Ferdinand VII (Spanish:Fernando VII de Borbón; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was twice King of Spain: in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death. He was known to his supporters as "the Desired" (el Deseado) and to his detractors as the "Felon King" (el Rey Felón). After being overthrown by Napoleon in 1808 he linked his monarchy to counter-revolution and reactionary policies that produced a deep rift in Spain between his forces on the right and liberals on the left. He reestablished the absolutist monarchy and rejected the liberal constitution of 1812. He suppressed the liberal press 1814-33 and jailed many of its editors and writers. Under his rule, Spain lost nearly all of its American possessions, and the country entered into civil war on his death.
His reputation among historians is very low. Historian Stanley Payne says:
Early life
Ferdinand was the eldest surviving child of Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma. His father being the son of Spanish King Charles III and Maria Amalia of Saxony, Ferdinand was born in the palace of El Escorial near Madrid. The Queen's confessor Fray Juan Almaraz wrote in his last will that she admitted in articulo mortis that "none, none of her sons and daughters, none was of the legitimate marriage". In his youth Ferdinand occupied the position of an heir apparent who was excluded from all share in government by his parents and their favourite Godoy. National discontent with the government produced a rebellion in 1805. In October 1807, Ferdinand was arrested for his complicity in the El Escorial Conspiracy in which liberals aimed at securing foreign support from the French dictator Napoleon. When the conspiracy was discovered, Ferdinand submitted to his parents.
Spain is a poem by W. H. Auden written after his visit to the Spanish Civil War and regarded by some as one of the most important literary works in English to emerge from that war. It was written and published in 1937.
Auden published two versions of the poem, first as a pamphlet Spain (1937), then, in revised form and titled "Spain 1937", in his book Another Time (1940). He later rejected the poem from his collected editions, regarding it as a "dishonest" poem that expressed political views that he never believed but which he thought would be rhetorically effective.
The poem describes the history that led up to the Spanish Civil War, then the arrival of the International Brigades at the war itself, then foresees a possible future that may result from the war.
Australian rules football is played in Europe at an amateur level in a large number of countries. The oldest and largest leagues are those in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark, each nation having a number of clubs, organised junior programs and women's football. The British AFL has now dramatically expanded into the Welsh, Scottish and English leagues. The Danish AFL has been responsible for the expansion of Australian Football into Sweden, Finland, Iceland and Norway. The governing body for Australian Football in Europe was founded in Frankfurt in January 2010; the body was initially called the European Australian Football Association, but changed its name to AFL Europe at a general assembly meeting in Milan in October of the same year. It currently has 19 member nations. AFL Europe, with backing of the AFL in Australia has overseen a large improvement in the organisation of Australian football in Europe.
The sport has grown from a few clubs and leagues started mainly by expatriate Australians and returning nationals in the late 1980s and early 1990s, to now having established leagues in over 15 nations, with the majority of players being non-Australian.
He was hung like a horse and while in this day many men are lauded for this trait.
Sources:
Historia de España 2:
Martínez Shaw Carlos, Martín, José Luis, , b.1936. y Tusell Gómez Javier, eds., Historia de España: 2. La edad contemporánea (Madrid: Taurus, 2001)
Historia de España:
Manuel Tuñón De Lara, Julio Valdeón Baruque, Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, Secundino Serrano, Historia de España (Ámbito Ediciones) (1999)
Veinticinco Grandes Batallas De La Historia:
Javier Rubio Donzé, Alberto Vidal Guerrero, Alberto Menéndez Engra, Veinticinco Grandes Batallas De La Historia (La Estafa de los Libros) (2021)
https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/05/22/icon/1558514221_775250.html?outputType=ampç
published: 08 Jul 2023
Ferdinand VII Of Spain
Ferdinand VII was the King of Spain during the early- to mid-19th century. He reigned over the Spanish Kingdom in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death in 1833. He was known to his supporters as el Deseado and to his detractors as el Rey Felón.
