Electrical

Increasing sensitivity of today’s components brings issue of electrical overstress (EOS) to the front lines of efficient high-yield manufacturing.  One of the main causes of EOS is electrical noise (EMI).  This paper investigates the sources of EMI in electronic manufacturing and methods of mitigation of EOS exposure.

The present work deals with a renewable energy based microgrid (MG) with ANFIS controller for standalone operation. The places where renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro etc. are in abundance, use them to generate electricity by developing wind-hydro based MG. The main control unit of MG is VSI (Voltage Source Inverter) in which an indirect current control is applied. This VSI is used for power quality improvements through harmonics suppression of nonlinear loads; voltage regulation during contingencies such as load unbalance; reactive power compensation at PCC (Point of Common Coupling) according to the system requirement. It is capable of providing power balance under various changes among the generation, storage and demand units. For appropriate functioning of VSI, a reweighted zero attractor least mean square (RZALMS) control algorithm is applied to generate PWM switching pulses for VSI. A model of MG with ANFIS controller is developed in MATLAB/ Simulink environment to simulate its performance in normal and dynamic conditions at linear and nonlinear loads. A renewable wind-hydro based microgrid has been developed. The performance of MG has been demonstrated using RZALMS control approach to provide power quality solutions i.e. harmonics suppression, reactive power compensation, load balancing and voltage control. It has also managed the power balance in the microgrid during various states such as high wind power generation, load unbalancing and peak load demand. Such MG provides energy independence in rural areas and contributes in reducing the fossil consumption and its bad impact on the environment. A single voltage source inverter has performed power quality improvement and power balancing. The PMBLDCG does not require speed sensor, position sensor and wind speed sensor for MPPT control. Individual inverters and converters are not being used on various units viz. wind, hydro, battery bank etc. Therefore, the overall system cost and maintenance is reduced. The performance of the proposed controller with ANFIS and PI controller results were evaluated by using Matlab/Simulink software.

Increase in use of power electronics in power system addressed power quality problems. Converters are widely used in industrial area for different application. They are non-linear devices and degrade power quality of system. In this paper, 12 – pulse ac – dc power supply is taken as non-linear load example. Power supply, here discuss is use in low voltage, high dc current application. High dc current is generated by connecting four M3 converters in parallel. Phase-shifting transformer is also introduce for require phase displacement. Converter can affect power quality in terms of inject harmonics and decrease power factor. It can be used as dynamic load; therefore, it is necessary to evaluate active and reactive power for different loading condition. This paper represents assessment of power quality for such system.

— This paper explains the performance of HVDC transmission system based on a hybrid multilevel voltage source converter. The proposed system having current limiting capability during dc-side fault. This characteristic of the system eliminates the requirement of dc-side circuit breakers in dc power transmission system and filter design by generating higher pulse level. A simplified proposed system steady state model is developed that can be used for power flow analysis. The transient performance is analyze by investigative the proposed transmission system responses to external AC-side (symmetrical and asymmetrical) and DC-side faults. Keywords—Hybrid multilevel VSC with cascaded H-bridge cells, pulse width modulation Modular multilevel converter.

In this study, erbia (Er2O3)-doped Bi2O3 ceramics were prepared from sol–gel derived nanocrystalline powders. The morphological properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out in order to characterize the phase and crystal structure of the powder samples. Temperature dependent electrical properties were determined by thermogravimetry/differential thermal analyzer (TG/DTA) and 4-point probe techniques. The stable fluorite face centered cubic δ-type phase was observed at room temperature from the XRD result, which was supported by the DTA and temperature dependent electrical conductivity measurements. Electrical conductivity results indicate that there is a transition approximately at 650 °C, which can be attributed to an order–disorder transition (ODT). The activation energy values obtained from the Arrhenius approach for heating and cooling process were presented. Two regimes, corresponding to high temperature region (HTR) and low temperature region (LTR), were observed. As a result of morphological changes during the ODT, the electrical conductivity modifies and the activation energies are different for studied sample at HTR and LTR.

— Now a day to design a sorting system based on color for industries is very difficult. Industries are using image processing technology to detect various colors. Sometimes it is not possible to use image processing forms small company and for the small application. Instead of that using color frequency for sorting color skittles or candy with help of ATmegas328.

