Atomic Physics

At the core of the "proton radius puzzle" is a four-standard deviation discrepancy between the proton root-mean-square charge radii () determined from the regular hydrogen (H) and the muonic hydrogen (µp) atoms. Using a cryogenic beam of H atoms, we measured the 2S-4P transition frequency in H, yielding the values of the Rydberg constant= 10973731.568076(96) per meterand= 0.8335(95) femtometer. Ourvalue is 3.3 combined standard deviations smaller than the previous H world data, but in good agreement with the µp value. We motivate an asymmetric fit function, which eliminates line shifts from quantum interference of neighboring atomic resonances.

An interpretation of the Lorentz transformation strongly suggests that space is a compressible fluid capable of hosting the virtual mass component of a relativistic particle. This in turn suggests that virtual mass is a measure of the local spatial energy density. In real fluids, such as air and water, virtual mass is  measurable in embedded objects as a component of its apparent momentum when moving relative to the fluid medium; e.g., as in dirigibles and submarines.

In space, virtual mass is what imparts momentum to photons and other virtual particles, such as gravitons. The apparent mass of an object traveling at any relevant speed is the sum of its rest mass and the virtual mass thought to reside within the object itself; but, posed herein to reside within the associated surrounding space. 

In the fluid theory of space, it is argued that virtual mass resides in the fluid medium - space itself. This virtual mass is a property of space; and, it is the basis of (so called) virtual particles, such as gravitons. It is the virtual mass of a particle that is responsible for the wave-like nature of fast moving particles, mistakenly thought to reside within the particle. It is virtual mass which explains the observed results of the dual-slit experiment.

The virtual mass properties of a fluid space are responsible for the manifestation of gravity as space converges radially to all forms of elemental matter and energy. Virtual mass is also responsible for many quantum properties, such as uncertainty and the Copenhagen interpretation. Virtual mass is the bridge across the quantum disconnect currently separating Relativity and Quantum theory.

This survey treats the Hilbert Book Model Project. The project concerns a well-founded, purely mathematical model of physical reality. The project relies on the conviction that physical reality owns its own kind of mathematics and that this mathematics guides and restricts the extension of the foundation to more complicated levels of the structure and the behavior of physical reality. This results in a model that more and more resembles the physical reality that humans can observe.

Ce cahier de l'association "Rennes en Sciences" N°2 a été rédigé par le physicien Gabriel GORRE. Il décrit en détail l'histoire de l'invention de la chambre en brouillard et présente le modèle qu'il a réalisé et les résultats obtenus. Voir le blog : http://www.rennesensciences.fr/recent

This notebook of the association "Rennes in Sciences" N ° 2 was written by the physicist Gabriel GORRE. He describes in detail the history of the invention of the fog chamber and presents the model he has made and the results obtained. See the blog: http://www.rennesensciences.fr/recent

The Shroud of Turin, Christianity's most precious relic is firmly linked to its foundational doctrine: Jesus's miraculous resurrection from the dead. This well defended connection limits Shroud research to the investigation of the mechanics of image formation, the underlying cause (the cause of the cause), being a foregone, non-debatable conclusion; it was a miracle. The miracle status limits the investigation because otherwise it would infringe on foundational doctrine. Advances in science, scholarship, observation and experience since the Gospels were written reveal a natural explanation for what actually took place on the first Easter Sunday and, thus, the cause underlying the cause of image formation. Arriving at this conclusion requires outside the box thinking: looking beyond the Bible into other religious expressions for answers, engaging in non-literal interpretation of the Bible, invoking principles of quantum science and inserting the role of human consciousness into the investigation platform.

A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt (2/α) = 16.6e) open-helix spin-½ half-photons compose the double-helix photon. These half-photons separate and curl up their separated superluminal single-helical trajectories to form an electrically-charged superluminal closed-helix spin-½ quantum-vortex electron model and a corresponding positron model. The helical radius and the Dirac equation's zitterbewegung angular frequency of the quantum vortex electron and positron models equal the helical radius and zitterbewegung angular frequency of the two spin-½ half-photons, each of energy E = mc^2 , that composed the double-helix photon model of energy E = 2mc^2 from which the electron and positron models were produced. The photon and electron models are also compatible when a photon of energy E > 2mc^2 produces a relativistic electron-positron pair. Implications of the quantum vortex electron model for electron stability are discussed.