published: 15 Oct 2021
KINGS OF SPAIN - EPISODE 13 - FERDINAND VII
In the Series KINGS OF SPAIN we will travel through the history of a nation that became one of the most powerful empires on earth: SPAIN, through the perspective of its Monarchs. KINGS OF SPAIN is the first documentary series that reveals the biographies of the 17 Kings and Queens who ruled the destiny of Spain for six centuries, since its unification by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492 until the Spanish Civil War in 1936. We will travel with Christopher Columbus to conquer the new world, fight with the Army of Flanders and discover Royal marriages and political conspiracies... This series features the testimonies of historians and experts that will show us a complete picture of each King of Spain. …Passionate journeys through more of six centuries of history, beginning in The Catholic Monarc...
published: 06 Sep 2018
Ferdinand VII of Spain
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Ferdinand VII of Spain
=======Image-Copyright-Info=======
Image is in public domain
Artist-Info: Vicente López y Portaña (1772–1850) Alternative names Vicente López Portaña Description Spanish painter Date of birth/death 19 September 1772 22 June 1850 Location of birth/death Valencia Madrid Work location Valencia, Madrid Authority control VIAF: 50098683 LCCN: n82050807 GND: 122041240 ULAN: 500010518 ISNI: 0000 0001 1639 5578 WorldCat
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fernando_VII_-_Vicente_López.jpg
=======Image-Copyright-Info========
☆Video is targeted to blind users
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
image source in video...
published: 23 Dec 2015
Ferdinand VII's toilet
The Spanish king Ferdinand VII kept his bathroom a secret from the general public but for the anniversary of his museum, the area was reconstructed.
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published: 02 Aug 2023
King Ferdinand VII of Spain
His Catholic Majesty Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, came to the throne first in 1808 with the abdication of his father King Carlos IV. He had hoped to have the support of the French but Napoleon turned on him, placed him under house arrest and put his brother Joseph on the throne. War engulfed Spain between the French and those fighting in the name of Fernando VII. The war was won but internal conflicts followed as Fernando VII tried to reassert his absolute authority and maintain the Spanish empire in the Americas. He held his power but lost his colonies and in 1820 another civil war flared up that required help from his Bourbon cousin the King of France to put down. Fernando VII died in 1833 and would be remembered as Spain's last absolute monarch.
published: 03 Apr 2010
Wikipedia Picture of the Day: 2021-10-14 - Ferdinand VII of Spain (Narrated by Joanna)
Wikipedia Picture of the Day - October 14th, 2021 - Ferdinand VII of Spain (Narrated by Joanna)
Ferdinand VII of Spain (14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was King of Spain during the early- to mid-19th century. He reigned over the Spanish Kingdom in 1808 and again from 1813 until his death in 1833. This oil-on-canvas portrait of Ferdinand in his robes of state was painted by Francisco Goya in 1815, and is in the collection of the Museo del Prado in Madrid.
Painting credit: Francisco Goya
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:POTD/2021-10-14
This video was auto generated using data and media from Wikipedia.
published: 14 Oct 2021
Ferdinand VII : Dark secrets unveiled #shortsvideo #shortsfeed #short #shorts #history #dark #edu
published: 17 Feb 2024
Reign of Ferdinand VII — History of Spain Ep. 16 - Intermediate Spanish
Keep following the history of Spain and track your input time on our website: https://drming.es/spain-history
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Join our premium subscription to get access to more than 2500 exclusive videos and three new videos EVERY DAY: https://drming.es/premium
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The absolutist king is back! Will he manage to stabilize the country?
At Dreaming Spanish, you will learn Spanish the way you learned your native language, namely, through immersion. Simply start watching content at a level that is comprehensible to you, and gradually...
He was hung like a horse and while in this day many men are lauded for this trait.
Sources:
Historia de España 2:
Martínez Shaw Carlos, Martín, José Luis,...
He was hung like a horse and while in this day many men are lauded for this trait.
Sources:
Historia de España 2:
Martínez Shaw Carlos, Martín, José Luis, , b.1936. y Tusell Gómez Javier, eds., Historia de España: 2. La edad contemporánea (Madrid: Taurus, 2001)
Historia de España:
Manuel Tuñón De Lara, Julio Valdeón Baruque, Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, Secundino Serrano, Historia de España (Ámbito Ediciones) (1999)
Veinticinco Grandes Batallas De La Historia:
Javier Rubio Donzé, Alberto Vidal Guerrero, Alberto Menéndez Engra, Veinticinco Grandes Batallas De La Historia (La Estafa de los Libros) (2021)
https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/05/22/icon/1558514221_775250.html?outputType=ampç
He was hung like a horse and while in this day many men are lauded for this trait.