En el presente trabajo se plantea una metodología de planeación de trayectorias para manipuladores seriales antropomórficos de seis grados de libertad y muñeca esférica enfocada en la minimización del consumo eléctrico y maximización de la manipulabilidad. Para lograr tal fin se expone un algoritmo de optimización el cual tiene como base el Algoritmo Heurístico de Kalman (AHK), cuya finalidad es encontrar la trayectoria óptima según la función multi-objetivo propuesta dentro de un espacio esférico simplificado propuesto. El algoritmo de optimización se evalúa mediante el análisis del comportamiento de dos trayectorias en el manipulador PUMA 560, simuladas en un programa desarrollado en la aplicación de Visual Basic perteneciente al software Autodesk Inventor.

— In this work, a comparative study on the variation of maximum voltage to ground and voltage across the coils under different impulse voltages indicated that non-standard impulse voltage waveform develops higher voltage stress in the windings. They draw high risk and are critical to transformer insulation system. [1] Described method can be used by transformer manufactures to estimate voltage wave forms during switching or lightning, and to proves useful information for insulation coordination studies. [2].

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A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt (2/α) = 16.6e) open-helix spin-½ half-photons compose the double-helix photon. These half-photons separate and curl up their separated superluminal single-helical trajectories to form an electrically-charged superluminal closed-helix spin-½ quantum-vortex electron model and a corresponding positron model. The helical radius and the Dirac equation's zitterbewegung angular frequency of the quantum vortex electron and positron models equal the helical radius and zitterbewegung angular frequency of the two spin-½ half-photons, each of energy E = mc^2 , that composed the double-helix photon model of energy E = 2mc^2 from which the electron and positron models were produced. The photon and electron models are also compatible when a photon of energy E > 2mc^2 produces a relativistic electron-positron pair. Implications of the quantum vortex electron model for electron stability are discussed.

This paper aims at reading The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock with respect to T.E.Hulme’s argument in Romanticism and Classicism. The researchers try to apply T.E.Hulme’s notion of Romanticism and Classicism on dramas and poems. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock poem will be examined and illustrated from two differing but independent classical and romantic perspective based on Hulme’s definitions. It shows that the poem contain characteristics of both classical and romantic art forms. The effect of Hulme’s notion can be seen particularly clearly in the works of T.S.Eliot and other poets of the 1930’s.  T.E.Hulme’s insistence on order and exactness sowed the seed of ‘Classical revival”, to which Eliot contribute a great deal in his poems.

The ISO 9001 certified laboratory that performed the testing and prepared the report works for many product manufacturers and does not endorse any manufacturer over another. This multidisciplinary engineering and scientific consulting firm requires anonymity to avoid even an appearance of an endorsement. However, if you have further questions, we can provide the complete data package from the testing for your independent review to validate the testing and results. UL 2196 and ULC-S139 are harmonized standards covering both US and Canadian markets. References to UL 2196 within this document apply to both standards.

In this paper, presents an optimized
combinational logic based Rijndael S-Box
implementation for the SubByte transformation(S-box) in
the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm on
FPGA. S-box dominated the hardware complexity of the
AES cryptographic module thus we implement its
mathematic equations based on optimized and
combinational logic circuits until dynamic power
consumption reduced. The complete data path of the Sbox
algorithm is simulated as a net list of AND, OR,
NOT and XOR logic gates, also for increase in speed and
maximum operation frequency used 4-stage pipeline in
proposed method. The proposed implemented
combinational logic based S-box have been successfully
synthesized and implemented using Xilinx ISE V7.1 and
Virtex IV FPGA to target device Xc4vf100. Power is
analized using Xilinx XPower analyzer and achieved
power consumption is 29 mW in clock frequency of 100
MHz. The results from the Place and Route report
indicate that maximum clock frequency is 209.617 MHz.

En el siguiente documento se presentan los resultados de laboratorio obtenidos a partir de la experimentación con el temporizador 555 al cambiar las resistencias conectadas a éste.

