Early Modern History

Mallorca del segle XIV MARGALIDA BERNAT I ROCA Tres coses fan hon menestral: en san ofici sia íeyat c seure en son bancal e que sia liberal. Tres coses fan mal menestral: àvol obra fer, no tenir prop sou mester e fer-se renové r. Anònim: Llibre de Tres Arreu d'Europa, els darreres anys del s. XIII i bona part del s. XIV constitueixen un període caracicritzat per la construcció d'una nova societat cn el sí de la qual els diferents grups entraven cn pugna dc manera constant. L'aristocràcia veia amb recel com la burgesia en ascens s'anava transformant cn una nova oligarquia amb uns objectius no sempre coincidents amb els seus. La burgesia, per part seva, es feia cada cop més present cn el vells organismes de poder i aquests, a la vegada, es veien empesos a transformar-se i adaptar-se a una dinàmica nova. Un sector importan! d'aquesta burgesia eren, indubtablement, els menestrals, i d'ells i per ells es donaven una part important d'aquests canvis. La raó: es tractava d'un grup social cn plena diversificació i es començaven a perfilar amb força les definicions entre les cúpules dirigents, integrades per aquells que només eren menestrals (cn cl sentit estricte de treballadors manuals) de nom i que s'incorporarien dc ple en els quadres oligàrquics, i els operaris efectius progressivament relegats als escalons més baixos de) sector fins a caure cn la subordinació i la misèria per veure's, finalment, privats de participar en la gestió del poder, cn un procés dc clara proletcrització. Aquests darrers eren cl que. a Florència, cs denominava popólo minuto 1 Un pohlc menui que, no poques vegades al llarg del període en estudi, es convertí cn el gran protagonista d'una agitació sovint transformada en revolta. Es tractava d'esclafils marcadament violents en el sí deis quals la reivindicació social, política i econòmica era una constant. Una dc les formes de canalització d'aquestes tensions eren les associacions més o manco espontànies d'artesans, començant per les de caire religiós. Aquestes associacions venien existim a Europa des del s. XII, si no d'abans,-i sovint les autoritats (la reial, les municipals i, fins i tot, la religiosa) no sempre saberen com actuar en relació a elles. No es comprenien, eren temudes i per RODOLICO, N : El papali minian. Note ili Storta Florentina {134$• L17fí), Firen/e, 1968 B()UV1ER-AJAM, M.: fiecherches sur In cénese et la ilnle d'apuruinn des catporations medievales cn Frunce. París, 1978. PlNI, Al.: Città eninuni e corpoiaziani ne! Medievo italiano, Uoloniu, 19X6. Sistemàticament, les agrupacions de meiicslrals medievals se'ls ha volgudes relacionar amh eaparrudesa amb els collegia romans, però resta clar que. en cas d'haver-hi alguna relació, sols cs podrien irobar en alguns dels oficis dedicáis a activitats molt concretes (com l'alimentació), tal i com queda lien demostrat per Itàlia Pel que fa a Mallorca, el cas paradigmàtic de lati remotes arrels: QUETGLÀS GAYA, H.: Temas sociales I. Et trabajo en la época i amana <l.a Esclavitudl, Palma. I'Í.IS SESMA MUÑOZ; J.A.: "Cofradías, gremios y solidaridades en la Europa medieval". XIX Séniana de Estudias Medievales. Estella, 1993. 21-22 BERNAT I ROCA, M ; "Feudalisme i infrastruclura artesanaJ; De Madína Mayúrqa a Cuitat t!e Mallorca'' (1229-1315)". ÉSAL, 53, Palma. 1997. 27-70 PONS PASTOR, A.; Ordinacioas gremials i altres capítols de Mallorca (Se^lesXIV-XVl Ciutal de Mallorca. 1930. VII. ' Per una visió dc conjunt, malgrat lots els emperons per haver-se puhlicai per primera vegada a 1944. s'ha veure l'ohra del ja esmentat A RUMKU DE ARMAS, especialment les planes 73-92.

This paper aims at reconsidering the earliest phase of the diffusion of the poetry of Nonnus among the learned communities of the end of the XV -beginning of the XVIth c. After recalling briefly the coming to Italy of the manuscript of the Dionysiaca, the very well known Laur. 32.16, I will reconsider the influence of Nonnus' poems on some Greek epigrams by Politian, comparing them to the use of Nonnian phraseology in the paraphrase of the Creed by Marcus Musurus, who shows a good knowledge of the Christian poem of Nonnus. The final part of the paper deals with an epigram by Scipione Forteguerri and the Humanistic view of the problem of Nonnus' religion. the possible influence of Christian visual exegesis on Nonnus' composition principles.