Movement/propagation through the “Dark Matter”:
Effects the surrounding by propagation through “Dark matter” particles creating “waves” in a manner similar to a Ship/boat moving in water creating waves

When two ships/boats (in our case two objects) move in parallel (in 4th dimension) to each other in the same direction, they experience a lateral pressure due to which the ships/boats tend to come closer to each other. This is explained by Bernoulli's theorem. This greater lateral pressure forces the ships/boats to come closer to each other and they may even collide
In our case the ships/boats are any aggregate of “Atoms” – any kind of an object
The “Sea” is the “Dark Matter”
Bernoulli's theorem is named after Daniel Bernoulli

Abstract
Paper hypothesis. 
- There's a light beam its velocity (1.16 mkm/) moves in parallel to Mercury Motion.

Paper Hypotheses Explanation
- Planet Motion be a cover for a light motion found behind. The light motion uses Planet motion data for its own motion.
- The hypothesis creates one more universe in parallel to the universe of matter. And by that, The Planets be similar to ships sail over a sea. But the sea is light motions network.
- The hypothesis uses Mercury Motion as a examination point to prove that a motion of a light beam its velocity (1.16 mkm/s) be behind Mercury Motion. 
- The light motion causes to create the solar system distances in a network form and depends on one geometrical design. Because of that, the solar system distances analysis will prove the light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/s) existence.
Paper Conclusion
- The Solar System Distances Be Created in a network form and depend on one geometrical design which proves that these distances be created by a motion of a light beam its velocity =1.16 mkm/sec.
Paper Objective
- The paper proves The Light Supposed Velocity (1.16 mkm/sec) Existence.
- This proof disproves automatically Newton Theory Of The Sun Mass Gravity. 
- Because
- The sun rays velocity = 300000 km/sec.
- Where
- The solar system distances prove that they are created by a light beam its velocity =1.16 mkm/sec.
- means,
- The sun light velocity (300000 km/) is created as a side product from the light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/s),
- means
- The Sun Is Created After All Solar Planets Creation And Motion
- Which disproves Decisively Newton Theory Of The Sun Mass Gravity.
Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty

Niebotyczne koszty cywilnej energetyki jądrowej nie powinny odżegnywać od inwestycji w bloki jądrowe w Polce. Kluczem do ich zrealizowania może być skorzystanie z dodatkowych, nieoczywistych źródeł finansowania. Największą ciekawostką jest to, że wpływ na powodzenie energetyki jądrowej w Polsce będzie miał sposób finansowania i uregulowania… odpadów radioaktywnych oraz terenów pogórniczych.

Paper Hypothesis
A Light Beam Its Velocity 1.16 mkm /Sec Be Found In The Solar System
Paper Hypothesis Explanation

-Matter and space are created out of light beam, but matter doesn't spate its parent light beam but moves with it by using different rates of time
- The Solar Planets Matters And Their Distances Be Created Out Of One Light Beam Its Velocity 1.16 million km per second
- The Solar Planets move one unified motion and use different rates of time for their motions – means- the second period of time is different from one planet to another
- The Solar Group be similar to a mechanical clock each planet motion defines part of Its Unified General Rate Of Time
- The planets orbital and internal distances be created in one network form depends on one geometrical design and not as individual distances. (The Solar System Distances Be Similar To A Chess Board)
- There's a continuum effect found through the solar system data as a result for its creation out of one light beam
- The light known velocity (0.3 mkm/s) is created based on the planets motions, later after the solar planets be created and moving –as a result we conclude – The Sun Is Created After All Planets Creation And Motion.
Paper hypothesis Proves 
- In following some planets data be provided which be a part of the paper basic data to prove the light supposed velocity (1.16mkm/sec) is a real one
- (1) Mercury Motion
- During 310.4s light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/) travels 360 = 2π x 57.9 mkm
- During 310.4 s light known velocity (0.3 mkm/) travels 93.1 = 2π x 14.8 mkm
- Where
- 360 mkm    = Mercury Orbital Circumference
- 57.9 mkm  = Mercury Orbital Distance
- 88 days     = Mercury Orbital Period
- Mercury moves during 88 hours a distance = 14.8 mkm (error1.4 %)