Sources:
Historia de España 2:
Martínez Shaw Carlos, Martín, José Luis, , b.1936. y Tusell Gómez Javier, eds., Historia de España: 2. La edad contemporánea (Madrid: Taurus, 2001)
Historia de España:
Manuel Tuñón De Lara, Julio Valdeón Baruque, Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, Secundino Serrano, Historia de España (Ámbito Ediciones) (1999)
Veinticinco Grandes Batallas De La Historia:
Javier Rubio Donzé, Alberto Vidal Guerrero, Alberto Menéndez Engra, Veinticinco Grandes Batallas De La Historia (La Estafa de los Libros) (2021)
https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/05/22/icon/1558514221_775250.html?outputType=ampç
Ferdinand VII was the King of Spain during the early- to mid-19th century. He reigned over the Spanish Kingdom in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death in 1833...
Ferdinand VII was the King of Spain during the early- to mid-19th century. He reigned over the Spanish Kingdom in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death in 1833. He was known to his supporters as el Deseado and to his detractors as el Rey Felón.
Ferdinand VII was the King of Spain during the early- to mid-19th century. He reigned over the Spanish Kingdom in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death in 1833. He was known to his supporters as el Deseado and to his detractors as el Rey Felón.
In the Series KINGS OF SPAIN we will travel through the history of a nation that became one of the most powerful empires on earth: SPAIN, through the perspectiv...
In the Series KINGS OF SPAIN we will travel through the history of a nation that became one of the most powerful empires on earth: SPAIN, through the perspective of its Monarchs. KINGS OF SPAIN is the first documentary series that reveals the biographies of the 17 Kings and Queens who ruled the destiny of Spain for six centuries, since its unification by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492 until the Spanish Civil War in 1936. We will travel with Christopher Columbus to conquer the new world, fight with the Army of Flanders and discover Royal marriages and political conspiracies... This series features the testimonies of historians and experts that will show us a complete picture of each King of Spain. …Passionate journeys through more of six centuries of history, beginning in The Catholic Monarchs and ending in Alfonso XIII, that will help us understand the current events in Europe.
In the Series KINGS OF SPAIN we will travel through the history of a nation that became one of the most powerful empires on earth: SPAIN, through the perspective of its Monarchs. KINGS OF SPAIN is the first documentary series that reveals the biographies of the 17 Kings and Queens who ruled the destiny of Spain for six centuries, since its unification by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492 until the Spanish Civil War in 1936. We will travel with Christopher Columbus to conquer the new world, fight with the Army of Flanders and discover Royal marriages and political conspiracies... This series features the testimonies of historians and experts that will show us a complete picture of each King of Spain. …Passionate journeys through more of six centuries of history, beginning in The Catholic Monarchs and ending in Alfonso XIII, that will help us understand the current events in Europe.
If you find our videos helpful you can support us by buying something from amazon.
https://www.amazon.com/?tag=wiki-audio-20
Ferdinand VII of Spain
=======Im...
If you find our videos helpful you can support us by buying something from amazon.
https://www.amazon.com/?tag=wiki-audio-20
Ferdinand VII of Spain
=======Image-Copyright-Info=======
Image is in public domain
Artist-Info: Vicente López y Portaña (1772–1850) Alternative names Vicente López Portaña Description Spanish painter Date of birth/death 19 September 1772 22 June 1850 Location of birth/death Valencia Madrid Work location Valencia, Madrid Authority control VIAF: 50098683 LCCN: n82050807 GND: 122041240 ULAN: 500010518 ISNI: 0000 0001 1639 5578 WorldCat
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fernando_VII_-_Vicente_López.jpg
=======Image-Copyright-Info========
☆Video is targeted to blind users
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
image source in video
If you find our videos helpful you can support us by buying something from amazon.
https://www.amazon.com/?tag=wiki-audio-20
Ferdinand VII of Spain
=======Image-Copyright-Info=======
Image is in public domain
Artist-Info: Vicente López y Portaña (1772–1850) Alternative names Vicente López Portaña Description Spanish painter Date of birth/death 19 September 1772 22 June 1850 Location of birth/death Valencia Madrid Work location Valencia, Madrid Authority control VIAF: 50098683 LCCN: n82050807 GND: 122041240 ULAN: 500010518 ISNI: 0000 0001 1639 5578 WorldCat
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fernando_VII_-_Vicente_López.jpg
=======Image-Copyright-Info========
☆Video is targeted to blind users
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
image source in video
The Spanish king Ferdinand VII kept his bathroom a secret from the general public but for the anniversary of his museum, the area was reconstructed.