Il mio intento è quello di portare qualche elemento utile alla precisazione del ruolo che nel pensiero del giovane Pico ha l'astrologia, intesa come combinazione di due esigenze, quella conoscitiva e quella pratica. Ciò, nell'ambito di una generale visione unitaria del cosmo, per cui non vi è interruzione tra mondo celeste e mondo terrestre, aspetto che nella tradizione ellenica non è contraddetto né da Platone (Timeo) né da Aristotele (Meteorologica priora). Aggiungerei che laddove si sviluppa una tensione misticheggiante, si istaura un nesso solido tra astrologia e misticismo, se quest'ultimo è inteso come ricerca di una visione unitaria del mondo sulla base di elementi analogici ed intuitivi, quali la mistica dei numeri, la teoria delle armonie celesti e loro corrispondenza con valori etici; considerazione degli astri come enti animati, e così via. Allora i due aspetti tipici in cui l'astrologia abitualmente si estrinseca passano in secondo piano: tanto la dimensione esplicativo-causale dei fenomeni, attraverso l'osservazione ed il calcolo delle posizioni degli astri, quanto la dimensione divinatoria attraverso la congettura e la profezia assumono un'importanza secondaria. Ciò che prevale infatti è la figura divina, ed il suo rapportarsi al creato: è questo il caso del giovane Pico. Al contempo vorrei contribuire alla interpretazione del complesso delle DCCCC Conclusiones sive Theses, ove la vera astrologia è collocata in una posizione fondamentale, nell'ambito del progetto di pax unifica. Tutto il discorso pichiano infatti trova il suo coronamento nella tesi finale che argomenta: Sicut vera astrologia nos docet legere libro Dei, ita cabala docet nos legere libro legis 1 .

Trade is an important aspect of the economic geography of any country and during the I9th century trade in the Sudan laboured undir peculiar difficulties.A harsh physical environment,presenting many difficulties,not least the absence of water,was associatsd with=economic bacbmrdness and political unrest. Thus in the I 9th century trade \-las still limited to certain basic natural products, such as gum and ivory which h~~ been articles of trade from earliest times • Further development was curtailed by a scarcity of capital,the absence of a standard currency,heavy and arbitrary taxation associated with administrative incompetence and short-sighted monopo~istic policies. Underlying many of these problems was the absence-of a cheap and efficient means of transport. As a result of physical barriers allimg the Nile in form of cataracts,trade routes were forced to cross barren deserts and hence the only mode of transport available \-las the camel.

CHERNIHIV-SIVERSK LAND IN THE WARS WITH MUSCOVITE STATE
(16 – the first half of 17th centuries)

The purpose of the research is to summarize the course of military conflicts on the territory of Chernihiv-Siversk land between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and from 1569 - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Grand Duchy (from 1547 - the tsardom) of Moscow, during the 16th - the first half of the 17th centuries. The research methodology was based on the use of problem-chronological, historical-genetic, historical-comparative and logical-theoretical methods. The problem-chronological method involves the systematization of facts in chronological order, which allows us to reconstruct historical events in the light of causation. The historical-genetic approach allowed us to highlight the development of military conflicts in the process, and the use of the historical-comparative approach made it possible to reconstruct events and search for historical parallels. Scientific novelty. The extrapolation of the "frontier" theory to national history gave rise to the thesis about the determining role of the steppe border in the history of the Ukrainian Cossacks. But in addition to the "Cossack", it is quite logical to talk about the "boyar" section of this frontier, which passed through the Chernihiv-Siversk land. For the first time in historical literature, the article highlights the day when Filon Kmita defeated the Moscow detachment near Oster – April 11, 1562. Conclusions. In the 16th – the first half of the 17th centuries Chernihiv-Siversk land became the arena of struggle between the Lithuanian-Polish and Muscovite states. The region was supposed to become a springboard for further expansion of the Moscow principality, but this potential was not realized. Further progress was prevented by the Podniprovsky Liubetska and Osterska Volosts (from the middle of the 16th century - Starostwa) of the Kyiv Voivodeship. Constant life on the border gave rise to the specifics of the functioning of social institutions, large contingents of people were involved in the defense of the Lithuanian-Polish state, the basis of which were small boyars.
Key words: Oster Starostwo, Liubech Starostwo, Kyiv voivodeship, Chernihiv-Siversk land, Lithuanian-Moscow wars, Polish-Moscow wars, borderlands, frontier

https://books.google.it/books?id=aldTEQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI&hl=en&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Antony Mecherry, “Early Modern Christians of St Thomas at Inquisitorial Crossroads.” The Inquisition and the Christian East, 1350-1850, edited by C. Santus et al., Boydell & Brewer, Durham University IMEMS Press, 2025, pp. 329–62. (Catholicisms, c.1450–c.1800, 4)
The ancient Malabar Church of the Christians of St Thomas traditionally owes its origins to the preaching of St Thomas the Apostle in India. Although this Church exercised its ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the entire subcontinent for centuries, the situation changed with the arrival of the Portuguese on the southwest coast of India in 1498 and especially since 1533, with the erection of the bishopric of Goa, the first Latin diocese in India under the aegis of the Padroado. By means of the political and ecclesiastical arrangement of the Padroado, the Portuguese exercised the administrative prerogatives granted to them by the...