- (2) Venus Motion
- During 586s light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/) travels 680 = 2π x 108.2 mkm
- During 586s light known velocity (0.3 mkm/) travels 175.8 = 2π x 28 mkm
- Where
- 680 mkm    = Venus Orbital Circumference
- 224.7 days = Venus Orbital Period
- Venus moves during 224.7 hours a distance =28 mkm (error1%)

- (3) Earth Motion
- During 810s light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/) travels 940 = 2π x 149.6 mkm
- During 810s light known velocity (0.3 mkm/) travels 243 = 2π x 38.7 mkm
- Where
- 940 mkm =Earth Orbital Circumference
- 149.6 mkm= Earth Orbital Distance  
- 365.25 days = Earth Orbital Period
- Earth moves during 365.25 hours a distance   = 38.7 mkm (error 1.2%)
- (4) Mars Motion
- During 1235s light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/) travels 1433 = 2π x 227.9 mkm
- During 1235s light known velocity (0.3 mkm/) travels 370.6 = 2π x 59 mkm
- Where
- 1433 mkm = Mars Orbital Circumference
- 227.9 mkm= Mars Orbital Distance
- 687 days  = Mars Orbital Period
- Mars moves during 687 hours a distance  = 59 mkm (error 1%)
- (5) Jupiter Motion
- During 4222.6s light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/) travels 4900=2π x 778.6 mkm
- During 4222.6s light known velocity (0.3 mkm/) travels 1267 = 2π x 201.7 mkm
- Where
- 4900 mkm  =Jupiter Orbital Circumference
- 778.6 mkm = Jupiter Orbital Distance
- 4331 days  = Jupiter Orbital Period
- 4222.6 h     = Mercury Day Period
- Jupiter moves during 4331 hours a distance  = 201.7 mkm    (error 1.3%)
- The Rest Planets Data Be Discussed In The Paper Discussion similar calculations. Paper Conclusion 
- The light supposed velocity 1.16 mkm/s is a fact and real light beam where the solar planets data be built on it and because of that it be found in all solar planets motions data. Shortly The planets data proves this light beam existence


Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty 
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**The most underrated property of subatomic particles are their magnetic dipole moments.** Electrons possess an electric charge but and a magnetic dipole moment. In the following, the distribution of the electron's magnetic dipole moments in the atoms of the inert gases is explored. The work demonstrates that it is possible to achieve a symmetrical distribu-tion of the magnetic dipole moments for atoms with 2, 10, 18, 36, 54, and 86 electrons.
Based on an earlier work about "Complex one-dimensional structures of space" a volume occupation of the electrons in the atom is assumed rather than a probability distribution of the electrons. The assumption of an incompressible and elastic electron volume is under-pinned by the match between the calculated values of the covalent atomic radii for the noble gases with known empirical values. The need to postulate spX-hybridizations in molecular compounds is obsolete and can be replaced by an octahedral model for helium and argon shells.
As a weakness of the octahedral model of electron distribution I see the similarity in the filling of the electron shells of chromium, krypton and xenon. In reality chromium shows quite different characteristics than the noble gases krypton and xenon.
THIS IS A POOR TRANSLATION OF MINE. THE GERMAN VERSION IS THE ORIGINAL.

From ancient to classical philosophy there have been different comprehensions about attraction and repulsion as being the essence of matter, as well as that matter was considered as the unity of fullness (i.e. that of particles) and the void (i.e. as the space in particles and around particles). In this article, the philosophical comprehensions concerning the attraction and repulsion are briefly presented and verified by examples taken from modern natural sciences (physics, chemistry) and mathematics. The evolution of the particles of matter, space and movement are discussed. This starts from the premise that the total sum of all attractions and sum of all repulsions in the universe remain constant, and that each individual attraction is compensated by corresponding repulsions. It is thus shown that the attraction at any level of the structure of matter is compensated by the repulsions at both the higher and lower levels of structure of matter (i.e. according to Empedocles' rule, 5th century BC). As a consequence, appropriate changes occur in the essential properties of matter (order and disorder, homogeneity and heterogeneity, necessity and optional, discontinuity and continuity), where an increase of some property at one level (N) is compensated by decreases both at higher (N+1) and lower (N-1) levels of structure of matter.