👕SHOP: htt...
The Spanish king Ferdinand VII kept his bathroom a secret from the general public but for the anniversary of his museum, the area was reconstructed.
👕SHOP: https://bit.ly/3rhwNSx
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/ilsanitario
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/il.sanitario/
The Spanish king Ferdinand VII kept his bathroom a secret from the general public but for the anniversary of his museum, the area was reconstructed.
👕SHOP: https://bit.ly/3rhwNSx
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/ilsanitario
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/il.sanitario/
His Catholic Majesty Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, came to the throne first in 1808 with the abdication of his father King Carlos IV. He had hoped to have the s...
His Catholic Majesty Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, came to the throne first in 1808 with the abdication of his father King Carlos IV. He had hoped to have the support of the French but Napoleon turned on him, placed him under house arrest and put his brother Joseph on the throne. War engulfed Spain between the French and those fighting in the name of Fernando VII. The war was won but internal conflicts followed as Fernando VII tried to reassert his absolute authority and maintain the Spanish empire in the Americas. He held his power but lost his colonies and in 1820 another civil war flared up that required help from his Bourbon cousin the King of France to put down. Fernando VII died in 1833 and would be remembered as Spain's last absolute monarch.
His Catholic Majesty Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, came to the throne first in 1808 with the abdication of his father King Carlos IV. He had hoped to have the support of the French but Napoleon turned on him, placed him under house arrest and put his brother Joseph on the throne. War engulfed Spain between the French and those fighting in the name of Fernando VII. The war was won but internal conflicts followed as Fernando VII tried to reassert his absolute authority and maintain the Spanish empire in the Americas. He held his power but lost his colonies and in 1820 another civil war flared up that required help from his Bourbon cousin the King of France to put down. Fernando VII died in 1833 and would be remembered as Spain's last absolute monarch.
Wikipedia Picture of the Day - October 14th, 2021 - Ferdinand VII of Spain (Narrated by Joanna)
Ferdinand VII of Spain (14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) wa...
Wikipedia Picture of the Day - October 14th, 2021 - Ferdinand VII of Spain (Narrated by Joanna)
Ferdinand VII of Spain (14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was King of Spain during the early- to mid-19th century. He reigned over the Spanish Kingdom in 1808 and again from 1813 until his death in 1833. This oil-on-canvas portrait of Ferdinand in his robes of state was painted by Francisco Goya in 1815, and is in the collection of the Museo del Prado in Madrid.
Painting credit: Francisco Goya
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:POTD/2021-10-14
This video was auto generated using data and media from Wikipedia.
Wikipedia Picture of the Day - October 14th, 2021 - Ferdinand VII of Spain (Narrated by Joanna)
Ferdinand VII of Spain (14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was King of Spain during the early- to mid-19th century. He reigned over the Spanish Kingdom in 1808 and again from 1813 until his death in 1833. This oil-on-canvas portrait of Ferdinand in his robes of state was painted by Francisco Goya in 1815, and is in the collection of the Museo del Prado in Madrid.
Painting credit: Francisco Goya
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:POTD/2021-10-14
This video was auto generated using data and media from Wikipedia.
Keep following the history of Spain and track your input time on our website: https://drming.es/spain-history
Track your watch time and see how far you are in ...
Keep following the history of Spain and track your input time on our website: https://drming.es/spain-history
Track your watch time and see how far you are in the Language Learning Roadmap by using our learning platform: https://drming.es/progress
Join our premium subscription to get access to more than 2500 exclusive videos and three new videos EVERY DAY: https://drming.es/premium
Learn about our OG Immersion Method and the best way to use our videos: https://drming.es/method
Experience the language. Become the language.