The American Civil War garnered significant interest in the Italian press. Despite the challenges faced by the nascent Kingdom of Italy and the rise of brigandage in the Mezzogiorno, newspapers across the political spectrum closely followed the conflict between Unionists and Confederates. In addition to documenting the military events, observers and commentators extensively covered the main issues related to the American Civil War, including the merits and drawbacks of the republican-federal system, the abolition of slavery, and the Second French intervention in Mexico. During years of fierce civil violence, the conflict served as a lens to explore issues that transcended the United States and pertained to the institutional, political and social challenges undertaken by nation states undergoing unification or reorganization. Through contrasting ideological perspectives, Italian newspapers reframed the American Civil War in the context of Italy’s contemporary reality, thereby challenging the traditional view of the United States as an ‘exception’ in the nineteenth-century Western world. What emerged was a new, and in many ways less idealized, archetype of the United States, distinct from both the ‘land of freedom’ vision and the ‘land of opportunity’ image that had become prevalent during the Risorgimento.

Many translators have taken the trouble to translate Dante Alighieri’s "Divine Comedy" into German. In view of the quantity of verses (14,233 in total), the degree of difficulty and the complexity of the text, they all deserve to be honored—regardless of the result.

The comparatively big number of Commedia translations—this is also the case in other language regions—results in the fact that many older translations fall into oblivion despite their quality and new editions are rather rare.

Among all these works, Richard Eberwein’s translation—in form of a typescript—is a novelty as it has never been published so far (this pdf being part 2 of 3 – “Purgatory”). However, a transcription of the typescript is available at academia.edu and on Helveticat.

The goal of these online publications is to make Richard Eberwein’s translation of Dante’s Commedia accessible without any commercial interests in mind. This shall allow the interested public to make their own analyses and comparisons.

Many translators have taken the trouble to translate Dante Alighieri’s "Divine Comedy" into German. In view of the quantity of verses (14,233 in total), the degree of difficulty and the complexity of the text, they all deserve to be honored—regardless of the result.

The comparatively big number of Commedia translations—this is also the case in other language regions—results in the fact that many older translations fall into oblivion despite their quality and new editions are rather rare.

Among all these works, Richard Eberwein’s translation—in form of a typescript—is a novelty as it has never been published so far (this pdf being part 1 of 3 – “Hell”). However, a transcription of the typescript is available at academia.edu and on Helveticat.

The goal of these online publications is to make Richard Eberwein’s translation of Dante’s Commedia accessible without any commercial interests in mind. This shall allow the interested public to make their own analyses and comparisons.

Come indicato negli elenchi EPIR e EPIS della BNCF, «Ricerche Storiche» è indicizzata, fra gli altri, da: AIDA online (); Catalogo italiano dei periodici (ACNP); Fondazione Istituto Internazionale di Storia Economica "F. Datini"; Biblioteca in linea -indici delle riviste (); Bibliografia storica nazionale (BSN); Catalogo collettivo. Rete delle biblioteche d'arte Firenze -Monaco -Roma (BIBARTEFMR); Casalini Libri (

Come indicato negli elenchi EPIR e EPIS della BNCF, «Ricerche Storiche» è indicizzata, fra gli altri, da: AIDA online (); Catalogo italiano dei periodici (ACNP); Fondazione Istituto Internazionale di Storia Economica "F. Datini"; Biblioteca in linea -indici delle riviste (); Bibliografia storica nazionale (BSN); Catalogo collettivo. Rete delle biblioteche d'arte Firenze -Monaco -Roma (BIBARTEFMR); Casalini Libri (

Come indicato negli elenchi EPIR e EPIS della BNCF, «Ricerche Storiche» è indicizzata, fra gli altri, da: AIDA online (); Catalogo italiano dei periodici (ACNP); Fondazione Istituto Internazionale di Storia Economica "F. Datini"; Biblioteca in linea -indici delle riviste (); Bibliografia storica nazionale (BSN); Catalogo collettivo. Rete delle biblioteche d'arte Firenze -Monaco -Roma (BIBARTEFMR); Casalini Libri (