Relativity theory treats spacetime as a mathematical abstraction—a four-dimensional coordinate system analogous to the three dimensions of Cartesian geometry. It does not exist, per se. It is not a “thing” in any tangible sense. It merely serves as the background needed to describe the behaviors of the “real” things that exist within it. It is no more than the stage on which the cosmic drama plays out. That’s the theory.
    What if spacetime exists after all? Are we not obliged to take this stuff seriously and start asking questions? What are its properties? Where did it come from? Is spacetime a simple or a composite thing? Can it be broken into simpler parts? If not, are we compelled to wonder if spacetime is actually the fundamental substance of the universe? And how does this remarkable stuff come together to form the physical world around us?
    The Substance of Spacetime sets out to investigate these very mysteries and the results are truly exciting. Treating spacetime, not merely as a coordinate system, but as a real physical substance, opens a window onto reality that would otherwise be impossible to even contemplate.

This paper presents a low dimensional topological approach to the formation of different Quantum Particles by Geometric Quantization of the energy excited localized harmonic oscillation of the field. Establishing a single function for both Bosons and Fermions. Further derived, is the formulation for calculating physical properties, such as mass and size which coincides with the known experimental values. As a natural consequence, Strong and Weak nuclear forces manifest as higher order Electromagnetic force, moving closer towards unification and leading to possibilities for further higher order forces. Physical interpretation of De-Broglie Wavelength, Compton Wavelength, Wave-Particle Duality, Quantum Spin and particle’s internal structure are established along with explanation for phenomena like Quantum Locking and Neutrino Oscillation.