Práctica de laboratorio de Electricidad y electrónica básica de la escuela de Ingeniería Mecánica de la Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS)

— In this paper the analysis for the protection for different systems by using different kinds of relays is done. In this work a basic focus is on Electro-Mechanical Relay and Numerical/Digital Relay is carried out because It is being noticed that this two kinds of relays are very common in use in various systems for protection purpose. The working of this two relays are mentioned in this work and also in this the comparative analysis of both the relays are available in this paper.

Abstract—This paper presents a statistical method for analysis and processing of text using a technique called Latent Semantic Analysis. Latent semantic analysis was a technique that was devised to mimic human understanding of words and language. Hence it is a method for computer simulation of the meaning of word and passages by analysis of natural language or text. It uses a mathematical model called Singular Value Decomposition which is a technique used to factorize a matrix. The paper discusses its application in information retrieval, which is called latent semantic indexing in this context. We also present an example which demonstrates this technique.

Importance measure analysis is used to identify the critical components in the system which have the greatest impact on the system performance. Various importance measures are already proposed such as Birnbaum, Fussell Vesely, reliability achievement worth etc. which facilitates prioritization of system components for making maintenance strategy and reliability improvement. Only few existing importance measures have paid attention to the costs incurred by maintaining system components within a given time period. This paper proposes a new component cost important measure and approach is applied on wind turbine system. Component having highest importance measure value is considered to be most critical component in the system.

Hitherto electricity has largely been employed as a motive power. It has been solving our problems of transportation and communication. It is just entering upon , a new field, that of manufacture. It has moved things; now it will make them. The energy of our water reservoirs, our coal and oil fields, will be transformed into electrical energy in great central electrical works, and from there distributed to varipus manufacturing points. Already Niagara is being to some degree utilized in this manner. I expect to live to see the time when most chemicals used for commercial purposes will be manufactured by electrical power.

Due to the erratic power supply in some parts of
the World, it is imperative to source for an alternative to the
municipal power supply; power generators are
uneconomical and generate undesirable noise when in
operation. Thus, a power inverter was designed and
constructed as an operational unit to serve as an automatic
supply unit in case of interruption in the main supply of
power and hence reduce power failure for rural and
commercial usage. The main objective of this study was to
construct and evaluate the performance an electrical power
inverter. It was constructed according to the rules and
regulation of International Electronic Engineering Standard.
Materials used for construction and evaluation of the
inverter were carefully sorted and selected locally
considering strength, availability, durability and cost. The
main component parts include transformer, relay, capacitor,
socket, alternator, multi-vibrator, resistor, integrated circuit
and transistor. The efficiency was obtained by varying the
load on the inverter and measuring the respective power
output. The inverter has the highest efficiency of 97.40% at a
load of 75W and lowest efficiency of 71.70% at a load of
600W. It was also observed that there is a decrease in the
output of the machine when there is a high increase in the
load. The inverter can be used for commercial purposes due
to its availability in terms of material for construction,
strength, its efficiency, conversion of direct current to
alternating current and it can also be adopted for use in
agricultural establishments.

PREMESSA: Per determinare le caratteristiche di funzionamento di un motore asincrono trifase ci sono due metodi, uno diretto e uno indiretto. Il metodo indiretto viene utilizzato per motori sopra i 120 cv, i quali, essendo di grandi dimensioni, renderebbero difficoltosa la prova diretta. Questo metodo, conoscendo i dati delle prove a vuoto e a rotore bloccato del motore in questione, ci permette di ricavare gli stessi dati del metodo diretto per vie alternative ed infine verrà tracciato il diagramma circolare del motore. Il motore che utilizzeremo per questa prova è un apparecchio considerato di piccole dimensione e con una potenza relativamente limitata quindi è idoneo per essere sottoposto alla determinazione delle sua caratteristiche tramite il metodo diretto e per farlo ci verrà in aiuto un apparecchio chiamato Freno Pasqualini, il cui uso e funzionamento verrà descritto in seguito. OBBIETTIVI: L'obbiettivo di questa prova è quello di tracciare dei grafici che ci permetteranno di conoscere come variano tutti i parametri del motore in funzionamento (parametri e dati riportati in tabella successivamente) e di capire come si comporta il motore nelle varie condizioni di carico applicato. I grafici in questione sono I=f(Pr)