From the beginning of the Modern Age the war was becoming more technical, for different causes as gunpowder, new fortresses or permanent armies, reaching very different activities and aspects. For these reasons have provoked great interest in historiography. This process of technification reached the peak during the eighteenth century, when the militaries began to define war as a science. For all this throughout Europe during the eighteenth century were established and gaining importance in the army various squads, such as engineers or artillerymen, who knew the most technical aspects of the war or were established numerous military academies. This investigation tries to attend the effect that had the technification in the infantry of the army of the Hispanic Monarchy during the XVIII century.
This Doctoral Thesis focuses specifically on the infantry officer who, despite being the most numerous in the army, has been not studied the impact that the technification of war had on their formation. To do this we will focus on research from very diverse facets such as the world of ideas, the institutional and legislative framework, as well as the concretion of all the above in the infantry regiments.
The construction of the imaginary of the perfect military through military treaties, very common in the eighteenth century, shows us an infantry officer who had to have theoretical knowledge to be able to perform his trade correctly in the war. This vision was reflected in the institutional framework that was incorporated as a military merit the acquisition of scientific knowledge, and even became a requirement. In addition, throughout the eighteenth century were being established, by the monarchy, various centers and institutions that had as objective to provide the official scientific-technical training.
In this way, the technification of war and the consequent scientific training had a direct impact on the armies of the Old Regime. This Doctoral Thesis aims to analyze and studies the introduction of a new parameter in the infantry officer, investigating the true impact that had between the officers, how it affected military careers and what resistance caused the introduction of training.

Nel 1663 un pugno di greci avviava un negoziato con la Repubblica di Genova per stanziare diverse centinaia di maniotti nel regno di Corsica. La trattativa, che porterà alla fondazione del villaggio di Paomia, durò un quindicennio. Questo saggio la ricostruisce nei suoi tratti essenziali per metterne in luce la natura multivocale e policentrica, ne individua i principali protagonisti, che si mossero su spazi politico-sociali e istituzionali diversi – Genova, Roma, Firenze, Zante, Vitylo, Sagona – per combinare urgenze e interessi disomogenei, avvalendosi dell’esperienza precedentemente maturata su altri territori – da Napoli a Venezia all’Ungheria asburgica – da altri attori, per conseguire altri obiettivi.

Vallás és filozófia a 17. századi Franciaországban * A 17. században létezik vallás és létezik filozófia, de nem létezik az a diszciplina, amelyet ma vallásfilozófiának nevezünk. Mert jóllehet a metafizika meghatározó súllyal van jelen a kor gondolkodásban, ami a transzcendenciához fűződő viszonyban specifikusan vallási, az ebben az időszakban nem kitüntetett tárgya a filozófiai eszmélődésnek. 1 Amire az alábbiakban mégis kísérletet teszek, az a filozófia és a vallás kora újkori kapcsolatrendszerének feltérképezése egy általam fontosnak tartott szempont segítségével. E szempontot a 17. század egyik jelentős hitszónoka, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet nemes egyszerűséggel a következő szavakban öntötte formába: "A keresztények Istene nagy." 2 E kijelentés Bossuet korában már hosszú múltra tekinthetett vissza, ám az az interpretáció, amelyet e tradicionális kijelentéshez fűztek a kora újkorban, jelentős változásokról tanúskodik. Tanulmányomban tehát a "nagyság" modern fogalmának filozófiai és vallási implikációit igyekszem kibontani. * A tanulmány megírását a BO/00459/09/2 számú Bolyai János Kutatási Ösztöndíj, valamint a 81165-ös témaszámú OTKA-támogatás tette lehetővé. 1 Kivételt képez e megállapítás alól a vallás mint társadalmi-politikai jelenség, amely Hobbestól Spinozán át Locke-ig elmélyült reflexió tárgya.

Supervising Professor: Imre Demhardt This dissertation explores the birth of the English Atlantic by looking at English activities and discussions of the Atlantic world from roughly 1481-1560. Rather than being disinterested in exploration during the reign of Henry VIII, this dissertation proves that the English were aware of what was happening in the Atlantic world through the transnational flow of information, imagined the potentials of the New World for both trade and colonization, and actively participated in the opening of transatlantic trade through transnational networks. To do this, the entirety of the Atlantic, all four continents, are considered and the English activity there analyzed. This dissertation uses a variety of methods, examining cartographic and literary interpretations and representations of the New World, familial ties, merchant networks, voyages of exploration and political and diplomatic material to explore my subject across the social strata of England, giving equal weight to common merchants' and scholars' perceptions of the Atlantic as I do to Henry VIII's court. Through these varied methods, this dissertation proves that the creation of the British Atlantic was not state sponsored, like the Spanish Atlantic, but a transnational space inhabited and expanded by merchants, adventurers and the scholars who created imagined spaces for the English. Not only does this reveal the consistent and active presence of the English in the Atlantic world throughout the sixteenth century, but it also acts as a case study for the European moment of contact with the Atlantic World.