Science from History to Future CONTENTS 1. INERTIA 2. Form of Intensity of the Moving Charge Electric Field is Asymmetrical. 3. Form of the Interference Field is Non-Linear 4. CORRECTED Maswell's equations 5. Corrected Newton´s Laws of Motion 6. Kinetic energy of a charge moving at the velocity of v has two different values: Kinetic energy against direction of motion as wave Tkin ad = mc2 [ln |1+v/c|- (v/c)/(1+v/c)] Kinetic energy in direction of motion as particle Tkin id = mc2 [ln|1-v/c|+ (v/c)/(1-v/c)] 7. Physics is Easy 8. Particles, Waves and Trends in Physics 9. Physics is Beautiful 10. Great Table of Elementary Particles 11. Movement Principles of the Fast-Spinning Bodies 12. Nuclear Fusion Video https://youtu.be/iAjYkRyMw5Y Science from History to Future Nobel laureates in physics are mostly physicists, who mainly create and defend physics. Einstein never received a Nobel prize for relativity... For nearly 100 years ago have been Nobel Prize winners said: "- The theory of relativity is a mathematical and not a physical theory. - The theory is far from being confirmed experimentally, the results of the solar eclipse expeditions allow other interpretations - The principle of relativity is only valid for mass-dependent movements - The theory of relativity contradicts the fundamental ideas about space and time: the Euclidean space and the usual ideas of time must remain binding. " I strongly demand: The events of 1905-1920, we can not replace by the events of 1938-1945. We would be making a big mistake with this. Because other future generations will hate us for it. Crimes of earlier periods lead to war. They are the cause of the wars. The war is very bad. Change QUALITY 1905 A.E. : Einstein ´s theory Tkin =mc^2 – mo c^2 1996: Tkin id =mc^2 [ln |1-v/c|+ (v/c) / (1-v/c) ] Tkin ad = mc^2 [ln |1+v/c|- (v/c) / (1+v/c) ] Einstein's theory works only for v < 0.1c.  Einstein´s Relativity Theory Can not Explain ... 1. Movement principles of the fast-spinning pulsars, 2. Nuclear Fusion , 3. Wave - Particle Duality as Kinetic Energy Against and In Direction of Motion 4. the 4th Maxwell's equation, 5. Lorentz equals without the help of Space-Time, 6.Confinement of quarks 7. Great Table of Elementary Particles 8. Spectral line Hα ( http://vixra.org/pdf/1404.0248v1.pdf ) 9. Neutrino Oscillations ( http://vixra.org/pdf/1404.0369v1.pdf ) 10. Form of the interference field must be non-linear. ( http://vixra.org/pdf/1411.0531v1.pdf ) 11.Form of Intensity of the Moving Charge Electric Field must be asymmetrical. ( http://vixra.org/pdf/1411.0533v1.pdf ) 12.Kinetic energy of a charge moving at the velocity of v has two different values: Kinetic energy against direction of motion as wave Tkin ad = mc^2 [ln |1+v/c|- (v/c)/(1+v/c)] Kinetic energy in direction of motion as particle Tkin id = mc^2 [ln|1-v/c|+ (v/c)/(1-v/c)] ( http://vixra.org/pdf/1411.0530v1.pdf , http://vixra.org/pdf/1405.0334v1.pdf , http://vixra.org/pdf/1409.0090v1.pdf Three Objections to Modern Physics ) 13. Yukawa potential  .... Relativists were ridiculed in Germany 27 years (1905 - 1931). Relativists were persecuted in Hitler's Germany 14 years (1932 - 1945). Relativists were ridiculed in America 50 (?) years. Glorification of relativists 101 years (1918 - 2018). Why? Begins of glorification: FACTS to 1918: 6 he has stolen the work of others and has mathematized physics to such an extent that fellow physicists have been left clueless. Furthermore, the article continued, Einstein had undertaken a propaganda campaign by which he had cast a spell both over the public and over academic circles--but in reality relativity was nothing but fraud and fantasy.  nt and creating an deceitful picture of Albert Einstein by his glorification: 12 In 1919 it had carried an article [13 autor Alexander Moszkowski (1851-1934), 15 editor-in-chief was Arnold Berliner (1862-1942)] announcing the results of the British solar eclipse expedition that rose to laudatory hyperbole, not shying away from declaring that “a highest truth, beyond Galileo and Newton, beyond Kant” had been unveiled by “an oracular saying from the depth of the skies.” 16 on December 14, 1919, the front page of the Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung [17 This newspaper had been founded by Leopold Ullstein (1826-1899)] carried a large close-up portrait of Einstein whose caption read: “A new eminence in the history of the world: Albert Einstein, whose researches signify a complete revolution of our understanding of Nature and whose insights equal in importance those of a Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton.” 2 The huge public acclaim that was accorded Einstein. It also vexed conservative academics (e.g. the Nobel Laureate Philipp Lenard have felt that the theoretical physicist Einstein had captured too much of the limelight, while other, experimental physicists were not appreciated enough.) FACTS Then followed (1920): Reactionaries and Einstein's Fame: “German Scientists for the Preservation of Pure Science,” Relativity, and the Bad Nauheim Meeting Jeroen van Dongen Einstein Papers Project California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125, USA Institute for History and Foundations of Science Utrecht University P.O. Box 80.000 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands Two important and unpleasant events occurred in Albert Einstein’s life in 1920: That August an antirelativity rally was held in the large auditorium of the Berlin Philharmonic, and a few weeks later Einstein was drawn into a tense and highly publicized debate with Philipp Lenard on the merits of relativity at a meeting in Bad Nauheim, Germany. 73 Nonetheless, tensions had been mounting. Max Planck was firmly in the chair, but prior to the debate--because he was still not certain whether Einstein would remain in Berlin--he appeared to be quite agitated.  Change QUALITY 1905 A.E. : Einstein ´s theory Tkin =mc^2 – mo c^2 1996: Tkin id =mc^2 [ln |1-v/c|+ (v/c) / (1-v/c) ] Tkin ad = mc^2 [ln |1+v/c|- (v/c) / (1+v/c) ] Einstein's theory works only for v < 0.1c.
https://www.trendsinphysics.info/data/New-Trends-in-Physics-Extraordinary-proofs.pdf