The absolutist king is back! Will he manage to stabilize the country?
At Dreaming Spanish, you will learn Spanish the way you learned your native language, namely, through immersion. Simply start watching content at a level that is comprehensible to you, and gradually work your way towards more and more advanced videos.
As researchers like Dr. Stephen Krashen have shown over the past 40+ years, receiving comprehensible input, that is, messages that you can understand in the target language, is what actually results in language acquisition.
By listening to our stories, cultural expositions, conversations and games, you will get used to real Spanish as it's used in context, and develop a native-like intuition for the grammar and the vocabulary, together with a clear pronunciation.
Experience the language. Become the language.
Visit our language acquisition blog: https://drming.es/blog
Send one time donations to: https://paypal.me/DreamingSpanish
Keep following the history of Spain and track your input time on our website: https://drming.es/spain-history
Track your watch time and see how far you are in the Language Learning Roadmap by using our learning platform: https://drming.es/progress
Join our premium subscription to get access to more than 2500 exclusive videos and three new videos EVERY DAY: https://drming.es/premium
Learn about our OG Immersion Method and the best way to use our videos: https://drming.es/method
Experience the language. Become the language.
The absolutist king is back! Will he manage to stabilize the country?
At Dreaming Spanish, you will learn Spanish the way you learned your native language, namely, through immersion. Simply start watching content at a level that is comprehensible to you, and gradually work your way towards more and more advanced videos.
As researchers like Dr. Stephen Krashen have shown over the past 40+ years, receiving comprehensible input, that is, messages that you can understand in the target language, is what actually results in language acquisition.
By listening to our stories, cultural expositions, conversations and games, you will get used to real Spanish as it's used in context, and develop a native-like intuition for the grammar and the vocabulary, together with a clear pronunciation.
Experience the language. Become the language.
Visit our language acquisition blog: https://drming.es/blog
Send one time donations to: https://paypal.me/DreamingSpanish
He was hung like a horse and while in this day many men are lauded for this trait.
Sources:
Historia de España 2:
Martínez Shaw Carlos, Martín, José Luis, , b.1936. y Tusell Gómez Javier, eds., Historia de España: 2. La edad contemporánea (Madrid: Taurus, 2001)
Historia de España:
Manuel Tuñón De Lara, Julio Valdeón Baruque, Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, Secundino Serrano, Historia de España (Ámbito Ediciones) (1999)
Veinticinco Grandes Batallas De La Historia:
Javier Rubio Donzé, Alberto Vidal Guerrero, Alberto Menéndez Engra, Veinticinco Grandes Batallas De La Historia (La Estafa de los Libros) (2021)
https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/05/22/icon/1558514221_775250.html?outputType=ampç
Ferdinand VII was the King of Spain during the early- to mid-19th century. He reigned over the Spanish Kingdom in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death in 1833. He was known to his supporters as el Deseado and to his detractors as el Rey Felón.
In the Series KINGS OF SPAIN we will travel through the history of a nation that became one of the most powerful empires on earth: SPAIN, through the perspective of its Monarchs. KINGS OF SPAIN is the first documentary series that reveals the biographies of the 17 Kings and Queens who ruled the destiny of Spain for six centuries, since its unification by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492 until the Spanish Civil War in 1936. We will travel with Christopher Columbus to conquer the new world, fight with the Army of Flanders and discover Royal marriages and political conspiracies... This series features the testimonies of historians and experts that will show us a complete picture of each King of Spain. …Passionate journeys through more of six centuries of history, beginning in The Catholic Monarchs and ending in Alfonso XIII, that will help us understand the current events in Europe.
If you find our videos helpful you can support us by buying something from amazon.
https://www.amazon.com/?tag=wiki-audio-20
Ferdinand VII of Spain
=======Image-Copyright-Info=======
Image is in public domain
Artist-Info: Vicente López y Portaña (1772–1850) Alternative names Vicente López Portaña Description Spanish painter Date of birth/death 19 September 1772 22 June 1850 Location of birth/death Valencia Madrid Work location Valencia, Madrid Authority control VIAF: 50098683 LCCN: n82050807 GND: 122041240 ULAN: 500010518 ISNI: 0000 0001 1639 5578 WorldCat
Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fernando_VII_-_Vicente_López.jpg
=======Image-Copyright-Info========
☆Video is targeted to blind users
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
image source in video
The Spanish king Ferdinand VII kept his bathroom a secret from the general public but for the anniversary of his museum, the area was reconstructed.