Introducción Fundada en 1719, la Real Fábrica de paños finos de Guadalajara fue, hasta su clausura en 1822, el más vasto complejo industrial construido en suelo español y uno de los más importantes aparatos de imagen de la dinastía borbónica. Nació con el propósito de aumentar la producción textil nacional, especialmente una de alta calidad que pudiese competir con la extranjera en los mercados nacionales e internacionales. Aunque la Corona no reparó en gastos para poner a funcionar este gigante manufacturero, las primeras décadas fueron de fracasos reiterados, con una producción que no alcanzó las expectativas, cara y de difícil comercialización, lo que motivó grandes pérdidas al erario. Sólo mejoraron las cosas a partir de mediados del Setecientos. En 1747 se abrió una sucursal en el Real Sitio de San Fernando, que tendría una azarosa trayectoria de traslados temporales. 2 En 1750 se construyó otra filial en la villa de Brihuega, y en 1779 se añadió una tercera en Guadalajara, anexa a la casa matriz, llamada San Carlos y destinada a la producción de sarguetas. 3 En 1791, el complejo fabril llegó a dar empleo directo a 23.590 personas, de las cuales 18.394-es decir, casi el 78 por ciento-eran 1 Este trabajo se ha realizado en el marco del proyecto HAR2017-85601-C2-1-P.

This article proposes an analysis of artisans’ wages in early-modern Madrid from a perspective which, rather than the adult male’s, takes apprentices’ wages as the main reference, in both the private (artisan workshops) and the public sectors (mills in hospices and orphanages). It focuses on the monetary and non monetary compo-nents of artisans’ incomes, in order to uncover the mechanisms that regulated them, taking as explanatory elements the context of the workshop, the family cycle, and the leverage of journeymen’s associations. The empirical base comprises 1,953 in-denture contracts for 25 crafts, the accounting books of the Hospice of the Ave Maria and the foundling school of Ninas de la Paz, and the documentation related to con-flicts held between masters and journeymen over wages.

Several archaeologists have studied the management of Dr. Bagherzadeh at the Iranian Archeological Center and have been focusing on his valuable activities. Most of the work done by Dr. Bagherzadeh during the presidency of the Iranian Centre for Archaeological Research is worthwhile. Preventing the exodus of ancient objects from Iran, preventing commercial Excavation, and the regular holding of archaeological conferences, are some of the important actions of Dr. Bagherzadeh. Farr-e Firouz includes scientific Archaeology articles in Honor of Firouz Bagherzadeh.

Bibliografie cizojazyčných bohemikálních tisků do roku 1800 (BCBT) je
elektronická databáze, která zpřístupňuje veškerou cizojazyčnou tiskařskou produkci vydanou v českých zemích do roku 1800. Eviduje částečně i data k bohemikální produkci zahraničních tiskáren a výběrově také k české knižní ilustraci. Spolu s databází Knihopis vytvářenou v Národní knihovně ČR, která registruje jazykově české tisky, tvoří BCBT českou národní retrospektivní bibliografii starých tisků. V roce 2020 došlo k virtuálnímu sloučení obou bibliografických databází na portálu Knihověda.cz: Portál k dějinám české knižní kultury do roku 1800. Vznikla tak nová základní infrastruktura pro výzkum české knižní kultury, která zpřístupňuje kompletní tiskařskou produkci v českých zemích do konce 18. století v jednom vyhledávacím rozhraní. Její ambicí je stát se moderním nástrojem pro zkoumání starší české knižní kultury.

Doña Catalina de Bolea, dama noble, monja y hermana de la escritora Ana Francisca Abarca de Bolea, llevó una vida agitada que la llevó a huir de su monasterio y a tener un papel destacado en las convulsiones catalanas de 1640. Su historia y la de sus raptores nos permiten ver la realidad efectiva de algunos tipos de la ficción del Siglo de Oro como el galanteo de monjas o la «mujer vestida de hombre». Este contraste de fuentes literarias e históricas arroja luz sobre los usos amorosos y, con ello, sobre la historia de las mujeres desde el punto de vista de la vida personal, aún escasamente considerado. Palabras claves: historia de las mujeres, usos amorosos, escritoras del Siglo de Oro, Ana Francisca Abarca de Bolea, rebelión catalana de 1640.

Per la serie "Incontri del corso di Laurea magistrale in Scienze del libro del documento del patrimonio culturale", il seminario è dedicato alla esplorazione di uno degli aspetti più 'rivoluzionari' del libro a stampa: il carattere. Ne tratta Riccardo Olocco, le cui ricerche sulla produzione dei caratteri nella prima età della stampa sta fornendo un importante contributo alla storia attributiva delle edizioni sine notis e più in generale alla storia del libro. Strumenti quali il Typenrepertorium der Wiegendrucke si arricchiscono grazie a studi come questi e supportano ulteriori ricerche, talvolta messi in relazione con altri progetti e strumenti digitali, in una sorta di virtuoso ecosistema. Di questo ci si occuperà nella seconda parte del seminario, che include una esemplificazione di quanto illustrato in relazione ad esemplari della collezione Firpo.

