave and its specific internal energy. To do the study we used formulas for acceleration and velocity which were obtained from hypothesis and well sustained experiment. Tables of results are shown which compare the results for gravitational acceleration obtained in this model, the results of Newton’s equation and the results for 45° taken from a book of physics [2]. It is concluded that gravitational force is a strong force and gravitational wave speed equals the speed of light at the center of the earth and diminishes with movement away from its center. I describe a the...

Under the common viewpoint of statistical maps,the concept of observables in quantum mechanics and inclassical probability theory are discussed and compared.It is shown that, by means of injective statistical maps, quantum mechanics can to a certain extentbe reformulated in classical terms. Some characteristicexamples are considered.

Conformal invariance takes a new meaning in two dimensions and requires special attention. Indeed, there exists in two dimensions an infinite variety of coordinate transformations which although not everywhere well-defined are locally conformal: they are the holomorphic mappings from the complex plane (or a part it) onto itself. Amongst this infinite set of mappings one must distinguish the 6-parameter global conformal group made of one-to-one mappings of the complex plane into itself. A local field theory should be sensitive to local symmetries and it is the local invariance that enables exact solutions of two-dimensional conformal field theories.

A unified Mathematical framework which describes particles interactions both in classical field theory of gravity and quantum field theory is presented, by introducing a velocity gauge field. The velocity gauge field Lagrangian is developed and shown to be equivalent to the Dirac field and related to the Electromagnetic field. The velocity fields interactions are shown to produce the Einstein-Hilbert action Lagrangian. Similar extension of the Mathematical framework to the Electromagnetic field produces the Quantum electrodynamics and Yang-Mills fields Lagrangians. Finally, a unified Lagrangian describing both velocity field and Electromagnetic field types is presented and alternative formulation suggested.

We derive a microscopic version of the successful phenomenological hydrodynamic model of Bohr-Davydov-Faessler-Greiner for collective rotation-vibration motion of an axially symmetric deformed nucleus. The derivation is not limited to small oscillation amplitude. The nuclear Schrodinger equation is canonically transformed the to collective co-ordinates, which is then linearized using a constrained variational method. The associated constraints are imposed on the wavefunction rather than on the particle co-ordinates. The approach yields three self-consistent, time-reversal invariant, cranking-type Schrodinger equations for the rotation-vibration and intrinsic motions, and a self-consistency equation. For harmonic oscillator mean-field potentials, these equations are solved in closed forms and applied to the ground-state rotational bands in some axially-symmetric nuclei. The results are compared with the measured data.

We present an analysis of a Čerenkov free-electron laser (FEL) driven by a flat electron beam. In this system, an electron beam traveling close to a dielectric slab placed at the top of an ideal conductor interacts with the copropagating electromagnetic surface mode. The surface mode arises due to singularity in the reflectivity of the dielectric slab for the incident evanescent wave. Under suitable conditions, the surface mode grows as a result of interaction with the electron beam. We show that the interaction of the surface mode with the copropagating electron beam can be rigorously understood by analyzing the singularity in the reflectivity. Using this approach, we set up coupled Maxwell-Lorentz equations for the system, in analogy with conventional undulator based FELs. We solve these equations analytically in the small signal regime to obtain formulas for the small signal gain, and the spatial growth rate. Saturation behavior of the system is analyzed by solving these equations numerically in the nonlinear regime. Results of numerical simulations are in good agreement with the analytical calculations in the linear regime. We find that Čerenkov FEL under appropriate conditions can produce copious coherent terahertz (THz) radiation.