This book presents the universal issue of radioactive waste management from the perspective of the German legal system, analysing how lawmakers have responded to the problem of nuclear waste over the course of the last 70 years. In this book, Robert Rybski unwraps and explains the perplexing legal and social issues related to radioactive waste. He takes readers through the entire "life-cycle" of radioactive waste: from the moment that radioactive material is classified as radioactive waste, through the period of interim storage, and right up to its final disposal. However, this last step in radioactive waste management (that of final disposal) has not yet been achieved in Germany, or anywhere in the world, and has been the subject of hefty public debate for dozens of years. As a result, the book analyses the most recent regulations in place to enable final disposal. This book will be of interest to energy policy experts, academics and professionals who work in the area of nuclear energy.

Abstract: A complete history of early atomic models would fill volumes, but a reasonably coherent tale of the path from mechanical atoms to the quantum can be told by focusing on the relevant work of three great contributors to atomic physics, in the critically important years between 1904 and 1913: JJ Thomson, Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr. We first examine the origins of Thomson&#x27;s mechanical atomic models, from his ethereal vortex atoms in the early 1880&#x27;s, to the myriad&quot; corpuscular&quot; atoms he proposed following the discovery ...

Demokritos (Δημόκριτος, Dēmókritos), doğum ve ölüm yılına dair birçok spekülasyon bulunuyor olsa da yaklaşık olarak M.Ö. 460  ile MÖ 370 yılları arasında yaşamış ve hocası olarak bilinen Leukippos (Λεύκιππος) ile atom öğretisini geliştirmiş olan ve ismi aynı zamanda öğretisinin sürdürücüsü olduğu için Epikouros (Ἐπίκουρος) ile birlikte anılan bir Eskiçağ Yunan filozofudur. Düşünceleri ve çalışmaları Leukippos’unki ile çok yakın bir ilişki içinde oluştuğu için hangi düşüncenin ve eserin hangisine ait olduğunu ayırt etmek her zaman tam olarak mümkün olmayabiliyor. Zaten Leukippos’tan bize ulaşmış olan orijinal tek bir fragmandan başka birşey de bulunmamaktadır. Atomcu materyalist felsefenin sürdürücüsü olan Epikouros, Leukippos’un yaşamamış olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Bu bakımdan Wilhelm Nestle gibi Eskiçağ felsefesi araştırmacıları Leukippos isminin Demokritos’un gençlik döneminde kullandığı bir isim olup olamayacağı sorusunu sormaya götürmüştür. Bu nedenle birçok çağdaş Eskiçağ felsefe tarihçisi genellikle Demokritos’u atomculuğun ve materyalizmin kurucusu olarak sunmayı tercih etmektedir. Buna karşın Wilhelm Capelle, Leukippos’u Demokritos’tan bağımsız atomculuğun ve materyalizmin kurucusu olarak ayrıca ortaya koymayı tercih etmektedir.  Diogenes Leartius da Leukippos’a “atomu kökensel ilk olarak ortaya koydu” diye işaret ediyor.  Platon’un, hiçbir zaman Demokritos’un adını anmasa da onun atom öğretisinden ve tin felsefesinden çok etkilendiği, ondan kaynak göstermeden birçok düşünceyi devraldığı ve kaynaklarını açık etmeden onun düşüncelerinin tam zıddını geliştirmeye çalıştığı da bilinmektedir.  Bu nedenle Diogenes Laertius trafından Demokritos’un eserlerini ilk derleyen ve sınıflandıran olarak belirlenen Platoncu Thrasylos, Demokritos’u Platon’un eserlerinde ‘adlandırılmayan karşıt’ (ἀντεραστής) olarak tanımlamıştır.  Bu bakımdan ‘Atina Okulu’nun oluşmasında alınan hareket noktası, ortaya koyduğu felsefesiyle kendi çağının tüm felsefesini ve bilgisini ansiklopedik bir kafayla derlemeye çalışmış olan Demokritos’tur.

The most original and shocking interpretation of Lucretius in the last 40 years.