Introdução O fidalgo D. Manuel de Lima foi ainda jovem para a Índia, deixando para trás uma promissora e possivelmente tranquila vida eclesiástica a que estava reservado. Distinguiu-se como guerreiro contra mouros e turcos, foi capitão de armadas, da carreira da Índia e de duas fortalezas, movimentou-se bem junto do poder, embora angariando inimizades com uns e semeando solidariedades com outros. A sua acção militar, política, económica e social não foi isenta de actos menos valorosos, divergentes e até ilegais. O conhecimento sobre a sua vivência no Reino, mas sobretudo no Oriente, chega-nos através das chancelarias régias, da epistolografia, das crónicas, e termina com uma inscrição tumular. 1. Fontes e Metodologia

Hopträngda på ett stort örlogsskepp under 1600-talet kunde det finnas flera hundra människor i många olika befattningar: styrmän, skeppspojkar, amiraler, båtsmän, kaptener, präster, profosser, kockar och soldater. På fartygen fanns en mängd olika sociala grupperingar, yrken, förmågor och åldrar representerade. Ombord befann sig ofta individer från samhällets absoluta elit, såväl som människor från lägre samhällsskikt med ursprung i olika delar av det svenska stormaktsväldet, men även från områden utanför detta. Den här boken handlar om de många människorna ombord - i skeppssamhället.

Utifrån historiska källor, arkeologiska fynd, bildkonst och skeppsmodeller, studeras människors roller och status i arbete, vila och strid. Undersökningen visar också hur taktiska förändringar i sättet att strida till sjöss vid 1600-talets mitt förändrade fartygen och förhållanden på dem på ett sätt som blev bestående långt in på 1800-talet.

Skeppssamhället, med de många grupper och individer från skilda samhällsskikt som fanns ombord, var till många delar ett 1600-talssamhälle i koncentrat. Den här boken riktar sig därför inte bara till dem som är särskilt intresserade av flottan och sociala förhållanden på örlogsskepp under detta sekel, utan även till dem som intresserar sig för det tidigmoderna samhället och hur människor försökte ordna detta.

In this dissertation, all the categories of people that were on board fully manned warships are studied. The purpose of the study has been to describe life on board the large warships and to show how hierarchical power structures and social status were expressed and manifested in 17th century society. This has been achieved through an interdisciplinary method where historical and archaeological material, as well as imagery and ship models have been used. The roles of those on board at work, at rest and in battle have been analysed. In parallel, various hierarchical orders such as rank, estate, position and age, have been studied. Social status on board could be expressed through spaces, belongings, norms and practices. In the theoretical apparatus mainly used in this study, the concept of capital is central. Capital, i.e. various forms of assets, exist in several forms where symbolic capital is fundamental. This capital varies depending on the characteristics and abilities that are considered valuable in a specific social environment. Seamanship was a very important factor in obtaining status in the ship society. It formed the basis of the symbolic capital sought within the navy. However, there were differences between what seamanship meant and what the symbolic capital included for the different groups on board. Social status on warships was often expressed through rank and position, but this study also shows the number of other circumstances that could influence the social position of the people on the ships. Factors such as birth, age and experience played a major role.The ship society, with the many groups and individuals from different social strata on board, was characterized by the norms and practices that existed in its day. It was thus in many parts a 17th century society in concentrated form.

Este libro homenaje se formula como un dialogo abierto entre grupos de investigacion europeos y americanos sobre problematicas referidas a una vision Atlantica de la proyeccion de los Imperios Ibericos en la Edad Moderna. Los ejes convocantes son aquellos que a lo largo de su dilatada trayectoria en la investigacion historica ha desarrollado y publicado la Dra. Maria Ines Carzolio, tanto en Argentina como en el extranjero: Las raices medievales de la Europa Moderna, las monarquias del Antiguo Regimen, la organizacion del espacio social y los agentes sociales en la modernidad, cuestiones sobre creencias y religiosidad, estudios urbanos y, finalmente, problematicas en torno al campo discursivo y cultural.

Disertační práce mapuje dějiny a vývoj jednoho z hlavních veřejných prostranství hradeckého intravilánu, Malého náměstí. Interdisciplinárním přístupem a srovnáváním dochovaných písemných pramenů, výsledků archeologických výzkumů nebo stavebněhistorických průzkumů se práce pokouší osvětlit vývoj této doposud často přehlížené, avšak v minulosti neméně důležité části města. Práce se zaměřuje nejen na samotnou oblast Malého náměstí, ale také Kavčího plácku, který byl po celou historii s Malým náměstím úzce spojený. Vedle srovnávání funkcí a významu Malého náměstí s jeho větším sousedem Velkým náměstím tvoří hlavní část práce historická topografie všech měšťanských domů na Malém náměstí a Kavčím plácku, jejíž součástí je i vzájemná komparace vývoje objektů, jejich majitelů a dalších aspektů, a to jak mezi sebou, tak také s ostatními částmi intravilánu.