👕SHOP: https://bit.ly/3rhwNSx
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/ilsanitario
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/il.sanitario/
His Catholic Majesty Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, came to the throne first in 1808 with the abdication of his father King Carlos IV. He had hoped to have the support of the French but Napoleon turned on him, placed him under house arrest and put his brother Joseph on the throne. War engulfed Spain between the French and those fighting in the name of Fernando VII. The war was won but internal conflicts followed as Fernando VII tried to reassert his absolute authority and maintain the Spanish empire in the Americas. He held his power but lost his colonies and in 1820 another civil war flared up that required help from his Bourbon cousin the King of France to put down. Fernando VII died in 1833 and would be remembered as Spain's last absolute monarch.
Wikipedia Picture of the Day - October 14th, 2021 - Ferdinand VII of Spain (Narrated by Joanna)
Ferdinand VII of Spain (14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was King of Spain during the early- to mid-19th century. He reigned over the Spanish Kingdom in 1808 and again from 1813 until his death in 1833. This oil-on-canvas portrait of Ferdinand in his robes of state was painted by Francisco Goya in 1815, and is in the collection of the Museo del Prado in Madrid.
Painting credit: Francisco Goya
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:POTD/2021-10-14
This video was auto generated using data and media from Wikipedia.
Keep following the history of Spain and track your input time on our website: https://drming.es/spain-history
Track your watch time and see how far you are in the Language Learning Roadmap by using our learning platform: https://drming.es/progress
Join our premium subscription to get access to more than 2500 exclusive videos and three new videos EVERY DAY: https://drming.es/premium
Learn about our OG Immersion Method and the best way to use our videos: https://drming.es/method
Experience the language. Become the language.
The absolutist king is back! Will he manage to stabilize the country?
At Dreaming Spanish, you will learn Spanish the way you learned your native language, namely, through immersion. Simply start watching content at a level that is comprehensible to you, and gradually work your way towards more and more advanced videos.
As researchers like Dr. Stephen Krashen have shown over the past 40+ years, receiving comprehensible input, that is, messages that you can understand in the target language, is what actually results in language acquisition.
By listening to our stories, cultural expositions, conversations and games, you will get used to real Spanish as it's used in context, and develop a native-like intuition for the grammar and the vocabulary, together with a clear pronunciation.
Experience the language. Become the language.
Visit our language acquisition blog: https://drming.es/blog
Send one time donations to: https://paypal.me/DreamingSpanish
Ferdinand VII (Spanish:Fernando VII de Borbón; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was twice King of Spain: in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death. He was known to his supporters as "the Desired" (el Deseado) and to his detractors as the "Felon King" (el Rey Felón). After being overthrown by Napoleon in 1808 he linked his monarchy to counter-revolution and reactionary policies that produced a deep rift in Spain between his forces on the right and liberals on the left. He reestablished the absolutist monarchy and rejected the liberal constitution of 1812. He suppressed the liberal press 1814-33 and jailed many of its editors and writers. Under his rule, Spain lost nearly all of its American possessions, and the country entered into civil war on his death.
His reputation among historians is very low. Historian Stanley Payne says:
Early life
Ferdinand was the eldest surviving child of Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma. His father being the son of Spanish King Charles III and Maria Amalia of Saxony, Ferdinand was born in the palace of El Escorial near Madrid. The Queen's confessor Fray Juan Almaraz wrote in his last will that she admitted in articulo mortis that "none, none of her sons and daughters, none was of the legitimate marriage". In his youth Ferdinand occupied the position of an heir apparent who was excluded from all share in government by his parents and their favourite Godoy. National discontent with the government produced a rebellion in 1805. In October 1807, Ferdinand was arrested for his complicity in the El Escorial Conspiracy in which liberals aimed at securing foreign support from the French dictator Napoleon. When the conspiracy was discovered, Ferdinand submitted to his parents.