Thomas Nail argues convincingly and systematically that Lucretius was not an atomist, but a thinker of kinetic flux. In doing so, he completely overthrows the interpretive foundations of modern scientific materialism, whose philosophical origins lie in the atomic reading of Lucretius' immensely influential book De Rerum Natura.

This means that Lucretius was not the revolutionary harbinger of modern science as Greenblatt and others have argued; he was its greatest victim. Nail re-reads De Rerum Natura to offer us a new Lucretius--a Lucretius for today.

تجارب مختبر الفيزياء الذرية
    المحتويات :
التجربة الأولـــــــــــــــــى :  تعـييـــــن قيمة ثابت ريدبرج.
التجربة الــــــثانـــيـــة :  ايجاد الشحنة النوعية للإلكترون (e⁄m_e ) بطريقة المغنترون.
التجربة الثالــــــثــــــة :  تكمم الشحنة وقياس شحنة الالكترون.
التجربة الرابـــعــــــة :  دراسة التأثير الكهروضوئي.
التجربة الخامـــسة :  سلوك الحزمة الالكترونية في المجال الكهربائي والمجال المغناطيسي.
التجربة السادسة :  فرانك هيرتز.
التجربة السابعـــة :  تأثير زيمان.

It is a commonplace among scholars that the early Pythagoreans posited an immortal soul. The earliest source to associate immortality of the soul to the Pythagoreans unequivocally, Dicaearchus of Messana, stipulates that they held that (a) the soul is immortal; (b) it changes into other kinds of animals; (c) there is eternal recurrence; and (d) embodied animate creatures are of the same genus. A problem with Dicaearchus' account is that each of these doctrines can also be found in the dialogues of Plato. Given Dicaearchus' penchant for conflating Platonic with Pythagorean philosophy, we cannot employ this account for a historical understanding of Pythagorean psychology in a straightforward way. This chapter instead investigates Pythagorean psychology through analysis of two passages of Aristotle’s De anima that are often not brought to bear on the question. One passage draws important comparisons between the psychology of the Pythagoreans and Democritean and Ecphantic atomism, suggesting that the early Pythagoreans held a material theory of soul; by reference to arguments similar to Cebes' in Plato's Phaedo (87b-e), the other explains how a transmigratory soul could nevertheless be mortal. The early Pythagoreans are thus likely to have held that the soul is material, mortal, and transmigratory.

Riassunto. Questo lavoro è stato realizzato in occasione del Corso di aggiornamento “I laboratori della prof”, organizzato dalla Sezione di Bologna dell’AIF per commemorare la prof.a Curzia Marchi Trevisi. Esso
si basa sulla tesi di abilitazione dell’autore (1975), realizzata presso l’ITIS “O. Belluzzi” di Bologna sotto la guida della prof.a Trevisi con l’obiettivo di costruire il nucleo di un corso di laboratorio di fisica nucleare. Vengono esposte in forma fenomenologica le caratteristiche fondamentali delle radiazioni ionizzanti e le metodologie operative per utilizzare i contatori di Geiger-Müller e si descrivono alcune esperienze didattiche semplici ma significative, realizzabili nell’ultimo anno dei corsi di fisica del nuovo liceo scientifico. Si presuppongono le conoscenze fondamentali di elettromagnetismo e di struttura atomica della materia.