The dissertation maps the history and development of one of the main public spaces of Hradec Králové's intravilan, the Malé náměstí (Small Square). Through an interdisciplinary approach and by comparing surviving written sources, the results of archaeological excavations or building-historical research, the thesis attempts to shed light on the development of this hitherto often overlooked, but in the past no less important part of the town. The thesis focuses not only on the area of Malé náměstí itself, but also on Kavčí plácek, which has been closely connected with Malé náměstí throughout history. In addition to comparing the functions and significance of Malé náměstí with its larger neighbour, Velké náměstí, the main part of the thesis is a historical topography of all the townhouses in Malé náměstí and Kavčí plácek, which includes a comparison of the development of the buildings, their owners and other aspects, both among themselves and with other parts of the inner town.

Este artículo tiene por objeto de estudio la actividad de la comisión encargada de delimitar la frontera galaicoportuguesa entre 1804 y 1807. En él se analiza el papel de los distintos agentes implicados en ella, los conocimientos generados y recopilados por sus comisionados y las propuestas de delimitación que formularon. Se incluye además un balance de las políticas sobre los límites de los Estados ibéricos desarrolladas en las últimas décadas del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX, así como los conflictos en los que se vieron inmersos los habitantes rayanos, cuya eliminación se pretendía mediante una definición y un trazado más precisos de los territorios en liza.

A la vista de cómo, en la tercera década del del siglo XXI, la clase política española aborda los  desafíos de la coyuntura internacional, el autor repasa la Historia y rememora en este libro  mucho de lo ya expuesto en anteriores publicaciones suyas con el propósito de que sirvan de soporte y aliciente para renovadas reflexiones, de las que puedan derivarse los positivos proyectos de recuperación. Lo hace sin obviar su empeño por hacer ver que no pocas de  las torpezas humanas son principal consecuencia del indebido uso de nuestras propias capacidades, a lo que cabe añadir  la ignorancia, abulia o mala fe de éste o aquel gobernante.

-if the text is unclear here, then please download the file, and that will be readable excellently.
“Confessionalization” in the İntellectual History  of Early  Modern Western Europe: The Evolving of a Paradigm
At the beginning of the Early Modern Era, in the 16th/17th centuries, there was a special process that formed and shaped the consciousness of believers, and recently it has been called “confessionalisation” in the history of the Early Modern Era in Europe. Earlier, in the Middle Ages, in Western Europe, education and culture were in the hands of the Catholic clergy, but in the 16th century, faith and culture passed into the hands of conscious people. Burghers who had enough income managed local schools. These processes were based on the extraordinary emergence of book printing, according to Benedict Anderson (2006[1983]), but even more, these processes were innovations and were renewing the entire society, not only culture, but all the institutions of culture. The definition of Confessionalisation is given in this paper, although the problems of confessionalisation in Eastern Europe are separate questions, and this is a complex, much-discussed topic.  The latter has been explained in the other article of the author, and all his conference papers are steps for a monograph on the Eastern European Confessionalisation.

addressed their public in the synagogue in Yiddish, but when compiling texts of responsa, they published them in Hebrew. 16 Berger's study argues that the content, layout, and rhetorical styles presented on title pages of early modern Yiddish books were organized around the central goal of "producing redemption." Berger stresses that publishing books in Ashkenaz had a clear, especially religious purpose, 17 and the Yiddish paratexts contained a morale that served a purpose in a Jew's life. It is with this methodology that I will examine the paratexts in Chotsch's book of remedies.

Este estudio explora el contexto socio jurídico que rodeó el intento de Francisco Martín Hincapié de migrar de España a Santo Domingo en 1607, centrándose en los marcos regulatorios que gobernaron la migración desde Castilla y León a principios del siglo XVII. Profundiza en las implicaciones de las Leyes de Toro, que configuraron aspectos legales de la sucesión, los derechos matrimoniales y la migración, particularmente en lo que respecta a la bigamia y las obligaciones familiares. A través de un examen detallado de las fuentes documentales del Archivo General de Indias, el artículo destaca los obstáculos burocráticos y legales que enfrentaron Hincapié y su familia, incluida la necesidad de una prueba de pureza cristiana (limpieza de sangre) y el cumplimiento de las leyes matrimoniales. La interrupción de su viaje por factores geopolíticos, como conflictos navales, y su eventual papel como escribano real en Sevilla, están documentados junto con las obligaciones legales impuestas a su esposa, María González Muñiz. Imposiciones a la mujer; leyes de Toro; derechos matrimoniales; limpieza de sangre; migración española; Nuevo Mundo.