The golden ring to which most physicists aspire is a unified field theory that incorporates all of modern and classical physics. Some scientists and others call this a TOE or ‘theory of everything’, but it is no more than false hubris to believe that humans could possibly know and explain everything about the universe at this time. Einstein chased this goal for the last three decades of his life, basing his theoretical research on his general theory of relativity. Meanwhile, the vast majority of scientists supporting the other major accomplishment of the Second Scientific Revolution were investing all of their time and efforts to advancing the quantum theory and their quest has been extremely successful. They originally had no interest in a unified field theory. After Einstein died in 1955, his efforts were all but abandoned because of his philosophical stance against the prevalent Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum theory even though he had been one of quantum theory’s founders. During the 1970s the tables started to turn and quantum theorists became interested in unifying physics, although not from the foundational principles of relativity theory. They claimed that quantum theory was more fundamental than relativity so they began the same quest from a totally different direction despite their claims to be continuing Einstein’s quest.  Throughout the development of the ensuing standard quantum model, superstring theory and many other theoretical schemes, quantum theorists have remained resolute in their conviction that the quantum and relativity are mutually incompatible so the quantum must completely do away with and replace relativity once and for all. However, the quantum theory and relativity are not actually incompatible and, in fact, say the some of the same things about the nature of physical reality. When the similarities are fully defined and studied and the basic assumptions behind each of the theories are altered to reflect the similarities instead of the incompatibilities, only then can the point of their compatibility be determined and act as a unifying principle resulting in a completed unified field theory of the type that Einstein once sought. The development of this physical model of reality is not without irony. Not only is the quantum theory incomplete as Einstein argued in EPR, but Einstein’s general relativity is also seriously incomplete and true unification cannot be rendered complete at any level of reality until all the theoretical models being unified are themselves complete.

In accordance to studies by G.S.Hawkins, the author of this paper continued decoding of ancient monument Stonehenge in Great Britain. The method of decoding by J.-F.Champollion was used with success. The author discovered mathematical code and several images which look like Egyptian hieroglyphs. The author worked out the vocabulary of Stonehenge. It became possible to decode several words and short message with the help of the vocabulary. Mathematical theory of Hydrogen atom and atomic mass (1.0079...) were coded in Stonehenge. A part of message looks like the phrase: "Eternally living Atom". Where Atom (or Atum) is well-known name of Egyptian solar god. Also knowledge of partial differential equations is demonstrated by builders of Stonehenge. The author considers that Stonehenge was distant Egyptian solar temple and ancient center of science and higher education simultaneously. Probably Stonehenge was used for military purposes and for forecasting of results of wars with the help of mathematical modeling too. It explains military power of ancient Egypt. Also the author describes process of building of Stonehenge with the method of hydraulics.

Energetykę jądrową jako technologię wytwarzania energii, oprócz możliwości wyzwalania energii w ogromnych ilościach, charakteryzuje też brak emisji gazów cieplarnianych. W obliczu objęcia przez UE roli światowego lidera w obszarze przeciwdziałania zmianom klimatu, energetyka jądrowa stała się jedną z tych technologii wytwarzania energii których rozwojowi służy ambitna polityka klimatyczna UE.

Jednakże z energetyką jądrową wiąże się ryzyko poważnych katastrof, których skutki mogą doprowadzić do trwałego skażenia znacznych obszarów oraz utraty zdrowia i życia wielkiej liczby ludzi. Trwałym efektem ubocznym wykorzystywania energetyki jądrowej są odpady radioaktywne, które muszą zostać odseparowane od biosfery i podlegają składowaniu nawet przez ponad milion lat. Tłumaczy to ilość regulacji prawa publicznego dotyczących właśnie tej technologii.

Proyecto de unificación  basado en la simetría especular de fuerza y en la simetría de fuerzas de interacción de cargas. Dicha en simetrías predicen la existencias de cargas Gauge. También se describe la verdadera naturaleza de la fuerza gravitacional, el big bang y su evolución, materia y energía oscura, el origen de la dualidad onda partícula etc.

Acoplamiento de la simetría FIC a la simetría Kaluza-Klein para una nueva teoría de cuerdas de 11 dimensiones (teoría M) dando una posible explicación a la asimetría de materia en el universo.

A possible explanation is offered for the longstanding mystery surrounding the meaning of the fine structure constant.  The reasoning is based on a discrete self-similar cosmological paradigm that has shown promise in explaining the general scaling properties of nature’s global hierarchy.  The discrete scale invariance of the paradigm implies that “strong gravity” governs gravitational interactions within atomic scale systems.  A new atomic scale gravitational coupling constant (G-1) is derived with a value of   1038 G0 , where G0 is the conventional Newtonian gravitational constant. G-1 is then used to calculate a revised Planck scale.  Given G-1 and the revised Planck mass, one can demonstrate that within the context of the discrete self-similar paradigm the fine structure constant is the ratio of the strengths of the unit electromagnetic interaction and the unit gravitational interaction within atomic scale systems.