Entre 1869 y 1876, las agrupaciones científicas de la Ciudad de México publicaron revistas que dieron a conocer las investigaciones de los socios sobre el reconocimiento de las especies de árboles del país en términos de utilidad comercial, industrial, terapéutica y energética, así como los esfuerzos conservacionistas. El objetivo de la investigación es comprender el interés de los socios en los árboles como motor de la modernización económica en un periodo de reajuste político.

This article argues for a reevaluation of Jean-Georges Noverre's ballet reform and the publication of his Letters on dancing and ballet not as the originator of pantomime ballet but as a discursive event within dance history, one that prefigures dance modernity as dance that calls forth its own theory. It argues concurrently that pantomime ballet was not a transitional genre to Romantic ballet but an experimental genre whose main goal was not to tell a story. Instead, we argue for the importance of the passions on the Noverrian pantomime ballet stage and how emphasizing the presentation of the passions shifts attention away from the narrative as the primary goal of the form and toward the presentation of affect in gesture. In this context, the article connects Noverre's ideas to glotto-genetic theories of language to show that the passions on the ballet stage constitute an originary mimesis. Finally, we discuss the place of these ideas in eighteenth-century aesthetics and how Noverre resolves the tension one finds there between imitation and truth.

Despite living in a supposedly post-Enlightenment age of critical thinking and open inquiry, we continue to witness powerful forms of intellectual inertia, a resistance to revisiting foundational assumptions, especially when they concern figures elevated to near-mythic status. Shakespeare and Christ occupy parallel symbolic roles in the Western mind: one as the unchallenged literary genius, the other as divine saviour. In both cases, a set of orthodoxies has calcified around them, fiercely protected by traditional scholars or believers. This article investigates how classic Shakespeare scholars mirror the psychological and sociological patterns seen in traditional Christianity's reaction to historical-critical readings of Jesus-a refusal to let go of a long-standing "narrative logic," even when new insights, evidence, and logic call for re-examination.

The period from around 1450 to 1550 in Europe is extremely interesting from the perspective of research on extreme weather events. It was a period of events that strongly influenced the societies and economies of the Old Continent. So far, the literature has been more focused on western and northern Europe. Concerning the region of central Europe, the greatest attention was paid to the Czech Republic or Hungary. This article revolves around the Polish lands, which experienced their greatest economic boom in the 16th century. We consider whether and how the droughts of the decade from 1531 to 1540 might have affected the country's economic development. We analyse a number of written sources which are the product of the treasury apparatus of the time (tax registers, data from water customs, tax exemptions, inventories of land estates etc.), but also information on fluctuations in product prices in the most important cities in this part of Europe. The work not only provides a detailed account of economic data, but also attempts to reflect on the relevance of linking information on fires in urban centres in the period characterized by weather extremes.

Islands frequently rank high on the freshwater scarcity index due to a combination of factors, including brackish groundwater, the absence of annually flowing rivers, low precipitation rates, aquifer pollution, deforestation, desertification and the exploitation of hydrological resources through water-intensive monocultures. In this case study, we adopt the ResourceComplex framework to examine how water on islands is influenced by their unique geography, exploitation and utilisation methods, governance structures, histories and religious practices. Conversely, we explore how the quantity and quality of accessible hydrological resources have shaped social relations and identities on islands.
Frerich Schön begins with an analysis of the Sicilian island of Linosa, focusing on Late Antiquity (5th–6th centuries) and the Modern Period (19th to mid-20th century). For the Middle Ages, Sophie Hüglin investigates the Balearic Islands, emphasising the role of monasteries before and after Muslim rule. Laura Dierksmeier examines the Early Modern Period (1500–1800) on the Canary Islands in the Atlantic, illustrating how water supplies both influenced and were influenced by island culture.

"Lo que se celebra hoy en universidades, en congresos, en revistas y en publicaciones no es verdadera filosofía. El diagnóstico de Colli es el mismo que describe Nietzsche: «El filosofar moderno siempre tiene un color político y policial, está dirigido por gobiernos, iglesias, academias, costumbres, modas, por la cobardía de los hombres, a la sola conquista de la apariencia de erudición». Así reducida, la filosofía ya no tiene nada vital, mucho menos puede asumir el papel, que le corresponde, de unificador de la cultura. Ante esta situación, Colli no se pierde en ninguna complaciente desesperación, en ninguna cínica venganza; por otro lado, en su actitud se reconoce la fuerza del filósofo, la fuerza de quien se impone una ardua tarea:  mantener alto el sentido de la cultura propuesto por sus maestros, ya que la verdadera «comprensión» para él equivale a «hacer» algo en la dirección que le han indicado.
Colli sabe que el destino de la cultura no puede mejorar sin instituir una «nueva  educación». Las líneas esenciales con las que comienza a luchar son claramente contrarias a lo que hasta ahora ha impuesto el Estado, al que, como fuerza hostil a la verdadera cultura, como primera regla, se le debe arrebatar la educación."